Search

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a flexible and powerful technique for rigorously solving Maxwell's equations. However, three-dimensional optical nonlinearity in current commercial and research FDTD softwares requires solving iteratively an implicit form of Maxwell's equations over the entire numerical space and at each time step. Reaching numerical convergence demands significant computational resources and practical implementation often requires major modifications to the core FDTD engine. In this paper, we present an explicit method to include second and third order optical nonlinearity in the FDTD framework based on a nonlinear generalization of the Lorentz dispersion model. A formal derivation of the nonlinear Lorentz dispersion equation is equally provided, starting from the quantum mechanical equations describing nonlinear optics in the two-level approximation. With the proposed approach, numerical integration of optical nonlinearity and dispersion in FDTD is intuitive, transparent, and fully explicit. A strong-field formulation is also proposed, which opens an interesting avenue for FDTD-based modelling of the extreme nonlinear optics phenomena involved in laser filamentation and femtosecond micromachining of dielectrics., Comment: Final version published in Computer Physics Communications

Inclusion of the instantaneous Kerr nonlinearity in the FDTD framework leads to implicit equations that have to be solved iteratively. In principle, explicit integration can be achieved with the use of anharmonic oscillator equations, but it tends to be unstable and inappropriate for studying strong-field phenomena like laser filamentation. In this paper, we show that nonlinear susceptibility can be provided instead by a harmonic oscillator driven by a nonlinear force, chosen in a way to reproduce the polarization obtained from the solution of the quantum mechanical two level equations. The resulting saturable, nonlinearly-driven, harmonic oscillator model reproduces quantitatively the quantum mechanical solutions of harmonic generation in the under-resonant limit, up to the 9th harmonic. Finally, we demonstrate that fully explicit leapfrog integration of the saturable harmonic oscillator is stable, even for the intense laser fields that characterize laser filamentation and high harmonic generation., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures