Search

In this study, Strychnos phaeotricha liana bark extract was used as a metabolite container both on the surface of metallic nanosilver and encapsulated by a chitosan polymer. The plant extract was able to reduce Ag+ into Ag0 efficiently, and the encapsulation rate was determined. The synthesized nanoderivatives were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. These methods allowed for the determination of grain size, elemental mapping, form, and the presence of secondary metabolites at the interface of the silver. Antimicrobial properties and the oral acute toxicity profile of the generated nanoderivatives were assessed. Overall, the results show plasmon resonance bands 380–550 nm in range and metabolites at the interface of a spherical nanosilver grain of 13.5 nm diameter in size. The hybrid nanosilver and encapsulated chitosan exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp, Echerichia coli, and Candida spp. Both nanosilver grains and nanocapsules were found to be nontoxic at the tested doses and are potential models to prevent microbial resistance.

Aims: Over the decades, antibiotic resistance has become a cross-border public health problem. This calls for the profiling of microorganisms, particularly bacteria implicated in antibiotic resistance, in order to improve clinical practice and reduce the incidence of therapeutic failure in the treatment of infectious diseases. Study Design: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was made at the bacteriology laboratory at the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon during the period between January 2016 and June 2021. Methodology: All bacterial strains from the following biological fluids were included: blood, stool, urine, suppurations, probe tip and catheter tip. The antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was collected from the registers of the said laboratory. The data were encoded in Censuses and Survey Procession Software (CSPro) version 7.3 and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25. Graphs and figures were made using Excel 2016 spreadsheet software. Results: A total of 1071 bacteria were enrolled in 955 patients. The age group most represented was 0-5 years (34.6%). Most of the isolates came from a blood sample. Among the isolates, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (18.5%), Escherichia coli (17.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (14%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.2%) were the most common. A total of 1071 bacteria were enrolled in 955 patients. The age group most represented was 0-5 years (34.6%). Most of the isolates came from a blood sample. Among the isolates, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (18.5%), Escherichia coli (17.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (14%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.2%) were the most represented. Between 2016 and 2020, almost remarkable resistance was observed to the class of penicillins (78% to 83%), cephalosporins (44% to 61%) and quinolones (43% to 100%) for Escherichia coli. For Staphylococcus aureus, resistance changes range from 68% to 77% for the penicillin class. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed an evolution ranging from 11% to 19% for aminosides. Conclusion: Although not all isolates showed a change in the level of resistance to all antibiotics that are frequently used in our study population, Nevertheless, it is important for national public health actors to establish active surveillance of antibiotic and even antimicrobial resistance and to implement a guide to the proper use of antibiotics for health professionals, and the community.

Le but de la présente étude est de formuler et fabriquer des suppositoires à visée antipaludique à base de matières premières locales afin d’améliorer la prise en charge du paludisme, essentiellement chez les enfants âgés de moins de 5 ans. Pour faire cela, on a utilisé comme principe actif la poudre de feuilles et tiges sèches de Artémisia annua provenant de la Région de l’Ouest-Cameroun et comme excipient le beurre de karité en provenance de la région du Nord Cameroun puis amélioré à 4% de silice colloïdale. Les essais organoleptiques ont mis en évidence une poudre de couleur grisâtre, de saveur amère et très odorante. L’analyse granulométrique a montré que la poudre de feuilles et tiges sèches de Artémisia annua a une granulométrie allant de très fine à fineLa concentration en flavonoïdes totaux de la poudre de feuilles et tiges sèches de Artémisia annua est de 76,9 μg/ml d’équivalent de quercétine. Les suppositoires à visée antipaludique fabriqués à partir de 250mg de poudre de feuilles et tiges sèches de Artemisia annua et 1820mg de beurre de karité+4% de silice colloïdale ont suivi un contrôle pharmaceutique. Ce contrôle qualité des suppositoires à visée antipaludique contenant Artémisia annua fabriqués en utilisant le beurre de karité comme excipient a donné des valeurs des paramètres physico-chimiques en adéquation aux valeurs standards. La forme galénique issue de cette formule pourrait présenter une meilleure prise en charge thérapeutique des patients et particulièrement les enfants, au Cameroun et ailleurs en Afrique. This paper focuses on formulating and manufacturing antimalarial suppositories based on local materials in order to improve the management of malaria mainly for children under 5 years of age. Doing it, we used as active principle the powder of leaves and stems of Artemisia annua from Western Cameroon and, as an excipient, shea butter improved with 4% colloidal silica from the Northern Cameroon. The tests revealed a greyish-coloured powder with a bitter taste and a very fragrant one. The particle size analysis showed that the powder of leaves and stems of Artemisia annua has a particle size ranging from very fine to fine. The concentration of total flavonoids in the powder of leaves and stems of Artemisia annua is 76.9 μg/ml of quercetin equivalent. Antimalarial suppositories made from 250mg of Artemisia annua leaf and stem powder and 1820mg of shea butter, enhanced with 4% colloidal silica, have undergone pharmaceutical control. This quality control of Artemisia annua antimalarial suppositories, manufactured using shea butter as an excipient, gave values ​​of the physico-chemical parameters in line with the standards values. The galenic form resulting from this formula could offer better therapeutic management of patients, particularly children, in Cameroon and elsewhere in Africa.

Objectives: The specific characteristics of the elderly physiopathology, such as polypathology and polypharmacy, arouse interest in the quality of the care offered to this age group. The study aimed to analyse the gap between the pathological and therapeutic profiles at the local level in Cameroon. Method: This was a six-month cross-sectional situational analysis at the Biwong-Bane District Medical Centre in the South region of Cameroon. Pathological data were collected from the consultation register, and those related to therapeutics were taken from the drug inventory lists for the period of July 2019 to July 2020, using two separate reading grids. The 20th version of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used for the analysis of the data set. Results: For a total of 103 patient files, the mean age was 68.6±7.7 years with a sex ratio of 0.75. 21.7% of the population was aged ≥ 75 years. The main pathology groups were infectious diseases (40%) and diseases of the osteoarticular system (16.4%). Out the 140 occurrences counted, malaria, typhoid fever and high blood pressure were the most common at 26, 12 and 7 respectively. Polypathologies represented 28.2% of the sample. With regard to therapeutics, there was a concordance between prescriptions and available drugs, although stock-outs persisted, as with artesunate (10 months) and mineral supplements (6 months). Finally, the average number of active molecules administered per elderly person ≥75 years was 3.47. Conclusion: The pharmacotherapy provided to the Third age remains poorly adapted, mainly due to the unavailability of drugs specific to the needs of this population. Peer Review History: Received 22 March 2021; Revised 16 April; Accepted 26 April, Available online 15 May 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Omid Gholami, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Iran, omidghphd@gmail.com Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com

Poor-quality medicines are the cause of many public health and socioeconomic problems. We conducted a review to acquire an overview of the situation concerning such medicines in Cameroon. Different searches were performed on databases from several websites of the WHO, the Ministry of Public Health of Cameroon, the Anti-Counterfeit Medicine Research Institute, the Global Pharma Health Fund, and the Infectious Disease Data Observatory. We identified 92 publications comprised of 19 peer-reviewed studies and 73 alerts. Based on studies completed, 1,664 samples were analyzed, and the prevalence of substandard and falsified (SF) medicines could be estimated for 1,440 samples. A total of 67.5% of these samples were collected from the informal sector, 20.9% from the formal sector, and 11.6% from both sectors. We found a prevalence of SF medicines across the peer-reviewed studies of 26.9%, whereas most of the SF medicines belonged to the anti-infective class. The problem of SF medicines is not studied sufficiently in Cameroon; therefore, efforts should be made to conduct adequate studies in terms of representativity and methodology.

Benefits of antibiotics are threatened by the self-medication, people’s lack of knowledge and inappropriate use of antibiotics, especially in developing countries. This study was designed to determine knowledge; attitudes and practices toward antibiotics use in an urban community, and evaluate the factors that are associated with antibiotic use. Between January and March 2015, a cross sectional and prospective study was conducted in all pharmacies within the Douala IV health district, Cameroon. Anonymous interviews including both open and closed ended questions were conducted in participants selected by convenience sampling Descriptive and logistic regression analysis were performed using StataSE11 software (version 11 SE) and R software (version 3.1.1) in data analysis. Overall 402 (33.7%) of 1,192 customers purchased antibiotics and of these, 47% bought antibiotics without a prescription. 60.7% of purchased antibiotics was for adult ‘patients and around 60% of parents carried out self-medication on their children. The vast majority reported that all microbes can be treated with antibiotics (88.3%). The belief that antibiotics are appropriate for bacterial infections was more common among those with a higher level education (OR = 4.03, 95%CI:1.89–8.57, p

Objectives: This paper seeks to assess information on the identity, traditional uses, safety and efficacy of Garcinia lucida Vesque (Essok in Boulou and Ewondo local language), in order to highlight it potential as species to be registered in medicinal plant list and formularies needed for the development of monographs leading to local production of phytomedicines. Methodology and Results: Ethnobotanical survey was carried in the Bipindi-Akom II region (South Cameroon) with the help of interviews based on standardised questionnaires addressed to key-informants. Bark and seeds were the major parts used, highly appreciated due to its properties in preventing consumers from poison, diarrhoea and headaches. The most important therapeutic indications were additive to palm wine, antidote to poisoning, gastritis and snake bite. Other uses in treating included gynaecological pains and infections, sexual diseases and cancers. The bark was also believed by local people to act on the stability of chemical antibiotic drugs in pharmacy, while leaves were used as insect repellent against mosquitoes and cockroaches. Conclusions and application of findings: As an additive in palm wine processing, poisoning antidote, aphrodisiac and medicines, bark and seeds are widely used in the Bipindi-Lolodorf-Akom II area, in the Centre and South regions of Cameroon, in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, in Central Africa and West Africa. This similarity of use across many regions is considered as important biological activity marker tools guiding plant parts or species selection in drug discovery and development using ethnopharmacological approach. Through the ethnobotanical and biological tests, assessed, accurate information is provided to substantiate safety and efficacy of G. lucida and to satisfy the requirements of official compendia such as pharmacopoeia. Further studies are needed to understand the effects of bark and seeds as additive to palm wine, as well as the interaction between bark and chemical antibiotic drugs. Keywords: Garcinia lucida , traditional uses, medicinal plant list, monograph, pharmacopoeia, phytomedicine production

Objectif: La maladie hemorroidaire designe tous les etats pathologiques resultant de la dilatation progressive ou de la rupture des plexus veineux hemorroidaires. De nombreuses plantes sont citees dans la medecine traditionnelle contre les affections hemorroidaires a l’instar de Mangifera indica et Alchornea cordifolia . Methodologie et Resultats: Le materiel vegetal a ete collecte et prepare par decoction aqueuse. L’etude phytochimique des extraits s’est traduite premierement par la caracterisation metabolites secondaires revelees par les tests de screening phytochimique et deuxiemement par le dosage des flavonoides par la methode au trichlorure d’aluminium. Le materiel animal (rats et souris femelles) a ete prepare pour l’etude pharmacologique. L’activite reductrice du radical libre 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine des extraits, les essais limites de toxicite aigue realises sur des souris femelles et la determination du pouvoir anti-inflammatoire des extraits in vivo realisee suivant la methode d’induction de l’oedeme par la carraghenine sur des rats femelles. Les tanins et les flavonoides ont ete reveles dans les extraits aqueux. Les teneurs des flavonoides d’ Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica sont de 241 et 194 mg equivalent de catechine respectivement. Les CE 50 des extraits ont montre un pouvoir antioxydant (0,02 mg/ml et 0,03 mg/ml) relativement faible par rapport a l’acide ascorbique avec une CE 50 de 0,003 mg/ml. L’innocuite des extraits aqueux d’ Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica est demontree pour une DL 50 › 5000 mg/ml. Le test anti-inflammatoire aux doses de 500 mg/kg et 1000 mg/kg d’extraits a confirme le pouvoir inhibiteur des extraits sur les mediateurs de l’inflammation : l'histamine, la 5-hydroxytryptamine, les kinines et les prostaglandines. Conclusion et applications des resultats: La richesse des extraits aqueux d’ Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica en constituants polyphenoliques capables de pieger les radicaux libres et augmentant le tonus veineux, empecheraient aussi la formation des mediateurs qui provoquent l’inflammation. Mots cles: Alchornea cordifolia , Mangifera indica , phytochimie, pharmacologie English Title: Phytochemical and pharmacological study of Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Mull. Arg. and Mangifera indica in the traditional treatment of hemorrhoidal disease English Abstract Objective: hemorrhoidal disease means all conditions resulting from the gradual expansion or rupture of hemorrhoidal venous plexus. Many plants are mentioned in traditional medicine against hemorrhoidal ailments like Mangifera indica and Alchornea cordifolia . Methodology and Results: The plant material was collected and prepared by aqueous decoction. The phytochemical study of extracts resulted firstly by characterizing secondary metabolites revealed by the tests of phytochemical screening and secondly by the assay by the method flavonoids aluminum trichloride. Animal material (rats and female mice) was prepared for the pharmacological study. The reducing activity of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine extracts, the acute toxicity limits tests on female mice and determination of anti-inflammatory activity in vivo extracts taken along the induction method edema by carrageenin in female rats. The tannins and flavonoids were revealed in the aqueous extracts. The contents of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica Flavonoids are 241 and 194 mg equivalent of catechin respectively. The CE 50 extracts showed an antioxidant (0.02 mg/ml and 0.03 mg/ml) relatively low compared to the ascorbic acid with an CE 50 of 0.003 50 mg/ml. The safety of aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica is demonstrated for DL 50> 5000 mg/ ml. The anti-inflammatory test with 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of extracts confirmed the inhibitory power of the extracts on inflammatory mediators : histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, kinins and prostaglandins. Conclusion and application of the Results: The rich aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica polyphenolic constituents capable of trapping free radicals and increasing venous tone, also prevent the formation of mediators that cause inflammation. Keywords: Alchornea cordifolia , Mangifera indica , Phytochemistry, Pharmacology