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Our study aims to provide an enhanced comprehension of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) burden in United Arab Emirates (UAE), over a five-year period from payer and societal perspective. A Markov model was established to simulate the economic consequences of SLE among UAE population. It included four health states: i) the three phenotypes of SLE, representing mild, moderate, and severe states, and ii) death. Clinical parameters were retrieved from previous literature and validated using the Delphi panel—the most common clinical practice within the Emirati healthcare system. We calculated the disease management, transient events, and indirect costs by macro costing. One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted. The estimated number of SLE patients in our study was 13,359. The number of SLE patients with mild, moderate, and severe phenotypes was 3,914, 8,109, and 1,336, respectively. Disease management costs, including treatment of each phenotype and disease follow-up, were AED 2 billion ($0.89 billion), whereas the costs of transient events (infections, flares, and consequences of SLE-related organ damage) were AED 1 billion ($0.44 billion). The productivity loss costs among adult-employed patients with SLE in the UAE were estimated at AED 7 billion ($3.1 billion). The total SLE cost over five years from payer and societal perspectives is estimated at AED 3 ($1.3 billion) and 10 billion ($4.4 billion), respectively. Additionally, the costs per patient per year from the payer and societal perspectives were AED 45,960 ($20,610) and AED 148,468 ($66,578), respectively. Our findings demonstrate that the burden of SLE in the UAE is enormous, mainly because of the costly complications and productivity loss. More awareness should be created to limit the progression of SLE and reduce the occurrence of flares, necessitating further economic evaluations of novel treatments that could help reduce the economic consequences of SLE in the UAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eretmocera hafeetensis sp. nov., a moth in the family Scythrididae, is described and illustrated based on the examination of three male and 13 female specimens collected at the foot of Jebel Hafeet, an isolated 1,140 metres-high massif just south of Al Ain, after which the new species is named. The new species is distinct from congeners in details of its male and female genitalia and is also readily separated in the field from other Eretmocera species. The new addition brings the number of confirmed species in this genus represented in the UAE to three. The discovery of this species at Ain Al Waal, Jebel Hafeet highlights the conservation importance of this and similar nearby locations, which are beginning to reveal unique species among its already species-rich fauna at a time of huge human encroachment into the area.

The Eastern Question is a concept that can be stretched to the expulsion of the Ottoman Empire from Europe in particular, or the division and liquidation of the Ottoman Empire, after the Ottoman Empire entered a period of significant decline since the 18th century. In this sense, although all western powers have common points, in reality, each western state has more than one Oriental Issue" and ،،Oriental Policy" for its own benefit. Considering the 19th and 20th centuries of the Ottoman Empire, there were Russia, one of the two most competing actors around this issue, which targeted the attempt to reach the warm seas, and England, which was unwilling to accept rivals on the far east colonial routes. In particular, the conflicting interests of these two states in the oriental issue corresponded to an important occupation in the diplomacy of the Ottoman Empire in the last centtiry. It should be noted that this issue includes different meanings and policies, including the Ottoman Province of the East, similar to the fact that the Eastern Question developed meanings and political styles according to different interests in the eyes of the western states. Especially after the Berlin Treaty, this issue gained a new form over the Armenian issue and minority rights. As a matter of fact, the Ottoman Eastern Geography, starting from the Mediterranean towards Basra, had ttimed into a competitive field of western powers, especially Russia and England, as a part of the international economic market. However, contrary to the claim that it followed a policy towards the disintegration of the Ottoman territorial integrity, England followed the opposite policy in the Ottoman Province of the East. This reality can be detected in the pro-Ottoman attittide in the Kurdish revolts in the eastern region led people such as Mir Ahmed Pasha of Baban, Mir Muhammed Pasha of Rawanduz, Mir Bedirkhan Pasha of Cizre, Yazdan Sher, Sheikli Ubeydullah of Nehri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huda Abutayyem,1 Amna Alshamsi,2 Mir Faeq Ali Quadri3 1Department of Orthodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; 2Al Qassimi Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; 3Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan City, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mir Faeq Ali QuadriDepartment of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, PO Box: 114, Jazan City, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaEmail dr.faeq.quadri@gmail.comIntroduction: The current study is the first to present the cephalometric norms in Emirati adults and aimed to investigate the differences in the angular and linear soft tissue cephalometric measures between male and female Emirati adults.Methods: A group of 176 individuals (91 males and 85 females) with normal occlusion, proportional facial profiles were chosen, and lateral cephalograms were obtained. Standard values of 16 soft-tissue measurements were determined. Descriptive statistics were first carried out for each parameter. The Student’s t-test was then performed to determine significant differences between male and female measurement means. Significant differences were determined at the 95% probability level.Results: Soft tissue measurements showed that men had a greater soft tissue profile and H-angle than women. A significant difference between the genders was observed for all linear soft tissue measurements except for the lower lip to E-plane, N’-Sn’ and Sn’-Stomion/Sn-Me ratio measurements. The lengths and thicknesses of the upper and lower lips independently, protrusion of both upper and lower lips, Sn’-Me’ (mm) and N’-Sn’/Sn’-Me’ (%) were found to be significantly different (p < 0.001) and so were the upper lip to E-plane (mm) and the soft tissue thickness of the chin measurements (p < 0.05). Except for upper and lower lip protrusion dimensions and the N’-Sn’/Sn’-Me’ (%), men presented with greater linear measurements.Conclusion: The differences in soft-tissue cephalometric norms between men and women were established, suggesting that the orthodontist must individualize therapy using local norms as the reference.Keywords: linear and angular measures, cephalometry, cephalometric measures, Emirates, Arab, orthodontic treatment

We present the first measurements of Mars discrete aurora in the extreme ultraviolet (<110 nm) and the first synoptic aurora images in the far ultraviolet (110–180 nm). Auroral emission is detected in >75% of nightside images, with patterns shifting visibly over 15–20 min. Aurora is observed most frequently in regions of open magnetic topology (where crustal magnetic fields are very weak and/or vertical), with the brightest aurora where crustal fields are strongest. We present the first disk‐averaged spectrum of discrete aurora, with several O, C, and CO features as expected for electron impact primarily on CO2. We categorize discrete auroral morphology into three types: crustal field aurora, non‐crustal field patchy aurora, and a new type we call "sinuous" aurora, an elongated serpentine structure that stretches thousands of kilometers into the nightside from near midnight in the northern hemisphere. These observations point to a highly dynamic environment in Mars' magnetotail. Plain Language Summary: In this study, we present near‐global images of localized aurora on Mars and the first measurements of these aurora at very short ultraviolet wavelengths (<110 nm). They are caused by energetic electrons from the solar wind smashing into Mars' upper atmosphere. We find auroras in >75% of images, with their patterns shifting visibly over 15–20 min. They are observed most frequently in regions where magnetic fields are very weak or both strong and vertical, with the brightest aurora where magnetic fields are strongest. We present the first disk‐averaged spectrum of these auroras, showing features expected for electrons striking CO2 (the most abundant gas in Mars' atmosphere). We categorize discrete auroral patterns into three types: those near strong vertical crustal magnetic field, patchy aurora near very weak crustal fields, and a new type we call "sinuous," an elongated serpentine structure that stretches thousands of kilometers into the nightside from near midnight in the northern hemisphere. These observations point to a highly dynamic environment in Mars' nightside space environment. Key Points: We present the first disk measurements of Mars discrete aurora in the EUV end FUV, with the oxygen feature at 130.4 nm being the brightestAuroras are detected in ∼75% of nightside images and are more likely where crustal fields are either very weak or both strong and verticalAn elongated, sinuous discrete aurora is discovered, extending far into the nightside. It may be related to the magnetotail current sheet [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arab universities, cultural relations, nationalities and documents, roots, relations, social relations, the permanent headquarters of the League of Arab States in Cairo . The Arab League is working to facilitate the conduct of political, economic, cultural, scientific and social programs to develop the interests of the Arab countries through institutions such as the Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science (ALESCO) and the Council for Arab Economic Unity. And to settle some Arab disputes, as I worked to support some Arab countries economically, as well as to stand by them to get rid of colonialism Subject to it, the Marat on the Omani coast was one of those countries that received good support from the Arab League in all fields to advance its reality and get out of British hegemony at the time. It has a more national influence than other countries, so the British worked to monitor the coming delegations from the Arab League with great caution and worked at the same time to restrict that movement by objecting to the projects proposed by the Arab League and placing obstacles in front of it, as it refused any direct aid from the Arab League To the Emirates and suggested that the university put those donations into the Omani Coastal Emirates Fund for financial support, just as a British woman worked to open a fund for the Emirates through which she would work to support it to reduce the Arab influence represented by the Arab League because she witnessed in those moves tendencies to get out of its narrow scope and join Arab countries Which represented support for it during that period when it was subduing under British control .

Based on fieldwork and qualitative interviews of 43 mothers with disabled children in Bedouin communities of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), this article probes the research question of whether and to what extent the UAE social welfare system addresses the demands of these mothers. The limited literature on the intersection of gender, family and disability in the Arab world largely employs Western feminist models. Stressing established gender roles, cultural norms, coping mechanisms and structural constraints, these models are inadequate to explain the conditions of Arab communities. The articles contend that religiosity, mothers' job, family of origin and the child's gender are variables that significantly contribute to the explanation of the experiences of these mothers. Given the inadequacy of Western models, the article concludes by stressing that new perspectives based on the cultural features of the Arab world ought to occupy a more prominent position in the development of adequate theories that explain gender discrimination and inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Abhath is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) – Hope Probe – was developed to understand Mars atmospheric circulation, dynamics, and processes through characterization of the Mars atmosphere layers and its interconnections enabled by a unique high-altitude (19,970 km periapse and 42,650 km apoapse) low inclination orbit that will offer an unprecedented local and seasonal time coverage over most of the planet. EMM has three scientific objectives to (A) characterize the state of the Martian lower atmosphere on global scales and its geographic, diurnal and seasonal variability, (B) correlate rates of thermal and photochemical atmospheric escape with conditions in the collisional Martian atmosphere, and (C) characterize the spatial structure and variability of key constituents in the Martian exosphere. The EMM data products include a variety of spectral and imaging data from three scientific instruments measuring Mars at visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths and contemporaneously and globally sampled on both diurnal and seasonal timescale. Here, we describe our strategies for addressing each objective with these data in addition to the complementary science data, tools, and physical models that will facilitate our understanding. The results will also fill a unique role by providing diagnostics of the physical processes driving atmospheric structure and dynamics, the connections between the lower and upper atmospheres, and the influences of these on atmospheric escape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world air transport evolved from having three poles to four poles due to huge airline industry development carried out by the so-called ‘oil countries’ of the western shore of the Persian Gulf, which are small both in size and population. These countries are becoming protagonists of passenger and freight transport globally in the near future achieved by their performance, economic potential and determination.Beyond air passenger transport, there is an unprecedented demand for air freight transport.Few products have their prices decreased gradually since 1980, one such is flying. In line with this the demand for easily accessing continental and intercontinental destinations has increased. Economic prosperity has broadened, population is steadily increasing, the purchase of tickets has been simplified, former business travels have been supplemented by tourism which is widened to be mass tourism. Fewer airlines can compete with the price reduction. Low-cost airlines go on their specific, cost-effective way; however traditional airlines face growing security, technical and advertising expenditure and developing of comfort and luxury items.This—contrary to other European or American airlines—is achieved on the highest quality level with gaining profit by Gulf airlines, thus huge shift is under way on the stage of aviation.This study aims to review the air transport features of the region, the economic and historical rela-tions which are essential for understanding its complex system of relationships, furthermore to take into account the criterions for assessment of the operational, developmental and strategical inquiry of the policy of passenger transport pursued by Emirates, Etihad and Qatar Airways.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease affecting joints with an increasing prevalence around the world and in the Middle East region. Research about the prevalence/incidence of OA in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries was limited with inconsistent findings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis for studies reporting the prevalence/incidence of OA among people living in the GCC countries. A comprehensive search was performed using MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from inception to December 2020 to identify eligible studies examining the prevalence/incidence of OA in the GCC countries. Meta-analysis was conducted, and the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was utilized to evaluate methodological quality. Thirteen studies were included (12 studies reported prevalence and one study reported incidence), with a total of 24,625 participants with an estimated overall prevalence of 16.13% and incidence of 3.5% of OA in the GCC countries. The quality of the included studies was unsatisfactory (six studies), satisfactory (six studies), and good quality (one study). Common risk factors were being older adult, female, obese, and having lower scores for quality of life. This study shows a high prevalence of OA among individuals living in the GCC countries at approximately 16.13%. Only one study reported incidence of 3.5% of OA in this population. This prevalence rate needs to be confirmed in future research with a similar population and at the site of joint OA levels. Common risk factors should be interpreted with caution since only a few studies reported risk factors. Key Points • The pooled prevalence of Osteoarthritis in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries was 16.13% based on 12 included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Malweah for Archaeological & Historical Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism & Rural Development Studies / Turisztikai és Vidékfejlesztési Tanulmányok is the property of CampInvest Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Described as'the father of post-independence Indian verse in English, "Nissim Ezekiel is one of India's finest poets. Winner of the 1983 Sahitya Academy Award for his poetry collection Latter Day-Psalms, Ezekiel has penned numerous poems on everyday objects that testify to postcolonial India's rich literary history. Apart from his prose and plays, Ezekiel asserts a strong influence on Indian writing in English especially through his poetry. He has published collections such as A Tune to Change, Sixty Poems, The Third, The Unfinished Man, The Exact Name, Hymns in Darkness and Latter-Day Psalms. On his passing away in January 2004 at the age of 76, Ezekiel was calledthepoet'spoetby The Independent of London. Another poet of Indian origin, Geeta Chhabra, had the privilege of being tutored under Ezekiel's pativnage. This paper addresses the similarities in the poetry of Nissim Ezekiel and Geeta Chhabra as depicted through the images of the Orient in Chhabra's poetry collection of forty poems and photographs titled'An Indian Ode to the Emirates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The air transport of the millennium was mainly dominated by European and American airlines. The competition occurred in the Atlantic region, which is the venue for the continents with the biggest output/economic performance. After the millennium the shift of the centre of gravity has accelerated in connection with the growth of global population, economic potential and geopolitical field have moved to the East, and these were considerable changes in the system of aviation limited with tradition. New participants with unstoppable pace were reclaiming (air)space. It is important to highlight the novel and robust business policy of the 'oil-countries' of the western shore of the Persian Gulf, which are small both in size and population, as a result of which these countries managed to have bigger impact on the sectoral policy than their apparent weight, and through this they shaped the world air transport from having three poles to have four poles in a decade and a half. Emirates, Etihad and Qatar Airways have become decisive carriers of the aviation, and also main competitors for European airlines. In the research under the Doctoral School of Earth Sciences of the University of Pécs I seek answers for, among others, - what the decisive factors of the business philosophy of the participants of these two regions are? - what kind of forces shall be mobilised for developing the increasingly decisive elements of modernisation of aviation? - what kind of advantages and disadvantages are impacting the competition? - what kind of economic, geopolitical criteria is appropriate for being able to follow/try to follow the territorial restructuring of aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new model for evaluating connectivity at hub airports. The Hub Connectivity Performance Analyser (HCPA), developed in this context, assesses both schedule- and comfort-related attributes of indirect flights and consolidates the results into two indexes: the Hub Connectivity Performance Index (HCPI) and the Hub Efficiency Index (φ). The proposed methodology is used to derive conclusions about the hub performance and efficiency of two modern influential super-connectors: Turkish Airlines and Emirates. Connectivity at Istanbul Atatürk and Dubai International airports is therefore evaluated for the said carriers and their alliance code-sharing partners. Historical growth and key O&D flows targeted by each carrier are identified and benchmarked to establish the competitive impact of their hubs. Findings indicate that Emirates operates an ultra-efficient hub, which has superior performance to that of Turkish Airlines; however, in a market-breakdown basis, the dominance is split between the two carriers. Given that both Istanbul Atatürk and Dubai International operate near capacity, the study concludes that the way forward for both carriers is either to opt for up-gauging their fleet or targeting higher hub efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past three decades Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Dubai have realised a meteoric economic rise. Whereas the former two can be considered ‘rentier states’ heavily depending on oil (and gas) revenues, the latter only leans on oil for a mere 6% of its gross domestic product (GDP). Although the economic rise has brought considerable welfare, it has also led these emirates to attain the world’s highest per capita carbon footprint. To address this problem Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Dubai seem to have formulated policies with regard to sustainable urbanisation and adopted strong branding strategies to promote them internally and externally. In this paper we examine which steps have been taken to substantiate their claims to sustainable urbanisation, in branding as well as in actions taken towards implementation. We find that all three have been very active in branding their sustainable urbanisation policies, through visions and policy frameworks as well as prestigious development projects, but that the former is substantially more impressive than the latter. Results also show there is a difference between Abu Dhabi and Qatar on the one hand, and Dubai on the other. Dubai has large number of small ‘free economic zones’, academic institutions for developing a knowledge economy, and smart and/or sustainable urban neighbourhoods, while Qatar and Abu Dhabi have a small number of very large ones. From the three, it is currently Dubai which has taken the lead in this development, largely completing its industrial transition with vast economic diversification and urban expansion. However, across the board this has had little effect on its ecological footprint.

The national thought of Kurdish renaissance has been delayed due to long term conflicts among Kurdish Emirates, in particular in the first half of the 19th century. Along with other nations under Ottoman Empire and its renaissancebeginning in 1839 and later years by Sultan Abdul-Majeed while Kurdish society was encountering backwardness, subordinate in policy, economy and education aspects. Consisting first half of the 19th century, three quarters of this half includes quarrels and fighting for power between brothers, uncle and cousin, between cousins within the same family orbetween two different Emirates attempting to continue their dictatorship in Southern Kurdistan. Ottoman Empire was waiting their destruction on the borders when they were awaken, it happened exactly after 1835 when Ottoman commander Rasheed Pasha attacked Botan, Soran and Badinan Emirates in 1836. Ottoman Empire could dissolve and end the power of both Emirates of Soran and Badinan in six years. Ottoman power returning to the central lands of northern Kurdistan andinterests of countries such Britain, France, Russia and Germany played an important role in ending Kurdish Emirates in Southern Kurdistan. Thus, continual agreements between Ottoman and Qajaryempires especially the last one which was Erzurum Agreement in 1847 resulted into the process of Renaissance delayed national thought in South Kurdistan in the first half of the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of Middle East carriers in the past decade has been nothing less than meteoric. Based on the notion of generic strategy, we analysed the potential for competitors of the leading Middle East carriers to respond in terms of market scope and product characteristics, using Singapore Airlines as a reference. We found that it was generally difficult for Singapore Airlines to compete in terms of market scope, and thus it should concentrate on offering different degrees of differentiation in its products. While the latest small, long-haul aircraft could help increase Singapore Airlines' market scope, this impact would be marginal at best. We compared the product offerings and prices for the Business and Economy cabins, and noted the intensive competitive pressures the leading Middle East carriers exerted on Singapore Airlines. Improving specific product qualities such as guaranteeing a horizontally flat bed in Business and the overall quality in Economy helps competitors command higher prices, while other niches are still possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim We aimed to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) disease activity in a UAE population. Methods Forty-five consecutive subjects were prospectively recruited during the early summer with their clinical examination and Health Assessment Questionnaire ( HAQ) being recorded at a clinic appointment, along with their blood sample being taken for the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25( OH)D) total test. Results Thirty-five (76%) patients claimed to be exposed to sunlight for < 30 min daily. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL) and deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) was 36% and 29%, respectively. RA patients who exposed their hands and feet (29 ng/mL) or more (34 ng/mL) to the sunlight had serum vitamin D levels higher than those who exposed their hands alone (18 ng/mL) or less (19 ng/mL) ( P < 0.05). The variations in vitamin D levels due to skin color did not reach significance. No significant correlation was seen between serum vitamin D levels and Disease Activity Score (DAS28) or HAQ scores. A direct relationship was observed between HAQ scores and DAS28 scores ( P < 0.05). Conclusion We highlight the importance of skin exposure to sunlight in a conservative dressing culture. No association was observed between vitamin D and disease activity. However, the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency may negatively impact on bone health of these patients in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]