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International audience; Social representations of stress among climate displaced people from Nan Orèl district, northwest of Haiti. Summary.-This study investigates the relationship between Major Climatic Events (MCE) and Stress among 33 climate displaced people in Nan Orèl, a popular neighborhood in the NorthWestern Department of Haiti, to determine their Major Life Stressor (MLS). This population is constantly exposed to flooding due to the extreme climatic conditions of its area of residence facing alteration and anthropic phenomena which intensify the erosion and soil washing processes. The study was conducted using a standard association and evocation questionnaire, inspired by the structural approach of Social Representations, to identify common constructs of stress among the respondents. The results reveal that i) 97% of the population had experienced symptoms similar to post-traumatic stress; ii) 100% of the population said that they had suffered psychosomatic symptoms reflecting the usual stress experienced after natural disasters. Moreover, 67% of the population stated that stress is characterized by intrusive thinking that can lead to sickness and is not related to the ECM. Consequently, for this population (82%), the Major Life Stressor is more likely to be their children's illness.; Cette étude questionne le lien établi par des déplacés climatiques de Nan Orèl, un quartier populaire du département du Nord-Ouest d'Haïti, entre les évènements climatiques majeurs (ECM) et le stress provoqué par les catastrophes naturelles afin de déterminer leur stresseur de vie majeur (SVM). C'est une population constamment exposée aux inondations en raison des conditions climatiques extrêmes de sa zone de résidence, faisant face à des phénomènes d'altération et d'anthropisation qui intensifie les processus d'érosion et de lavage de ses sols. Elle est donc fortement exposée aux inondations. L'étude a été conduite à partir d'un questionnaire standard d'association et d'évocation inspiré de l'approche structurale des représentations sociales afin de comprendre la construction commune du stress chez les répondants. Les résultats révèlent que i) 97% de la population ont ressenti des symptômes similaires à ceux du stress post-traumatique ; ii) 100% de la population révèlent avoir souffert de symptômes d'ordre psychosomatique révélateurs du stress généralement vécu à la suite des catastrophes naturelles. 67% décrivent le stress comme des réflexions (pensées intrusives), sans association avec les ECM, qui peuvent rendre les gens malades. Ainsi, pour cette population (82%), le stresseur de vie majeur est plutôt la maladie de ses enfants.; Reprezantasyon sosyal estrès lakay moun ki deplase pou rezon klimatik nan katye Nan Orèl, depatman Nòdwès Ayiti.Rezime. – Etid sa a kesyone lyen moun ki deplase pou rezon klimatik nan Nan Orèl, yon katye popilè nan depatman Nòdwès Ayiti, etabli ant evènman klimatik majè (EKM) ak estrès katastwòf natirèl pote, nan lide pou detèmine gwo faktè estrès nan lavi yo. Se yon popilasyon inondasyon toujou ap frape akoz kondisyon klimatik difisil zòn nan ki fè fas ak fenomèn defòmasyon avèk antwopizasyon, sa ki entansifye pwosesis ewozyon ak lavaj sòl li yo. Li trè fasil pou inonde.Etid la itilize yon kesyonè asosyasyon ak evokasyon estanda, ki apiye sou apwòch estriktiral reprezantasyon sosyal yo nan lide pou konprann jan konstriksyon estrès la fèt lakay enfòmatè yo. Rezilta yo montre i) 97% nan popilasyon ankèt la santi sentòm ki sanble avèk sentòm estrès pòs-twomatik; ii) 100% popilasyon sa a santi sentòm sikosomatik, ki sanble ak estrès moun viv apre katastwòf natirèl. 67% esplike estrès la tankou refleksyon (panse ki pèmèt tèt yo antre lakay yo) ki kapab fè yon moun malad san yo pa asosye ak EKM yo. Kon sa, pou popilasyon sa a (82%), gwo faktè estrès nan lavi yo se pito maladi pitit li yo.Mo kle: Deplase pou rezon klimatik, reprezantasyon sosyal, estrès pòs-twomatik, evènman klimatik majè, Gwo faktè estrès nan lavi.

Microplastics (MP) refer to all plastic particles that are less than 5 mm in size. Over the past decades, several studies have highlighted the impact of microplastics (MP) on living organisms. In addition to being pollutants themselves, these synthetic polymers also act as vectors for the transport of various types of chemicals in natural ecosystems. MP has been ubiquitously detected in a wide range of shapes, polymers, sizes and concentrations in marine water, freshwater, agroecosystems, atmospheric, food and water environments. Drinking water, biota, and other remote places. According to the World Bank, over 80% of the world’s marine litter is plastic and the concentration of litter on Caribbean beaches is often high, with a high presence of single-use plastics and food containers. In its work, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests an in-depth assessment of microplastics present in the environment and their potential consequences on human health, following the publication of an analysis of the state of research on microplastics in drinking water. It also calls for reducing plastic pollution to protect the environment and reduce human exposure. In Haiti, the bay of Port-au-Prince is the natural receptacle of all the urban effluents generated by human activities in the Metropolitan Zone. This urban wastewater carries household waste, sludge from pit latrines and sewage, industrial wastewater which largely contributes to the pollution of the bay. Furthermore, 1,673,750 tonnes per year of household waste, including 93,730 tonnes of plastic waste, are not collected. What are the environmental dangers represented by the MP contained in those wastes for living organisms in exposed tropical ecosystems? The purpose of this paper is: (i) to do a bibliographical review of the physical and chemical properties, as well as the toxicological profile of MP, (ii) to identify the environmental hazards associated with MP contained in urban waste in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince.

The geophysical environment of the Republic of Haiti is characterized by hydrological and biogeographical climatic phenomena, and a relief marked by its rugged appearance. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains formed of limestone. The differences in level are very marked. Fragmentation is another feature of the relief. These environmental imperfections juxtaposed with difficult socioeconomic conditions and anthropogenic actions raise questions about possible chemical metal pollution of the country’s water resources. Indeed, the predominance of limestone in the Haitian geology generate water hardness, and in the case where the magnesium concentration is less than 7 mg/l, this water may be the source of cardiovascular diseases. Studies carried out on several water points show a total hardness greater than 200 mg/l. In Port-au-Prince, concentrations of lead ranging from 40 μg/L to 90 μg/L and high Cr (III) risks were measured and estimated in groundwater and drinking water. Concentration of fluorine ranging from 0 to 2 mg/l were obtained from water resources. Concentration above 1.5 mg/l have been found from alluvial aquifers. Chronic public health risks, such as cardiovascular diseases, deterioration of the psychological development of children, irreversible functional and morphological renal changes, and dental fluorosis, strain Haiti’s water resources. Chemicals’ exposures seem to pose a threat to public health in Haiti, which need to be studied. The aim of this study is: (i) to analyze the contribution of geology and anthropogenic actions in the alteration of water quality, (ii) to review the toxicology of chemicals detected in water distributed in Port-au-Prince.