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Amaç: Bu çalışmada zeytin, pamuk ve hayvansal atıklardan yapılmış 5 farklı komposttan antagonistik etkinliğe sahip bakterilerin izolasyonu, tanılanması ve kavun solgunluk hastalığı etmeni Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom)’in misel gelişimini engellemeleri üzerine olan etkinlikleri in vitro koşullarda araştırılmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Kompostların fermentasyon süresine bağlı olarak bakteriyel popülasyon sayısında artış görülmüştür. En yüksek bakteri popülasyonu fermentasyonun 3 ve 4. aylarında belirlenmiştir. Farklı kompost materyallerinden izole edilen antagonist adayı bakteri izolatları Yağ Asit-Metil Ester (FAME) profillerine göre Mikrobiyal Tanılama Sistemi (MIS) ile teşhis edilmiştir. Aday bakterilerin Fom’in misel gelişimini engelleme potansiyelleri ikili kültür testleri ile belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen aday bakteriyel izolatlar arasında 31 bakteri izolatı ikili kültür denemelerinde, Fom’in misel gelişimini engellenmesi üzerine değişik oranlarda antagonistik etkinlik göstermiştir. Antagonistik potansiyele sahip bakteri izolatlarının çoğunluğunu farklı Bacillus spp.’a ait izolatlar (% 73.3) oluşturmuştur. Farklı kompost materyallerinden izole edilen bakteriler arasında en yüksek antagonistik etki %48.33 engelleme oranı ile Entereobacter gergoviae K4B:4:7:1 izolatı tarafından gösterilmiş olup, bu izolatı sırasıyla Bacillus cereus K1B:4:8:1 (%47.5), Salmonella typhimurium K5B:1:4:3 (% 46.67), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K5B:0:5:1 (%43.33) ve Bacillus subtilis K3B:4:8:1 (%40.83) izolatları izlemiştir.Genel Yorum: Organik atıklardan hazırlanmış kompostlar toprak kökenli hastalıklara karşı etkin antagonistik etkiye sahip bakterilere konukçuluk etmektedir. Kompostların in vivo koşullarda Fom’e karşı kullanılma potansiyellerinin araştırılmasının yanı sıra buralardan biyolojik preparat olarak kullanıma en uygun olan bakteri izolatların seçimi ve hastalığı engellemede kullandıkları mekanizmaların belirlenmesi üzerine çalışmalar gelecekte sürdürülmelidir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Elde edilen sonuçlar, Fom’in biyolojik mücadelesinde antagonistik potansiyele sahip mikroorganizmaların yoğun olarak geliştiği kompostların seralar gibi sınırlı alana sahip yetiştirme alanlarında kullanılmasının etkin bir rol oynayabileceğini göstermiştir.

Turunçgil meyveleri, çeşitli fungal hastalık etmenleri tarafından neden olunan hasat sonrası hastalıklara karşı oldukça duyarlıdır. Geotrichum citri-aurantii'nin neden olduğu ekşi çürüklük, turunçgillerin en önemli hasat sonrası hastalıklarından biridir. Hastalıkla mücadelede genellikle sentetik fungisitler yaygın olarak kullanılsa da söz konusu uygulamaların son yıllarda etkisizliğinin yanı sıra insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerine olan zararlı etkileri birçok çalışmada bildirilmiştir. Hasat sonrası hastalıklara karşı antagonistik bakteri etmenlerinin kullanıldığı biyolojik mücadele, sentetik fungisitlere umut verici bir alternatif olduğu birçok farklı konukçu bitki patojen ilişkilerinin irdelendiği çalışmalarda araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada sağlıklı turunçgil ağaçlarının meyve, dal ve yapraklarından elde edilen endofitik bakteri izolatlarının biyokontrol potansiyelleri G. citri-aurantii'ye karşı petri denemeleri (in vitro) ve meyve testleri (yarı in vivo) ile araştırılmıştır. İzole edilen 24 aday bakteri izolatı arasından seçilen on altı farklı bakteri izolatı G. citri-aurantii'nin misel gelişiminin engellenmesi üzerine olan antagonistik potansiyeli in vitro çalışmalarda değerlendirilmiştir. Test edilen bakteriler arasında Bacillus spp. ait izolatlar fungal etmenin misel gelişimini % 59.5-78.6 oranında engellemiştir. En yüksek antagonistik etkinlik B. subtilis CM8 (% 78.6) izolatı tarafından neden olunmuştur. Acinetobacter johnsonii CT7, Erwinia herbicola CM5, Pseudomonas putida CL2, Pantoea agglomerans CM14, Acinetobacter lwoffii CP1 ve Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CP3 izolatları, ikili kültür denemelerinde misel gelişimini engellemede başarısız olmuştur. Bakteriyel izolatların antagonistik etkinlikleri, fungus inokulasyonundan önceki ön inkübasyon süresi ile artmıştır. Bacillus spp ait izolatlar engellenme bölgesine yakın noktalardaki hiflerde vakuolleşme, büzüşme, şişme ve erime gibi önemli morfolojik değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Yapay olarak enfekte edilen turunçgil meyveleri üzerinde hastalık çıkışı Bacillus spp. ait izolatlar tarafından % 56.7-83.3 gibi önemli oranlarda baskılanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Bacillus spp. ait izolatların güçlü antagonistik aktivitelerinden dolayı, turunçgillerin hasat sonrası hastalık etmen(ler)i ile mücadelesinde biyofungisit olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Patates (Solanum tuberosum L.), Türkiye’de en fazla tüketilen sebzelerin başında gelmektedir. Konya ilinin Çumra ilçesinde 2019 yılının Temmuz ayında patates yetiştirilen alanlarda gerçekleştirilen sörveyler sırasında ekşi koku yayan patates yumrularında beyaz miselyum ile kaplanmış suya batırılmış yumuşak lastik çürüklük lezyonları şeklinde yeni hastalık belirtileri gözlenmiştir. Yüzey dezenfeksiyonu yapılan enfekteli yumrulardan alınan dokular Patates Dekstroz Agar (PDA) besiyeri üzerine yerleştirilmiş ve 25°C’de inkübasyona bırakılmıştır. Enfekteli dokulardan hızlı büyüyen beyaz, düz ve süetimsi-tozlu görünümlü pigmentsiz fungal koloniler gelişmiştir. Gelişen kolonilerin miselyumları dichotomous olarak dallanmış, şeffaf ve bölmeli yapıda olup, hiflerden oldukça farklı boyutlarda şeffaf, tek hücreli ve silindirik yapıda havai artrokonidilerin geliştiği gözlenmiştir. Fungal etmenin kültürel ve morfolojik özellikleri Geotrichum candidum ile tutarlıdır. Yapay inokulasyon yapılan patates yumruları üzerinde doğal enfekteli patates yumrularında görülen belirtilerin benzeri gözlenmiş olup fungal etmen bu dokulardan yeniden izole edilmiştir. İzole edilen fungal etmenin morfolojik tanısı, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) cihazı kullanarak protein profili ve Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gen bölgesi (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS4) çoğaltılıp dizilenmesi ile moleküler olarak da teyit edilmiştir. Gen bankasına kaydedilen temsili izolatın sekans sonucu G. candidum izolatı ile %99 oranında benzerlik göstermiştir. G. candidum’un sebep olduğu patates lastik çürüklük hastalığının varlığı Türkiye’de önceden bildirilmemiştir. Türkiye’de yetiştirilen patates yumrularında lastik çürüklüğü hastalığı etmeni G. candidum’un morfolojik ve moleküler karakterizasyonu ilk kez bu çalışma ile ortaya konulmuştur.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), is a commercially important, widely grown and consumed vegetable in Turkey. In October 2020, typical symptoms resembling powdery mildew were observed on spinach plants in two inspected fields in Hatay province of Turkey. Circular discolorations patches accompanied with dull whitish fluffy sporulation were observed on both upper and lower leaf surfaces of plants. Conidiophores are typically formed from internal mycelium emerging through stomatal openings, either singly or in groups. Morphologically distinguished dimorphic conidia without distinct fibrosin bodies, are formed singly at the apex of conidiophores. No chasmothecia were found on heavily infected leaves over the course of the season. The identity of the disease agent was further confirmed sequencing of the ITS rDNA region of representative isolates by using ITS5/P3 and ITS1/ITS4 primers. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by touching freshly sporulating plant leaves onto the leaves of potted healthy spinach plants. Based on morphological characteristics of asexual fungal structures, molecular sequencing and pathogenicity test, the causal disease agent responsible for the spinach powdery mildew was identified as Leveillula taurica (Lev.) G. Arnaud (syn. = Oidiopsis haplophylli). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by L. taurica on S. oleracea in Turkey.

Aims: This study aims to determine fungal and bacterial species and their densities in fruit and airborne microbiota in citrus packing houses located in Antakya, Dörtyol and Erzin districts of Hatay province.Methods and Results: Investigation were conducted in citrus fruit packing houses in Hatay province in 2020-2021. In order to determine the airborne microbiota, the nutrient media were placed in 3 different regions of the packing houses (product entrance, fruit processing and product dispatch). Fruit-borne fungal and bacterial isolates were obtained from the deliberately selected rotten fruits. Fungal and bacterial isolates were identified by morphological, biochemical and MALDI-TOF proteomic analysis. Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor circinelloides, Xanthomonas hortorum, Pantoea eucrina, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Pseudescherichia vulneris, Bacelliotymegatibia vulnerica, Bacelliot, eucrina, Leclercia adecarboxylata and Pseudescherichia vulnerica were determined as airborne fungal and bacterial species. Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Fusarium solani, Geotrichum citri-auranti, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Phytophthora sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Geotrichum candidum, Erwinia herbicola, Xanthomonas hortorum were isolated and identified as fruit borne fungal and bacterial species on infected fruits.Conclusions: It has been observed that the airborne microbiota density is quite higher in the fruit processing section of the packinghouses, while the microbiota density is low in the product acceptance (entry) and dispatch (exit) sections because of proper ventilation.Significance and Impact of the Study: Airborne fungal and bacterial microbiota in the packinghouses can be easily transported by air movements and remain suspended in the air for a certain period of time, causing symptoms such as deterioration and rot in fruits. Since some of identified airborne bacterial and fungal species are known as allergens or human pathogens, necessary advices were given about the sanitation measures which should be taken into consideration in commercial citrus packinghouses., Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hatay ilinin Antakya, Dörtyol ve Erzin ilçelerinde bulunan turunçgil meyve paketleme tesislerinde meyve ve hava kökenli mikrobiyata içerisinde yer alan fungal ve bakteriyel mikrobiyota türlerini ve yoğunluklarını belirlemektir.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Hatay ilinde bulunan turunçgil meyve paketleme tesislerinde 2020-2021 aylarında incelemeler yapılmıştır. Hava kökenli mikrobiyotanın belirlenmesi için besi yerleri paketleme tesislerinin 3 farklı bölümüne (ürün kabul, ürün işleme ve ürün çıkışı) yerleştirilmiştir. Tesislerdeki meyve kökenli mikrobiyotanın belirlenmesi için, güdümlü olarak seçilen meyvelerden (bozulma, yumuşama, çürüme vb. gözlenen) ayrıca fungal ve bakteriyel izolatlar elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen fungal ve bakteriyel izolatların morfolojik, biyokimyasal ve MALDI-TOF proteomik yöntemler ile tanılanmışlardır. Yapılan izolasyonlar ve tanılamalar sonucunda Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor circinelloides, Xanthomonas hortorum, Pantoea eucrina, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Pseudescherichia vulneris, Bacillus megaterium, Lelliottia amnigena, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella oxytoca, Bacillus subtilis, Erwinia herbicola hava kökenli fungal ve bakteriyel türler olarak belirlenmiştir. Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Fusarium solani, Geotrichum citri-auranti, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Phytophthora sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Geotrichum candidum, Erwinia herbicola, Xanthomonas hortorum ise enfekteli meyve kökenli fungal ve bakteriyel türler olarak belirlenmiştir. Genel Yorum: Hava kökenli mikrobiyotanın paketleme tesislerinin ürün işleme bölümünde oldukça yoğun olduğu, ürün kabul (giriş) ve sevk (çıkış) alanlarında ise uygun hava sirkülasyonundan dolayı yoğunluğun az olduğu gözlenmiştir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Paketleme tesislerindeki hava kökenli fungal ve bakteriyel mikrobiyotanın hava hareketleri ile kolayca taşınabilmesi ve havada belli süre askıda kalması nedeniyle meyvelerde bozulma ve çürüme gibi belirtilerin çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Tanılaması yapılan hava kökenli bazı bakteri türlerinin alerjen veya insan patojeni olmaları nedeniyle paketleme evlerine alınması gereken sanitasyon önlemleri hususunda gerekli bilgilendirmeler yapılmıştır.

Havuç [Daucus carotaL.], yüksek seviyede provitamin A, amino asitler ve diğer besinleri içeren, dünya çapında önemli bir sebzedir. Hatay ili, Türkiye'nin kaliteli veyüksek miktarda havuç üretiminin yapıldığı üçüncü bölgesidir. Havuç üretimi ve kalitesi gerek tarla gerekse depolama sırasında hastalıklar, zararlılar ve yabancı otlar tarafından etkilenir. Bu çalışmada Hatay ilinin havuç yetiştiriciliğinin yapıldığı önemli ilçelerinde tesadüfü seçilmiş tarlalarda karşılaşılan yabancı ot türlerinin varlığı, yaygınlığı ve genel durumları 80havuç tarlasında yapılan sürveyle belirlenmiştir. Bölgede yapılan sürvey sonucunda 26 familyada yer alan farklı 66 cinse ait 78 yabancıot türü belirlenmiştir. Tespit edilen yabancı ot türleri yoğunluklarına göre sınıflandırıldığında en sık ve yoğunlukta karşılaşılanlar; Cyperus rotundus(Topalak) >3.00 adet/m², Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus, Sorghum halepense, Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus spinosus, Avena sterilis, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colonum, Euphorbia chamaesyce, Medicagospp., Physalis angulata, Prosopis farcta, Silybum marianum, Triticum aestivum, Sinapis arvensis, Trifoliumspp., Zea maysveXanthium strumariumtürlerinin ise0.10-2.99 adet/m² yoğunlukta olduğu gözlenmiştir. Aralarında parazitik türlerden Orobanche crenata (beyaz çiçekli canavar otu), Phelipanche ramosa (mavi çiçekli canavar otu)’nın yanısıra,Ipomoea triloba(pembe çiçekli akşamsefası) ve Amaranthus palmeri(dev horozibiği) gibi çok önemli ve istilacı potansiyele sahip 55 farklı yabancı otun yaygınlık seviyesinin ise 0.10> adet/m² olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada kaydedilen bir diğer önemli gözlem C. rotundusbitkilerinin üzerinde saptanan ve yabancı otun biyolojik mücadelesinde kullanılma potansiyeli olan pas hastalık etmeni Puccinia romagnolianaMaire & Sacc.’nın bazı sürvey alanlarındaki topalak bitkileri üzerinde yaygın ve şiddetli şekilde bulunmasıdır. Sonuçlar O. crenata, P. ramosa, I. trilobave A. palmerigibi çok önemli ve istilacı potansiyele sahip yabancı ot türlerinin bölgede yayılma riskinin bulunduğunu ortaya koyarken, bazı bölgelerde yaygın olarak gözlenenpashastalığı etmeninin havuç tarlalarının en önemli yabancı otlarından olan topalak ile mücadelede kullanılma potansiyelinin bulunduğu düşünülmektedir., Carrot [Daucus carota L.] is an important vegetable worldwide, which contains high levels of provitamin A, amino acids and other nutrients. Hatay province is the third province of the Turkey leading high amount and quality carrot production. Carrot crop production is hampered by diseases, pests and weeds which reduce production and quality of carrot in the fields and during storage. This study was conducted in major carrot growing districts of Hatay province for determination of densities, frequencies and current statues of major weeds species in randomly selected 80carrot fields in surveyed districts between August 2018-October 2019. During weed surveys, a total of 78 plant species, belonging to 26 different families and 66 genera, including 2 parasitic plants, 41 winter, 32 summer, 3 summer-winter species and 16 grasses, 60 broad leaved were determined. According to life cycles the weeds were classified as, 9 species as perennial, 57 species as annual, 3 species as biennial, 3 species as annual-perennial and 4 species as annual-biennial. According to their density recorded, Cyperusrotundus (purple nutsedge) was >3.00 plant/m²; Portulacaoleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus,Sorghum halepense,Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus spinosus, Avena sterilis,Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colonum, Euphorbia chamaesyce, Medicago spp., Physalis angulata, Prosopis farcta, Silybum marianum, Triticum aestivum, Sinapis arvensis, Trifolium spp., Zea mays, Xanthium strumarium were at the density of 0.10-2.99 plant/m². The density level of 55 different weeds, including important weed species such as parasitic Orobanche crenata (bean broomrape), Phelipanche ramosa (hemp broomrape)andinvasive Ipomoea triloba(three-lobe morning glory) and Amaranthus palmeri(palmer amaranth), was found at the density of 0.10> plant/m². Another important observation recorded in the study is the widespread and severe presence of rust disease agent Puccinia romagnolianaMaire & Sacc. which has potential to be used as biological control agent on C. rotundus. Overall the results suggested that there is a risk of spreading of O. crenata, P. ramosa, I. trilobaand A. palmeriwhich have invasive potential in the region. Results also pointed out potential of rust disease, which was commonly observed in some regions, to be used in the biologicalcontrol of purple nutsedge which is the most important and common weed species detected in the region.

In this study, the antifungal effects of six different isothiocyanate (ITCs) compounds (methyl, allyl, butyl, ethyl, benzyl and 2‐phenylethyl ITCs) were investigated to be use against the citrus sour rot disease caused by Geotrichum citri‐aurantii in vitro and semi‐commercial (in vivo) conditions. Antifungal activities of the vapour phases of different ITC compounds were examined on the arthroconidia germination and mycelial growth of G. citri‐aurantii. Mycelial growth of G. citri‐aurantii was inhibited in a concentration‐dependent way. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of benzyl, methyl, allyl and ethyl ITCs on mycelial growth were 0.06, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.10 µl/L, respectively. Arthroconidia germination of G. citri‐aurantii was completely inhibited by benzyl, methyl, allyl and ethyl ITCs at concentrations of 0.05, 0.07, 0.07 and 0.07 µl/L, respectively. Light microscopy observations revealed that the ITC compounds, at completely inhibiting concentrations, caused considerable morphological changes in the fungal hyphae. Under in vivo conditions, the average rotting area caused by G. citri‐arantii was inhibited 100% by ethyl, methyl and allyl ITC compounds at concentrations of 8.0, 12.0 and 12.0 µl/L, respectively. Results suggest that ITC’s may be useful and effective natural antifungal compounds to control the citrus sour rot disease agent.

Amaç: ÇalışmadaHatay’ın İskenderun ilçesinde Mayıs 2019 tarihinde ceviz bahçelerdeki cevizağaçlarında, iletim dokularında kahverengi-koyu kahverengi renk değişikliği,odun dokusu nekrozu ve dallarda geriye doğru ölüm hastalık belirtilerine nedenolan fungal etmenin tanılanması ve etmenin bazı fungisitlere karşı duyarlılıkdüzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Hastalıklı dallardan, kanserlerden ve belirti göstermeyen ceviz örneklerinden yapılan izolasyonlar sonucunda elde edilen fungal izolat morfolojik ve moleküler çalışmalara göre Botryosphaeria dothidea olarak tanılanmıştır. Patojenisite denemeleri, fungal izolatın bölgede yetiştirilen Chandler çeşidi ceviz ağacı sürgünlerinde oldukça virülent olduğunu göstermiştir. Mevcut bilgilerimize göre bu çalışma, Türkiye’de cevizi enfekte eden Botryosphaeria dothidea’nın ilk raporudur. Fluazinam (0.001-0.015 µg/ml), thiophanate-methyl (0.1-10.0 µg/ml), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (1.0-50.0 µg/ml), trifloxystrobin (0.5-50.0 µg/ml), kresoxim-methyl (0.1-50.0 µg/ml) ve tebuconazole (0.5-50.0 µg/ml) gibi 6 farklı fungisitin farklı konsantrasyonlarının, fungal etmene karşı in vitro antifungal etkileri belirlenmiştir. Fungisitlerin ortalama etkili konsantrasyon (EC50) değerleri, Probit analiziyle belirlenmiştir. Hesaplanan EC50 değerlerine göre hastalık etmenine karşı en etkili fungisit fluazinam (0.002 µg/ml) olarak kaydedilmiş olup, bu fungisiti thiophanate-methyl (0.275 µg/ml), tebuconazole (0.994 µg/ml), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (3.993 µg/ml) ve trifloxystrobin (4.262 µg/ml) izlemiştir. En düşük antifungal etkinlik fungisitler arasında misel gelişimini %37.5 oranında engelleyen kresoxim-methyl tarafından gösterilmiştir.Genel Yorum: Bu çalışma fungal etmen Botryosphaeria dothidea’nın Türkiye’deyetiştirilen ceviz ağaçlarında gövde kanseri hastalığa neden olduğunun ilkkayıdıdır. Elde edilen sonuçlar ayrıca Botryosphaeriadothidea’nın sebep olduğu ceviz kanser hastalığının seçilen fungisitlerinuygulanmasıyla ağaçların hastalıktan korunabileceğini önermektedir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Sonuç olarak, fluazinam,thiophanate-methyl ve tebuconazole’ün fungal patojen B. dothidea’nın kontrolünde kullanım potansiyeli bulunduğunu ortayakoymaktadır., Aims:Symptoms of canker disease on walnuttrees included brown to dark brown discoloration of vascular tissues, woodnecrosis, and branch dieback were observed in several orchards in İskenderunCity of Hatay Province in May 2018. The aims of this study were to identify thefungal pathogen and to determine its sensitivities against some fungicides.Methods and Results:Isolations were made from diseasedbranches, cankers and asymptomatic walnut samples and causal disease agent wasidentified as Botryosphaeria dothideabased on morphological characteristics and molecular techniques. Pathogenicitytests showed that fungal isolate were highly virulent on shoots of walnut (cv.Chandler) trees commonly grown in the region. To our knowledge, this is thefirst report of Botryosphaeria dothideainfecting walnut in Turkey. In vitro antifungaleffect of different concentrations of six fungicides, fluazinam (0.001-0.015µg/ml), thiophanate-methyl (0.1-10.0), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (1.0-50.0µg/ml), trifloxystrobin (0.5-50.0 µg/ml), kresoxim-methyl (0.1-50.0), andtebuconazole (0.5-50.0 µg/ml) were also evaluated against the pathogen. Themean effective concentration (EC50) values were determined by Probitanalysis. According to EC50 values, fluazinam (0.002 µg/ml) wasrecorded as the most effective fungicide and it was followed by thiophanate-methyl(0.275 µg/ml), tebuconazole (0.994 µg/ml), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (3.993µg/ml) and trifloxystrobin (4.262 µg/ml). The lowest antifungal efficacy wasfollowed by kresoxim-methly inhibiting mycelial growth by 37.5% at the highestconcentration used.Conclusions:To our knowledge, this is the firstreport of Botryosphaeria dothideacausing stem canker diseases on walnut trees grown in Turkey. Our results alsosuggest that the walnut canker disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea could be reduced effectively with theapplication of selected fungicides.Significance and Impact ofthe Study: Inconclusion, our results suggest that fluazinam, thiophanate-methyl andtebuconazole have the potential effects to control Botryosphaeria dothidea.

Gıda kaynaklı fungal ve bakteriyel patojenler giderek taze meyve ve sebzelerle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Taze üretilen bitkilerin bakteriyel kolonizasyonu, dış dokuda yüksek seviyelerde oluşabilir, ancak bitki dokusu içerisinde bakteriler de tespit edilmektedir. Hatay ilinin Defne ve Antakya ilçelerinde farklı sebze pazarlarından marul, ıspanak, lahana, roka, nane, maydanoz, dereotu, pırasa gibi yapraklı sebzeler toplanmıştır. Mikrobiyolojik analizler için patates dekstroz agar, nutrient agar ve kanlı agar besi yerleri kullanılmıştır. Bu mikroorganizmaların tanılanması, fenotipik karakterler ve matris destekli lazer desorpsiyon/iyonizasyon uçuş süresi kütle spektrometresi (MALDI-TOF MS) tekniğine dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. MALDI-TOF MS analizi sonucuna göre mikroorganizmaların dağılımı incelendiğinde, tür düzeyinde 60 adet ile en fazla bakteri türleri tanılanırken, bunu 4 adet fungus ve 1 adet maya izlemiştir. En fazla mikroorganizma türü marul örneklerinden elde edilmiştir. Cins düzeyinde dağılımları incelendiğinde; 9 tür ile Pseudomonas başta gelirken, bunu 5 tür ile Lactobacillus, 4 tür ile Acinetobacter ve 2 tür ile Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Lysinibacillus, Pantoea 1 tür Bacillus, 1 tür Escherichia coli, 1 tür Exiguobacterium cinsleri izlemiştir. Mikroorganizma türlerinin koloni yoğunlukları incelendiğinde, en yoğun koloni Pseudomonas ve Acinetobacter cinsine ait türlerde belirlenmiştir. En az koloni yoğunluğu funguslarda gözlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Salmonella sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella oxytoca türleri insan sağlığı için en tehlikeli türler olarak bulunmuştur.

Havuç [Daucus carota L.], içermiş olduğu vitamin, amino asitler ve yüksek besin içeriği nedeni ile Dünya genelinde en fazla tüketilen sağlıklı sebzelerden biridir. Bu çalışmada 2018-2019 yetiştirme sezonunda Hatay ilinde havuç yetiştiriciliğinin yapıldığı Amik Ovası’nda yer alan tarlalarda karşılaşılan fungal ve bakteriyel hastalık etmenlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Hastalık sürveyleri bitkinin 3 farklı fenolojik döneminde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hastalık belirtisi gösteren şüpheli bitkilerin yaprak, gövde ve meyvelerinden yapılan izolasyonlarda farklı türlere ait fungal ve bakteriyel izolatlar elde edilmiştir. Havuç meyvelerinde enine kahverengi kuru çöküntü şeklindeki hastalık belirtilerinin yanısıra yaprak ve gövdelerde görülen kahverengi-siyah lekelerden Alternaria dauci, A. alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, R. carotae, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Geotrichum candidum, Pythium spp., Fusarium brachygibbosum, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum ve F. solani türlerine ait fungal izolatları elde edilmiş olup yapılan morfolojik özelliklerinin yanısıra, moleküler ve MALDI-TOF protein profil analizleri sonucu tanılanmışlardır. Bölgede Erysiphe heraclei tarafından neden olunan külleme hastalığı da belirlenmiştir. Yumuşak çürüklük belirtileri gösteren havuç meyvelerinden yapılan izolasyonlardan elde edilen saf izolatların MALDI-TOF analiz sonuçlarına göre ise yumuşak çürüklük hastalığı etmenleri Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ve Pseudomonas corrugata’nın yanısıra sekonder fırsatçı (oppurtunistic) yumuşak çürüklük hastalığı etmenleri olan P. marginalis, P. fluorescens, P. mediterranea, P. veronii, Erwinia rhapontici, E. persicina, Enterobacter cloacae, Lelliottia amnigena, Rahnella aquatilis ve Pantoea agglomerans gibi bakteriyel hastalık etmenleri belirlenmiştir. Bilindiği kadarı ile tespit edilen fungal etmenlerden F. brachygibbosum ile tanılanan bakteriyel hastalık etmenlerin tamamı ülkemizde havuçta hastalığa neden olduğu ilk kez bu çalışma ile tespit edilmiştir., Carrot [Daucus carota L.] is one of the most consumed healthy vegetables worldwide due to its vitamins, amino acids and high nutritional content. Fungal and bacterial disease agents, encountered in the fields where carrots are grown in the Amik Plain of Hatay province, were determined during 2018-2019 growing season. Disease surveys were carried out at three different phenological stages of the plant. Different fungal and bacterial disease agents were isolated and subsequently identified from diseased leaves, stems and fruits. In addition to the disease symptoms in the form of transverse brown dry depressions on carrot fruits, from the brown-black spots on the leaves and stems, Alternaria dauci, A. alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, R. carotae, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Geotrichum candidum, Pythium spp., Fusarium bra. equiseti, F. proliferatum and F. solani species were obtained and identified as a result of molecular and MALDI-TOF protein profile analyzes as well as their morphological features. Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe heraclei was also determined in the surveyed area. By the bacterial isolates obtained from carrot showing soft rot symptoms, major soft rot disease agents, such as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pseudomonas corrugata and opportunistic soft rot disease agents, such as P. marginalis, P. fluorescens, P. mediterranea, P. veronii, Erwinia rhapontici, E. persicina, Enterobacter cloacae, Lelliottia amnigena, Rahnella aquatilis, Pantoea agglomerans, were identified by using MALDI-TOF analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which fungal disease agent Fusarium brachygibbosum and all soft rotting bacterial disease agents were determined at species level on carrot roots growing in Turkey.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Batman’ın Binatlı köyündeki badem üretim alanlarında görülen kanser ve geriye doğru ölüm belirtilerine neden olan hastalık etmeninin tanısını yapmak, etmenin patojenisitesini belirlemek ve in vitro koşullarda bazı fungisitlerin patojene karşı etkinliğini saptamaktır. Hastalıklı bitki dokularından elde edilen fungal izolatlar, morfolojik ve moleküler karakterizasyonu sonucunda fungus, Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae olarak tanılanmıştır. N. novaehollandiae’nın 5 izolat ile Ferragnes çeşidi badem fidanlarında yapılan patojenisite testinde AlNnov79, en virülent izolat olarak belirlenmiştir. N. novaehollandiae’nın AlNnov79 izolatına karşı beş farklı fungisitin etkinlik denemesi sonucunda en etkili fungisitler; fluazinam (EC50;0.002 µl/ml), thiophanate–methyl (EC50;0.3 µl/ml), tebuconazole (EC50;0.4 µl/ml), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (EC50;2.2 µl/ml), olarak belirlenmiştir. Etkinliği en düşük fungisit ise trifloxystrobin (EC50;19.5 µl/ml) olarak bulunmuştur., The objective of the present study is to identify the causal agents associated with cancer and dieback symptoms in almond production areas in Batman's Binatlı village, to determine the pathogenicity of the causal agent, and to determine the efficacy of some fungicides on the pathogen in vitro. As a result of the morphological and molecular characterization of fungal isolates obtained from diseased plant tissues, the fungus was identified as Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae. In the pathogenicity test of 5 isolates of N. novaehollandiae on almond seedlings cv Ferragnes, AlNnov79 was determined as the most virulent isolate. As a result of the efficacy trial of five different fungicides on N. novaehollandiae isolate AlNov79, highly effective fungicides were determined as fluazinam (EC50;0.002 µl ml-1), thiophanate–methyl (EC50;0.3 µl ml-1), tebuconazole (EC50;0.4 µl ml-1), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (EC50;2.2 µl ml-1). Trifloxystrobin (EC50;19.5 µl ml-1) was found as the lowest effective fungicide.

A total of 98 diseased seedlings of 14 different landscape plants were collected from Gaziantep forest nursery chief, Osmaniye forest nursery chief, Hatay Serinyol forest nursery chief and HMKU campus nursery. Soil-borne disease factors were identified in 81 of these samples. When morphological results are evaluated for the identification of these agents; disease agents from different hosts were identified as 12 of Ceratobacidium sp, 8 of Fusarium, 14 of Macrophomina, 13 of Rhizoctonia, 4 of Phytophthora, 10 of Dactylonectria, and the remaining 20 of Phoma, Pestalotiopsis, Diaporthe, Didymella, and Neopestalotiopsis. Within the scope of molecular studies, PCR studies were conducted with ITS1-4 primer and according to DNA sequencing results species level diagnoses were made. Representative of 16 isolates accession numbers are obtained from NCBI Gen bank library. Consequently, effective and sustainable implementation of all kinds of combat methods in nurseries, taking into consideration the health of the saplings, will have an important place in the protection of landscape areas, Gaziantep Orman Fidanlık Şefliği, Osmaniye Orman Fidanlık Şefliği, Hatay Serinyol Orman Fidanlık Şefliği ve HMKÜ kampüs fidanlık alanında 14 farklı peyzaj bitkisi türünden toplam 98 adet hastalıklı fidan örneği toplanmıştır. Bu örneklerin 81’inde, toprak kökenli hastalık etmenleri saptanmıştır. Bu etmenlerin tanılanmasına yönelik olarak morfolojik sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde; farklı konukçulardan elde edilen hastalık etmenlerinden 12 adedi, Ceratobasidium sp, 8’i Fusarium, 14’ü Macrophomina, 13’ü Rhizoctonia, 4’ü Phytophthora ve 10’u Dactylonectria olarak saptanmış; geriye kalan 20 tanesi de Phoma, Pestalotiopsis, Diaporthe, Didymella ve Neopestalotiopsis fungusları olarak belirlenmiştir. Moleküler çalışmalar kapsamında ITS1-4 primeri ile yapılan PCR çalışmaları ve DNA dizileme sonuçlarına göre tür düzeyinde tanıları yapılmıştır. Temsili seçilen 16 izolatın, NCBI GenBankası kütüphanesinden erişim numaraları alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak, fidan sağlığını gözeterek fidanlıklarda her türlü mücadele yöntemlerinin bir arada etkili ve sürdürülebilir şekilde uygulanması, peyzaj sahalarının korunmasında önemli bir yer tutacaktır.

White goosefoot (Chenopodium album) is a common weed being most frequent in several crops. In April 2018, typical symptoms of downy mildew disease were observed on the leaf surface of C. album in pea fields inspected in Hatay province of Turkey. Based on morphological characteristics, molecular sequencing and pathogenicity test, the pathogen was identified as Peronospora variabilis. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of downy mildew caused by P. variabilis on C. album in Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey.

The aims of this study were to determine chemical composition of essential oils from different plant species and their antibacterial activities against gal-forming plant pathogenic bacterial disease agents Rhizobium radiobacter, Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi and P.savastanoi pv. nerii. The chemical compositions of essential oils were identified by GC/MS. The major constituents of the essential oils were carvacrol in Thymbra spicata var. spicata (66.88%) and Origanum syriacum (79.8%), thymol in Thymus serpyllum (41.03%), geranial in Thymus sipyleus (13.72%) and Melissa officinalis (30.4), 4-terpineol in Origanum majorana (31.67%), linalool in Ocimum basilicum (30.23%), carvone in Mentha spicata (55.58%), 1,8 cineole in Lavandula stoechas var. stoechas (35.5%), Laurus nobilis (35.5%) and Rosmarinus officinalis (18.47%), camphor in Salvia officinalis (24.59%) and trans-anethole in Foeniculum vulgare (82.8%) essential oils, respectively. Based on inhibition zone diameter values, essential oils showed very strong antibacterial activities against P.savastanoi pv. savastanoi (7.0-44.67 mm), followed by R.radiobacter (9.6-37.67 mm) and P.savastanoi pv. nerii (6.33-18.33 mm). Essential oils of plants belong to Lamiaceae family were generally found to be more efficient than those belong to Lauraceae and Apiaceae families. The essential oils of O.syriacum, T.serpyllum and T.spicata var. spicata were found to be the most promising essential oils displaying the highest antibacterial activities against all tested bacterial species. The findings of the present study revealed that essential oils have a potential to be used as antibacterial agents against gall forming bacterial disease agents., Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı bitki türlerinden elde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal bileşimini ve gal (ur) oluşturan bitki patojenik bakteriyel hastalık etmeni Rhizobium radiobacter, Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi ve P.savastanoi pv. nerii’ye karşı antibakteriyel etkinlerini belirlemektir. Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Thymus serpyllum, Thymus sipyleus, Origanum syriacum, Origanum majorana, Ocimum basilicum, Mentha spicata, Melissa officinalis, Lavandula stoechas var. stoechas, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Laurus nobilis ve Foeniculum vulgare uçucu yağlarının kimyasal bileşenleri GC/MS ile tanımlanmıştır. Carvacrol Thymbra spicata var. spicata (% 66.88) ve Origanum syriacum (% 79.8), thymol Thymus serpyllum (% 41.03), geranial Thymus sipyleus (% 13.72) ve Melissa officinalis (30.4), 4-terpineol Origanum majorana (31.67 %), linalool Ocimum basilicum (% 30.23), carvone Mentha spicata (% 55.58), 1,8 cineole Lavandula stoechas var. stoechas (% 35.5), Laurus nobilis (% 35.5) ve Rosmarinus officinalis (% 18.47), camphor Salvia officinalis (% 24.59) ve trans-anethole ise Foeniculum vulgare (% 82.8) uçucu yağlarının ana bileşenleri olarak belirlenmiştir. Engelleme zon çapı değerlerine dayanarak, uçucu yağlarıP.savastanoi pv. savastanoi (7.0-44.67 mm), ardından R.radiobacter (9.6-37.67 mm) ve P.savastanoi pv. nerii (6.33-18.33 mm) ye karşı oldukça güçlü antibakteriyel etkinlik göstermiştir. Lamiaceae familyasına ait bitkilerin uçucu yağlarının genellikle Lauraceae ve Apiaceae familyalarına göre daha etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. O.syriacum, T.serpyllum ve T.spicata var. spicata, test edilen tüm bakteri türlerine karşı en yüksek antibakteriyel aktiviteleri gösteren umut verici uçucu yağlar olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları uçucu yağların gal oluşturan bakteriyel hastalık etmenlerine karşı antibakteriyel ajan olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Chinese wisteria, Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., is a woody, twining vine and is commonly cultivated as an ornamental for its foliage and striking, drooping racemes of white, pink, or lavender sweet pea-like flower. Distinct leaf spots were observed in several gardens, retail nurseries, and parks located in Hatay Province since May 2009. The primary infection zones are frequently observed on the leaf margins and apices, brown, up to 2 mm in diameter, and often surrounded by a yellow zone. Foliar symptoms are characterized by grayish, round, semicircular or irregular-shaped, numerous spots (up to 9 mm in diameter) with dark brown borders and the appearance of black, granular structure within the dead leaf tissues. A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fungal colonies were initially white, becoming light to dark gray with the onset of sporulation with black, spherical to subspherical single-celled conidia (15 to 18 × 12 to 15 μm), which were borne on a hyaline vesicle at the tip of the conidiophore. These characteristics agree with published descriptions of Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason 1927 (1,3). To fulfill Koch's postulates, a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml) collected from PDA cultures was used to spray inoculate leaves of potted 3-year-old Chinese wisteria plants. Inoculated plants were kept for 48 h in polyethylene bags and maintained in a controlled environment chamber at 20°C with a 12-h photoperiod. The bags were removed after 3 days. In addition, five 3-year-old plants were sprayed with sterile water to serve as controls. After 14 to 20 days, inoculated leaves showed infection symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected leaves with N. sphaerica. The pathogen was reisolated from the margins of necrotic tissues, but not from the controls. Although N. sphaerica is frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprophyte on many plant species, this fungal agent is also known as a leaf pathogen on several hosts worldwide (2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. sphaerica as a leaf pathogen of Chinese wisteria in Turkey or worldwide. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA. Retrieved 28 October from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 2010. (3) P. M. Kirk. IMI Descr. Fungi Bact. 106:1056, 1991. (4) E. R. Wright et al. Plant Dis. 92:171, 2008.

Potato [Solanum tuberosum] is an extensively consumed vegetable in Turkey. In March 2016, typical stem rot (also known as white mould) symptoms were observed on commercially produced potato plants (cv. Rosetta) in several fields inspected in Hatay province of Turkey. White mycelium and large, irregular, black sclerotia were observed on infected stems, crowns and occasionally on leaves. Apothecia development from sclerotia were also observed on moist sand. Based on morphological characteristics of mycelia and sclerotia, all isolates were tentatively identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The identity of the fungal isolate was confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing of the ITS rDNA region, using ITS4/ITS5 primers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem rot disease on potato caused by S. sclerotiorum in Turkey.

The sugar, organic acid, and anthocyanin contents and antioxidant capacity of 'Red Globe' table grapes packaged in perforated polyethylene (PPE) or ZOEpac modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) bags, with or without different grades of ethanol vapor-generating sachets (Antimold (R) 30, Antimold (R) 60 or Antimold (R) 80) or an SO2-generating pad, were evaluated during 3 months of storage at 0 degrees C. Fructose, glucose, malic, and tartaric acid contents remained unchanged in grapes packaged in PPE or ZOEpac bags containing an SO2-generating pad throughout storage. In grapes packaged in PPE or ZOEpac bags with or without Antimold (R) sachets, fructose, glucose, and malic acid contents decreased whereas tartaric acid content increased during storage due to a higher incidence of fungal decay as compared to SO2 treatments. Citric acid content decreased in all treatments during storage. Anthocyanin content increased in the first 2 months of storage and then decreased by the end of storage. An Antimold (R) 80 sachet added to ZOEpac bags resulted in higher anthocyanin content, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) during storage. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Drought, a natural stress factor has the highest percentage with 26%, when the usable areas on the earth are classified in view of stress factors. Biotic and abiotic stress factors may cause yield loss in plants and affect human and animal nutrition. Amount of lacking yield due to biotic and abiotic stress factors ranged between 65 and 87%. The best option for crop production, yield improvement and yield stability under soil moisture deficient conditions is to develop drought tolerant crop varieties (Siddique et al., 2000). A physiological approach would be the most attractive way to develop new varieties rapidly. Only few studies highlighted the importance of antioxidant enzymes during drought stress. The antioxidant defenses appear to provide crucial protection against oxidative damage in cellular membranes and organelles in plants grown under unfavorable conditions. Thus, plants are equipped with complex and a highly efficient antioxidative defense system which can respond and adapt to drought stress. This system is composed of protective nonenzymatic and enzymatic protection mechanisms. They interrupt the uncontrolled oxidation and serve to maintain the antioxidants in their reduced functional state, that efficiently scavenge ROS (reactive oxygen species) and prevent damaging effects of free radicals. Balance at aerobic metabolism is defined as free radical generation and rapid removal by antioxidant systems. The structure of cells and functional changes of systems, may be damaged by the formation of irreversible oxidative stress. Redox signalling and antioxidative defense systems are very important for protection towards uncontrolled and cascade damage of biotic and abiotic stress factors. In this review, drought, drought types and antioxidative defense system components will be discussed. Key words : Antioxidative defense system, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, drought types, glutathione reductase, oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase.

BACKGROUND: Isothiocyanates (ITCs) released by the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates in the Brassicaceae are potentially useful for controlling fungal pathogens. In vitro activity of pure ITCs against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary was studied by adding them to glass filters in petri dishes and dissolving them in the growing media. RESULTS: Methyl, allyl and benzyl ITCs were the most fungitoxic of the compounds in bioassays with S. sclerotiorum isolate Ss31. In the volatile phase, mycelial growth was completely inhibited by these three compounds. Aromatic ITCs were less toxic in the petri dishes but were more toxic than aliphatic ITCs when dissolved in the agar. Benzyl ITC exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on sclerotial germination, with an EC50 value of 75.1 µmol L−1. Butyl and benzyl ITCs reduced apothecial production of S. sclerotiorum by 92.5% at the highest concentration. In in vivo assay, only allyl and 2-phenylethyl ITCs reduced disease incidence (by 76.7 and 70% respectively) at low concentrations. CONCLUSION:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the soil might be suppressed by the higher concentrations of allyl and benzyl ITCs released from decomposition of Brassica juncea, B. carinata, B. nigra and Sinapis spp. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

One of the objectives of the study was to identify the fungus involved in fruit rot on pomegranates in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The fungus designated as Coniella granati (Saccardo) Petrak and Sydow based on morphological characteristics. The fungus colonized the fruit after 5 to 8 days, followed by the appearance of fruit rot symptoms leading to the formation of abundant pycnidia covering the peel. Secondly, the efficacy of fungicides against C. granati was evaluated by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Tebuconazole, boscalid+pyraclostrobin and iprodione at 1.0, 25, and 50 μgml-1 concentrations, respectively, completely inhibited mycelial growth. In the azoxystrobin and dodine, relatively higher concentrations required to inhibit mycelial growth. Tebuconazole exhibited the greatest inhibition (82.2%) of mycelium growth. The EC50 values in mycelial growth of C. granati ranged from 0.13 to 151.9. The highest EC50 values occurred for tebuconazole (0.13μgml-1). Tebuconazole, boscalid+pyraclostrobin and iprodione at 200, 10 and 5 μgml-1 concentrations, respectively, were the highly effective in inhibiting conidial germination. Azoxystrobin exhibited a low effect (61%) on conidial germination. The EC50 values on conidial germination of C. granati ranged from 0.2 to 28.7. Tebuconazole had the lowest EC50 value, while boscalid+pyraclostrobin exhibited the highest EC50 value.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an increasingly important vegetable crop in Turkey as is the case for many parts of the world. In March 2017, detailed field surveys were conducted to investigate the occurrence of leaf diseases in major spinach fields in Hatay Province of Turkey. White blister rust disease was sporadically present in many production fields. The disease incidence on affected crops ranged from 21 to 45% across all the areas surveyed. Initial symptoms were small chlorotic spots on the upper leaf surface. As the disease developed, white pustules (sori) or blisters were frequently produced as irregularly oval, elongated concentric rings, 3 to 4 mm in diameter, mostly on the lower leaf surface but also often on the upper surface. In the advanced stages of the disease, the white pustules often coalesced, and lesions appeared grainy due to the production of numerous oospores, rendering infected leaves unmarketable. A representative specimen (SAL2) was deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS-F30037). Microscopic examination revealed that sporangia were born in basipetal chains, globose to oval, with a smooth wall surface and measured 12.5 to 15.0 × 17.5 to 20.0 μm (n = 100). The small stalked spherical haustoria, which were produced within mesophyll cells, were connected to the intercellular coenocytic hyphae, and measured 5.0 μm in diameter (n = 50). Dark-colored oospores were produced in subepidermal tissue, finely reticulated, 45 to 60 µm in diameter, with a wall thickness of 5 μm (n = 50). The morphological characteristics closely resembled those reported for Albugo occidentalis by Choi and Priest (1995). To confirm the morphological identification, both the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and the cytochrome oxidase II (cox2) mtDNA were amplified with ITS1-O and LR0 for ITS and cox2-F and cox2-RC4 and directly sequenced (Choi et al. 2015). The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MF991148 for ITS, MF991149 for cox2). A BLASTn search revealed that the Turkish isolate is identical to the ITS and the cox2 sequences (KC676794, KC676795) of A. occidentalis in GenBank. A pathogenicity test was conducted by spraying a sporangial suspension (10⁵ sporangia/ml) onto 10 healthy leaves of 3-week-old spinach plants (cv. Matador). Inoculated plants were incubated in a dew chamber for 72 h at 18°C and then maintained in a greenhouse at 20°C with a 10-h photoperiod. Ten control plants were sprayed with distilled water and maintained under the same conditions as the inoculated plants. After 10 to 12 days, white rust pustules similar to the original symptoms observed in the field developed on inoculated plants, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to the original one observed on the diseased plants, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Based on morphological characteristics, molecular sequencing data, and pathogenicity test, it was concluded that the pathogen on spinach in Turkey is A. occidentalis. The causal agent has been reported as an economically important pathogen of spinach in the United States, Mexico, Greece (Farr and Rossman 2017), and Iran (Ebrahimi and Afzali 2000). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. occidentalis in Turkey. Although prevalence and host range of the causal disease agent is limited, major spinach production areas may be vulnerable to the introduction of this disease due to an increasing demand for this crop.

In this study, we focused on compatible interactions between Peronospora parasitica isolate Emoy-2 and wild-type (Oy-0) and mutant (Ws-eds1) Arabidopsis thaliana accessions by using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Light microscopy of compatible interactions revealed that conidia germinated and penetrated through the anticlinal cell walls of two epidermal cells. Rapid spreading of the hyphal growth with formation of numerous haustoria within the mesophyll cells was subsequently followed by profuse sporulation in the absence of host cell necrosis on both wild-type and mutant accessions. TEM observations revealed that coenocytic intercellular hyphae ramified and spread intercellularly throughout the host tissue forming several haustoria in host mesophyll cells. Intracellular haustoria were lobed with the diameter of 6–7 μm. Each haustorium was connected to intercellular hyphae in the absence of apparent haustorial neck. The cytoplasm of the haustorium included the organelles characteristic of the pathogen. Callose-like deposits were frequently observed at sites of penetration around the proximal region of the haustorial neck. Apart from a few callose ensheatments, no obvious response was observed in host cells following formation of haustoria. Most of mesophyll cells contained normal haustoria and the host cytoplasm displayed a high degree of structural integrity. Absence of host cell wall alteration and cell death in penetrated host cell of both accessions suggest that the pathogen exerts considerable control over basic cellular processes and in this respect, response to this biotroph oomycete differs considerably from responses to other pathogens such as necrotrophs.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of several alternative postharvest treatments to sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) in maintaining quality and reducing fungal decay during cold storage of 'Red Globe' table grapes. Grapes were packaged in perforated polyethylene (PPE) or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) bags (ZOEpac or Antimicrobial) with or without different grades of ethanol vapor-generating sachets (Antimold (R) 30. Antimold (R) 60 or Antimold (R) 80) or a SO(2)-generating pad, and the grapes were kept at 0 degrees C and 90-95% relative humidity for 4 months. Packaging of grapes with a SO(2) pad in PPE or ZOEpac bags provided better control of fungal decay and stem browning than PPE or ZOEpac bags alone, PPE or ZOEpac bags with Antimold sachets or Antimicrobial bags alone. The PPE bag containing the Antimold (R) 80 sachet was as effective as the SO(2) treatments in reducing the incidence of fungal decay in naturally infected and artificially inoculated grapes for 1 month. Ethanol vapor released by the Antimold sachets enhanced berry color, but caused stem browning depending on ethanol vapor concentrations in the headspace of the bags. The ZOEpac-210 bags alone resulted in significantly lower weight loss and incidence of stem browning, compared to other treatments: however, they did not reduce fungal decay or develop an appreciable level of modified atmosphere. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of devastating fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould disease of tomato. Antifungal activities of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of aromatic plants, which belong to the Lamiacea family such as origanum (Origanum syriacum L var. bevanii), lavender (Lavandula stoechas L var. stoechas) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), were investigated against B. cinerea. Contact and volatile phase effects of different concentrations of the essential oils were found to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea in a dose-dependent manner. Volatile phase effects of essential oils were consistently found to be more effective on fungal growth than contact phase effect. A volatile vapour of origanum oil at 0.2 mu g/ml air was found to completely inhibit the growth of B. cinerea. Complete growth inhibition of pathogen by essential oil of lavender and rosemary was, however, observed at 1.6 mu g/ml air concentrations. For the determination of the contact phase effects of the tested essential oils, origanum oil at 12.8 mu g/ml was found to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea completely. Essential oils of rosemary and lavender were inhibitory at relatively higher concentrations (25.6 mu g/ml). Spore germination and germ tube elongation were also inhibited by the essential oils tested. Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the essential oils cause considerable morphological degenerations of the fungal hyphae such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage and loss of conidiation. In vivo assays with the origanum essential oil, being the most efficient essential oil, under greenhouse conditions using susceptible tomato plants resulted in good protection against grey mould severity especially as a curative treatment. This study has demonstrated that the essential oils are potential and promising antifungal agents which could be used as biofungicide in the protection of tomato against B. cinerea. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aims: The antifungal effects of essential oils of oregano (Origanum syriacum var. bevanii) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) were evaluated against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Effects of the essential oils on morphological structures of hyphae and sclerotia were studied under light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Methods and Results: Inhibitory effects of volatile and contact phases of the essential oils used were determined on hyphae and sclerotia. Both essential oils have a marked antifungal effect against S. sclerotiorum. Soil amendment with essential oils has significant effect on reducing sclerotial viability. Both essential oils significantly inhibited the fungal growth in soil, thereby increasing the number of surviving tomato seedling by 69·8% and 53·3%, respectively. Light and SEM observations on pathogen hyphae and sclerotia revealed considerable morphological alterations in hyphae and sclerotia. Conclusions: The significant reduction in the mycelial growth and germination of sclerotia would greatly reduce the pathogen inoculum source. This may influence the rate of disease development in soil. Significance and Impact of the Study: Considering the reduction in the number of diseased plants in infested soil amended with essential oils, we concluded that oregano and fennel essential oils could be used as possible bio fungicides alternative to synthetic fungicides against phytopathogenic fungi.

In recent years, postharvest rot symptoms have been observed in persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L.) during long storage in Hatay Province, one of the main production areas of Turkey. Infection appeared to begin through small cracks around and beneath the calyx. Symptoms developed as small, slightly depressed, dark brown spots. Slices of infected peel were surface sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and then incubated at 24°C in darkness for 7 days. Hyphal tips from the margin of each developing colony were subcultured on PDA. Fungal colonies were initially white, becoming olivaceous, and turning brown with age. Conidiophores were brown, short, simple, or sometimes branched. Conidia were obclavate, obpyriform or ellipsoidal with a short conical beak, and 18 to 32 μm long and 5 to 14 μm wide at the broadest point. The pathogen was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissler based on morphological characteristics (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on previously wounded persimmon fruit (cv. Fuyu) by spraying 12 fruits with a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml). Six control fruits were treated with sterilized water only. All fruit were kept in a moist chamber (100% relative humidity) at 25°C for 3 days, and then moved to a growth chamber at 26°C with a 16-h photoperiod. Many, small, and black sporulating spots were observed on inoculated fruit 5 days after treatment. After 21 days, these spots developed into lesions similar to those produced on naturally infected fruit. No lesions developed on the control fruit. A. alternata was reisolated from inoculated fruit. The disease was previously reported in Israel (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata infecting persimmons in Turkey. References: (1) D. Prusky et al. Phytopathology 71:1124, 1981. (2) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2007.

Crater rot was observed on carrots growing in fields in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, one of the country’s main production areas. Relatively high humidity and cool conditions in the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons may have influenced the severe disease incidences observed (47·6 and 53·2%, respectively). This resulted in 55–70% yield reductions in the fields inspected. Primary symptoms seen were a band of dark brown necrosis around the carrot crown and horizontal, brown, canker-like lesions, mostly on the crown and upper roots. Small pits subsequently developed beneath the lesions, which enlarged into sunken brown crater lines with a white, flocculent mycelium produced under high humidity. Sections cut from infected carrot roots were surface-sterilized in 1% NaOCl for 2 min, plated on 2·0% w/v water agar medium supplemented with 50 mg L − 1

) plantsgrowing in the Hatay province of Turkey. The disease wasextensive, with between 73 and 85% of fields inspected inthe region being affected. Disease incidence of 65–90%was recorded in affected fields. The distribution ofthe disease in carrot fields was generally associated withhigh soil moisture levels, often corresponding to poordrainage. Severe foliar infections resulted in reduced rootyields and decreased the effectiveness of mechanicalharvesting. Initial symptoms first appeared on older leavesas irregularly shaped, minute, dark brown-to-black spots,with yellow borders on the edge of the leaflet blade. Asthe disease progressed, the lesions expanded, causing theleaflets to turn brown, shrivel and die.A fungus was consistently isolated from the margins ofthese lesions, onto potato carrot agar (PCA) amended withstreptomycin sulphate, maintained at 26 ° C under a 12 hnear-ultraviolet photoperiod. These isolates produced acarpet-like mycelial mat and abundant conidia in the dark.Conidia were usually solitary, rarely in chains of two, long,ellipsoid-to-obclavate, some smooth but mostly punctu-late, dark olivaceous brown, with five to 11 transverse andone (rarely two to three) longitudinal or oblique septa. Theconidia measured 295–410 × 15–25 µ m in size, includinga filamentous beak (200–300 × 5 µ m). The conidiophorewas 25–85 × 5 µ m in size, olivaceous brown, simple or 1–2 geniculate. These measurements corresponded to thosepreviously published (Simmons, 1995). Pathogenicity testswere conducted on carrot seedlings (cv. Nanco) at thesix-leaf stage, by spraying the lower leaves with a conidialsuspension (1 × 10

In February and November 2002, a severe outbreak of a foliar disease was noted in the main producing Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris var. cicla ) areas in the Hatay province of Turkey. In this region, disease was observed in 90–95% of fields inspected. Symptoms began as small circular, light brown spots with definite dark brown border on both sides of the leaf. The circular spots increased in size (up to 4–6 mm in diameter), developing into depressed lesions, which were brownish in colour and bordered by a purple margin. As lesions matured, the centre of the spots became whitish grey to black, due to the production of conidia and conidiophores. Microscopic examination of the whitish-grey lesions revealed the presence of tiny, black stromata within the leaf substomatal cavities. The stromata produced dense fascicles of conidiophores (up to 35 conidiophores per fascicle) that emerged through the stomata. Conidiophores were simple, one to three septate, pale brown at the base but subhyaline at the apex, straight (3·5–4·5 × 20– 65 μ m), unbranched and slightly attenuated towards to apex. Conidia, borne singly, were filiform, hyaline, pluriseptate (five to 18), nonconstricted at the septa, slightly curved, subtruncate at the base, obtuse to subacute at the apex and varying considerably in length (2·5–4 × 40– 125 μ m). The causal organism was identified as Cercospora beticola based on morphological characteristics (Kim & Shin, 1998). A single-spore isolate was cultured on V8 juice agar. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 4week-old chard seedlings (cv. Zilk), by spraying the leaves with a conidial suspension (10 4 spores per mL). Inoculated plants were kept in a moist chamber (100% RH) at 25 ° C for 3 days, then moved to a growth chamber at 26 ° C with a 16-h photoperiod. Many small elongated lesions (1–2 mm wide) were observed on inoculated leaves 5 days after treatment. After 21 days, these developed into lesions similar to those produced on naturally infected leaves. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated leaves. This is the first report of C. beticola on Swiss chard in Turkey. Previous reports list C. beticola on Swiss chard in Egypt (El-Kazzaz, 1977) and Korea (Kim & Shin, 1998). The fungus was also reported on several host plants such as cultivated and wild Beta spp., spinach and lambs quarter (Nyvall, 1989; Rossi et al ., 1995).

In the spring of 2001, diseased trees of Juglans regia in Hatay, in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, showed typical symptoms of downy leaf spot, especially following moist and cool conditions. A survey was conducted in the affected regions, which included 12 orchards in Antakya and five orchards in Altinozu districts. Disease prevalences (percentage of fields with plants showing foliar symptoms) in these locations was 83 and 60%, respectively. Disease incidence (percentage of plants with foliar symptoms) ranged from 69 to 87% (of between 15 and 36 samples per location). Initially, disease symptoms were characterized by a whitish efflorescence containing fungal structures and spores on the lower surface of the affected leaf, often concentrated along the veins, and a yellowish discoloration on the corresponding upper surface of the leaf. In the later stages of disease development, as the leaf spots enlarged, diseased tissues became necrotic. Sometimes the leaves of infected walnut trees were abnormal and trees became defoliated. Examination of leaf infections using scanning electron microscopy revealed that whitish polygonal efflorescences were basidial structures forming oval basidiospores (6·2–7·8 × 2·9–3·4 μ m). The fungus was identified as Microstroma juglandis , a member of the Exobasidiales, based on morphological and cultural characteristics of the basidium and basidial structures. Isolations on potato dextrose agar using small pieces of surface-sterilized leaf tissue yielded white or creamcoloured, mucoid and yeast-like colonies (Garcia-Jimenez et al ., 1995). Colonies consisted of ellipsoidal to ovoid or clavate cells that reproduced by unipolar budding (von Arx et al ., 1982). Pathogenicity tests were performed on leaves of walnut seedlings by spraying with a spore suspension (approximately 1 × 10 7 conidia mL − 1 ) and covering the plants with polyethylene bags for 3 days at 25 ± 2 ° C and 75–80% relative humidity. Control plants were treated with sterile distilled water. Symptoms identical to those observed in walnut orchards became visible 21–24 days after inoculation. However, lesion development was mild because of the excessively warm conditions (30 ± 2 ° C). In eastern Spain, downy leaf spot on walnuts was previously reported from the province of Valencia (GarciaJimenez et al ., 1995). This is the first report of downy leaf spot on walnuts caused by Microstroma juglandis from Turkey. The disease is generally not considered economically important. However, the impact of downy leaf spot in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in 2001 was significant and caused serious concern to walnut growers. The survey indicates that downy leaf spot may be emerging as a new problem for the walnut growers in Hatay and other areas of Turkey.