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Sucul alanlarda yaşayan birincil üreticiler olan deniz algleri, önemleri nedeniyle birçok araştırmaya konu olmakla birlikte ilaç, kozmetik, gıda, yakıt ve tekstil endüstrilerinde önemli rol oynayan ökaryotik ve ötrofik organizmalardır. Makroalgler, potansiyel farmakolojik kullanımları olan birkaç makro besin, mikro besin ve diğer önemli biyolojik olarak aktif bileşikler (örneğin polifenoller, enzimler ve antibiyotikler) üretmesiyle bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889’un metanol, etanol, aseton ve su ekstrelerinin kimyasal bileşimi, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan aktiviteleri (3 yöntem ile), toplam fenolik (TPC) ve flavonoid (TFC) içeriklerini araştırmayı amaçlandı. LC-ESI-MS/MS analizleri gallik asit, 4-hidroksibenzaldehit, 4-hidroksibenzoik asit, p-kumarik asit, salisilik asit, biokanin A ve diosgenin içeren yedi bileşiğin tanımlanmasına izin verdi. Ekstrelerin TPC ve TFC değerleri sırasıyla 10,34±0,13-64,67±0,02 µg GAEs/mg ekstre ve 12,73±2,68-36,78±1,08 µg QEs/mg ekstre olarak hesaplandı. Metanol, etanol ve aseton ekstreleri gram negatif ve gram pozitif bakterilere karşı farklı seviyelerde aktivite göstermiştir (MİK: 3.125-1.562 mg/mL). Su ekstresi ABTS•+ (%70,43±14,85) ve DPPH• (%72,61±11,44) testlerine en yüksek aktiviteyi gösterirken, aseton ekstresi CUPRAC (absorbans: 0,60±0,15) testinde en yüksek aktiviteyi gösterdi. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar, C. fragile'in gıda koruyucuları ve diğer endüstriyel ve farmasötik alanlarda doğal bir biyoaktif madde kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebileceğini onaylamaktadır., Marine algae, which are the primary producers living in aquatic areas, are the subject of many studies due to their importance as they are eukaryotic and eutrophic organisms that play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, fuel, and textile industries. Macroalgae are known in producing several macronutrients, micronutrients, and other important biologically active compounds (e.g. polyphenols, enzymes, and antibiotics) with potential pharmacological uses. In this research, we aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (with three assays), total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents of the methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water extracts of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot. The LC-ESI-MS/MS assessment allowed the identification of seven compounds containing gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hidroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, biochanin A, and diosgenin. TPC and TFC of the extracts were calculated as in the range of 10.34±0.13-64.67±0.02 µg GAEs/mg extract and 12.73±2.68-36.78±1.08 µg QEs/mg extract, respectively. All extracts of C. fragile showed antimicrobial activity against all test pathogens at different levels. The methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts showed different levels of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (MIC: 3.125-1.562 mg/mL). The water extract showed the highest activity in ABTS•+ (70.43±14.85%) and DPPH• (72.61±11.44%) assays while the acetone extract exhibited the best activity in CUPRAC (absorbance: 0.60±0.15) assay. The results we obtained approved that C. fragile could be valued as a natural source of bioactive agents for food preservatives and in other industrial and pharmaceutical fields.

Sucul ekosistemler ve bu alanlarda yaşayan birincil üretici durumundaki algler, bu önemleri nedeniyle çok sayıda araştırmaya konu olmaktadır. Yaşadıkları alanın element kompozisyonunu göstermesi açısından makroalgler indikatör organizmalardır. Çalışmamızda, Akdeniz’ e kıyısı olan Antalya İli Serik İlçesi kıyı bölgesinden toplanan Cystoseira foeniculacea ve Gongolaria montagnei türlerine ait makroalglerin element analizleri yapılmıştır ve sonuçların birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerini göstermek amaçlı Pearson Korelasyon İndeksi (PCI) uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler yapılan diğerçalışmalarla kıyaslanmıştır. Makro elementler için Cystoseira foeniculacea ve Gongolaria montagnei türlerinde en yüksek değer K elementinde, en düşük değer P elementinde tespit edilmiştir. İz elementler için Cystoseira foeniculacea türünde en yüksek değer Fe elementinde, en düşük değer Mo elementinde, Gongolaria montagnei türünde en yüksek değer Fe elementinde, en düşük değer Cd elementinde tespit edilmiştir. Pearson Korelasyon İndeks analizine göre elementler arasında pozitif ve negatif yönde ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda elde edilen veriler daha önce gerçekleştirilen diğer çalışmaların verileriyle kıyaslandığında, sonuçların birbirleriyle benzerlik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir., Aquatic ecosystems and algae, which are the primary producers living in these areas, are the subject of many studies due to their importance. Macroalgae are indicator organisms in terms of showing the elemental composition of the region they live in. In this study, elemental analyzes of macroalgae belonging to Cystoseira foeniculacea and Gongolaria montagnei were carried out, that species collected from the coastal region of Antalya Province Serik District, which has a coast to the Mediterranean and Pearson Correlation Index (PCI) was applied to show the relationships between the results. The obtained data were compared with other studies. About macro elements, the highest value was determined as K element and the lowest value was determined as P element in Cystoseira foeniculacea and Gongolaria montagnei species. About trace elements, for Cystoseira foeniculacea species the highest value as Fe element and the lowest value asMo element, for Gongolaria montagnei species the highest value as Fe element, and the lowest value as Cd element, were determined. According to the Pearson Correlation Index analysis, positive and negative relationships were determined between the elements. When the data obtained in our study were compared with the data of other previous studies, it was determined that the results were similar to each other.

© 2021 SAABEthanolic extracts prepared from forty-seven macroalgae species collected from the Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, and Sea of Marmara were tested at 200 μg/mL against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase (TYR), crucial for insect vivacity. Only one alga extract, e.g. Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata (C.Agardh) Greville 1830, had a notable inhibition of BChE (72.0 ± 0.07%), whereas the rest of the macroalgae possessed no or low inhibition of AChE (2.20 ± 0.39% - 14.20 ± 2.16%), BChE (0.62 ± 0.07% - 41.20 ± 3.07%), and TYR (< 10%). Several known diterpenes (isoamijiol, 14-deoxyamijiol, amijidictyol, dictyodial, and 4α-acetoxydictyodial) found earlier in this species were proceeded to molecular docking experiments to figure out its interactions with BChE. Eleven of the 47 macroalgal extracts were selected based on sufficient availability for testing in larvicidal and adulticidal activity assays against female Aedes aegypti “Orlando1952” the mosquito vector of yellow fever and dengue. The selected extracts displayed a high adulticidal activity ranging between 80–100% activity at 5 μg/mosquito. In contrast, only the ethanol extract of Ceramium siliquosumvar. elegans showed larvicidal mortality of 93.3 ± 11.5% at 0.5 μg/mL. Our findings show that the macroalgae and their metabolites could be sources of novel insecticidal agents.

In this study, the fatty acid, carbohydrate, and mineral profiles and proximate composition of Halopteris scoparia, Padina pavonica, Zanardinia typus, Cladostephus spongiosum, Sargassum vulgare, and Sargassum acinarium brown macroalgae collected from Türkiye seas were determined. According to the results, the ash and total carbohydrate contents of all macroalgae ranged from 20.79 to 53.49% in dry weight (dw) and from 15.32 to 55.13% dw, respectively. Their protein, lipid and crude fiber contents changed between 4.22 and 9.89% dw, 0.25 and 0.90% dw, and 12.28 and 16.01% dw, respectively. Palmitic acid (29.36–48.55% dw) and oleic acid (8.92–20.92% dw) were at the highest levels in all brown macroalgae. In addition, they included prominent levels of saturated fatty acids (51.87–69.56% dw of total fatty acid content). Magnesium (6.97–18.78 mg/kg dw), potassium (1.34–3.78 mg/kg dw), iron (1.27–8.24 mg/kg dw), and manganese (63.10–252.23 μg/kg dw) were found to be the major minerals. The main soluble carbohydrates of macroalgae were found to be mannitol (1149.99–8676.31 mg/kg dw), glucose (368.78–1305.59 mg/kg dw), myo-inositol (225.96–956.78 mg/kg dw), fructose (137.05–689.21 mg/kg dw), and sucrose (189.55–328.06 mg/kg dw). This study revealed that brown macroalgae are particularly rich in potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc and they may have potential for use in the food industry.

To enrich spatio-temporal information on the distribution of alien, cryptogenic, and neonative species in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, a collective effort by 173 marine scientists was made to provide unpublished records and make them open access to the scientific community. Through this effort, we collected and harmonized a dataset of 12, 649 records. It includes 247 taxa, of which 217 are Animalia, 25 Plantae and 5 Chromista, from 23 countries surrounding the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Chordata was the most abundant taxonomic group, followed by Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Annelida. In terms of species records, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Saurida lessepsianus, Pterois miles, Upeneus moluccensis, Charybdis (Archias) longicollis, and Caulerpa cylindracea were the most numerous. The temporal distribution of the records ranges from 1973 to 2022, with 44% of the records in 2020–2021. Lethrinus borbonicus is reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, while Pomatoschistus quagga, Caulerpa cylindracea, Grateloupia turuturu, and Misophria pallida are first records for the Black Sea ; Kapraunia schneideri is recorded for the second time in the Mediterranean and for the first time in Israel ; Prionospio depauperata and Pseudonereis anomala are reported for the first time from the Sea of Marmara. Many first country records are also included, namely: Amathia verticillata (Montenegro), Ampithoe valida (Italy), Antithamnion amphigeneum (Greece), Clavelina oblonga (Tunisia and Slovenia), Dendostrea cf. folium (Syria), Epinephelus fasciatus (Tunisia), Ganonema farinosum (Montenegro), Macrorhynchia philippina (Tunisia), Marenzelleria neglecta (Romania), Paratapes textilis (Tunisia), and Botrylloides diegensis (Tunisia).

In this study, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction was performed to extract proteins from Gracilaria dura for the first time. The ultrasonic applying time (30-300 s), enzyme/substrate (E/S, 0.5-2.5), and extraction time (20-28 h) on protein content (PC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AOA) was optimized using response surface methodology. Techno-functional properties of protein extracts obtained under optimum conditions were determined. At optimum conditions (ultrasonic applying time: 257.57 s, E/S: 2.5, extraction time: 22.61 h), PC, TPC, AOA(CUPRAC) and AOA(ABTS) were found as 189.59 mg/g, 60.52 mg GAE/g and 55.66 mg TE/g and 478.50 mg TE/g dw, respectively. The water/oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity/stability, emulsifying activity/stability of the protein extracts were 195 +/- 0.08%, 568 +/- 0.10%, 12.5 +/- 0.00%, 0%, 44 +/- 0.00%, and 75 +/- 2.50%, respectively. In conclusion, G. dura protein extracts may have an important potential to improve antioxidant activity and functional properties of various food products due to high antioxidant activity and a good level of water/oil absorption capacity. Novelty impact statement Macroalgae Gracilaria dura proteins were successfully extracted with high extraction efficiency by extraction process performed with ultrasonication application and enzyme usage. The protein extracts from G. dura can be used to improve the techno-functional and antioxidative properties of various food products due to their acceptable water/oil absorption capacity and emulsifying properties and high antioxidant activity.

This study was carried out to determine the main pigments in some different selected seaweeds and to reveal their antioxidant potential regarding the ever-increasing demand for utilization of marine pigments in human health and nutrition. The individual amounts of algal pigments were found by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and their total antioxidant capacities (TAC) by two spectrophotometric TAC assays, namely: CUPRAC (CUPric ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) and ABTS/TEAC (2,2′-azinobis [3-ethyl benzo thiazoline-6-sulfonate])/(trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). These two tests gave the same rank order for TAC. The TAC of HPLC-quantified compounds accounted for a relatively much lower percentage of the observed CUPRAC capacities of seaweed extracts, namely ranging from 11 to 68% for brown, from 4 to 41% for red and from 3 to 100% for green species, i.e., some TAC originated from chromatographically unidentified compounds. Fucoxanthin, chlorophyll a, and pheophytin a compounds were major pigments in brown algae. The relative carotenoid contents in red marine algae were generally lower than those of chlorophylls. Overall total quantities were quite low compared with those of brown species. In general, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were chiefly present in green algae, but β-carotene, violaxanthin and siphonaxanthin were also detected substantially higher in some species of green algae such as Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea and Codium fragile.

The aim of this work was to identify main plant growth regulators (PGRs), such as, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), zeatin, kinetin and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) and to determine corresponding quantity in nine seaweed varieties. The samples were extracted by methanol-water (75%) solvent from lyophilized seaweeds for 16 h at -20 degrees C. A rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated. Both individual and mixed standards were used to study the peak separation and identification of hormones. The precision of the method was tested with good RSD values of 0.67-2.01 for intra-day and 1.21-3.50 for inter-day in six and four replicates, respectively. Accuracy was in the range of 82.75-98.94% by spiking phytohormone standards to eliminate plant matrix. Excellent linearities were found within the ranges of 0.5-50 ng mL(-1) for zeatin and 0.5-10 ng mL(-1) for BAP, 5-500 ng mL(-1) for GA and kinetin, and 2.5-500 ng mL(-1) for IAA and ABA. The results showed that the applied SPE-UPLC-MS/MS method was very sensitive and can be used extensively for the routine analysis of trace amounts of multi-class phytohormones in seaweeds. The method developed greatly reduced both sample preparation and total analysis time.

Resorbable and volume-stable collagen matrices have been preferred as grafting materials for diverse clinical applications in recent years. On the other hand, there is always an existing risk of transmission of infection with the cells or the tissues of the graft in using such collagen matrices. Moreover, considering the economic aspects, there is also a need for cost-efficient alternative materials. In this sense, marine algae can be considered as alternatives since they represent vast and cheap source of potential biopolymers. This work covers a comprehensive cytocompatibility study of composite biopolymers derived from different types of marine algae. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study mainly aimed to analyze the essential antioxidant algal pigments present in marine algae to quantify the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of these pigment constituents with CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) and ABTS spectrophotometric methods, and to correlate the TAC values combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results. S. vulgare, C. barbata brown and F. petiolata green algae species demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity with the values of 12.11 ± 0.01; 18.56 ± 0.01; and 13.98 ± 0.02 (mmol trolox (TR) g−1 dw) obtained by the CUPRAC method. The individual antioxidant constituents of acetonic seaweed extracts were detected and quantified by HPLC on a C30 column using a modified mobile phase of gradient elution comprised of methanol-acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) with 0.1% (v/v) triethylamine (TEA) and acetone and ultraviolet detection for caroteneoids at 450 nm and for chlorophylls at 650 nm. The theoretical TAC values of seaweed samples were calculated by multiplying individual concentrations of pigments determined by HPLC with the spectrophotometric trolox equivalent or β-carotene equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC or CEAC) coefficient of each identified pigment and summing up this values. Among the studied seaweeds, those with the highest carotenoid content determined by HPLC were S. vulgare (51.77 µg/g), H. incurva (32.89 µg/g) and F. petiolata (200.12 µg/g), respectively. On the other hand, those with the highest total chlorophyll content were F. petiolata (1694.67 µg/g), S. vulgare (127.07 µg/g), and C. barbata (100.78 µg/g), respectively. As expected, fucoxanthin was present as the main carotenoid accumulated in the brown algae species presented in the study.

In this study, a novel carbon electrode material for improved electrochemical sensing of vardenafil (VRF) as a model drug active substance was prepared by two cycled hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of algae-based biomass for the first time in open literature. In order to increase the electrical conductivity more, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was used as a catalyst during the second cycle of HTC. The surface morphology and chemical structure of the synthesized carbonaceous materials were investigated by using different techniques. The voltammetric behaviour of VRF drug was investigated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by algae based carbon electrode material. MWCNT catalyzed carbon material obtained from second cycle of HTC treatment exhibited more sensitive, reproducible and low oxidation potential comparing to bare GCE in the presence of VRF due to the increased degree of graphitization. At the optimum conditions, differential pulse voltamograms (DPV) method with MWCNT catalyzed carbon material exhibited high sensitivity with the detection limits of 96.3 pM at pH 1.0 H2SO4 solution, 60.6 nM at serum and 46.7 nM at urine samples. Finally, the proposed sensor was successfully applied in tablet formulation, human serum and human urine samples.

Analysis of plant growth regulators (PGRs) should be approached by considering their extremely low concentrations and serious interfering effects that result from the matrix of various plant tissues. In the current research, the separation and simultaneous determination of different classes of phytohormones in 14 seaweeds collected from Turkey seashores were achieved by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass detection method. OASIS HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) cartridges were successfully used for SPE process to eliminate the matrix effect and enhance the PGRs including zeatin, benzyl amino purine, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid within partially different polarities. Based on the optimized experimental conditions, the method presented excellent performance related to linearity (r, 0.9996–0.9999) within the ranges of 0.5–500 ng/mL, relative standard deviation values ((1.43–2.01) for intraday and (2.36–3.50) for interday)), the limit of detection (0.01–0.84 μg/L) and the limit of quantification (0.02–2.76 μg/L). The obtained results confirm that the SPE–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method performed is highly effective and convenient for routine analyses of trace amounts of the tested phytohormones in seaweeds and any other plant samples as well.

Phytomyxids (Phytomyxea) are obligate endosymbionts of many organisms such as algae, diatoms, oomycetes and higher plants including seagrasses. Despite their supposed significant roles in the marine ecosystem, our knowledge of their marine diversity and distribution as well as their life cycles is very limited. Here we describe anatomy and morphology of several developmental stages of a phytomyxid symbiosis recently discovered on the petioles of the alien seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Forssk.) Asch. at a locality in the southeast Aegean Sea. Its earliest whitish stages appeared already on the youngest leaves at the apex of the newly formed rhizomes. The infected host cells grew in volume being filled with plasmodia which resulted in the formation of characteristic macroscopic galls. The plasmodia eventually cleaved into spores and in the final stage recorded by us, the dark brown to black galls contained mature resting spores often occurring in duplexes and possessing thick verrucous outer walls. Based on its anatomo-morphological features the phytomyxid was assigned as Plasmodiophora cf. halophilae. Little is so far known about the origins and eco-physiological functioning of this rare symbiosis. However, seemingly similar infection patterns were reported in 1913 on Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. from Java and in 1995 on H. stipulacea from Sicily. Since H. stipulacea is of the Indo-Pacific origin and no phytomyxid infection was observed on the co-occurring autochthonous seagrass Cymodocea nodosa, we hypothesize that its phytomyxid might have co-migrated into the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal, potentially reaching as far as the southern Ionian Sea.

Bu calismada Liagora ceranoides (Rhodophyta), Halopteris scoparia (Ocrophyta), Padina pavonica (Ocrophyta) ve Sargassum vulgare (Ocrophyta) alglerinin etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarinin hasta gokkusagi alabaligi ( Oncorhynhus mykiss )’ndan izole edilen Yersinia ruckeri suslari uzerine antibakteriyel aktiviteleri degerlendirilmistir. Ayrica, suslarin cesitli antibiyotiklere duyarliliklari da calisilmistir. Baliklardan izole edilen suslar fenotipik testler, API 20E hizli tani kiti ve PZR sonuclarina gore Yersinia ruckeri olarak tanimlanmistir. Calismada L . ceranoides , H . scoparia , P . pavonica ve S . vulgare makroalglerinin metanol ekstraktlarinin Y . ruckeri ’ye karsi antibakteriyel etki gostermedigi bulunmustur. P . pavonica ’nin etanol ekstrakti Y . ruckeri ’ye karsi dusuk antibakteriyel aktivite gostermistir. L . ceranoides , H . scoparia ve S . vulgare makroalglerinin etanol ekstraktlarinin bakteriye karsi antibakteriyel aktivite gostermedigi tespit edilmistir. Antibiyogram test sonuclarina gore suslarin ampisilin, flumekuin, oksitetrasiklin ve trimetoprime duyarli olduklari bulunmustur. Suslar eritromisine karsi orta derecede direnc gostermistir. Sonuc olarak, alglerin antibakteriyel aktiviteye sahip olduklarinin bildirilmesine karsin her alg turunun antibakteriyel aktivite gosteremeyecegi anlasilmistir.

DIPOVA, N and OKUDAN, E.S., 2011. Sea Caves, Flank Margin Caves and Tufa Caves Observed on Antalya Coastal Cliffs. In: Micallef, A. (ed.), MCRR3-2010 Conference Proceedings, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 61, pp. 382–386. Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy, ISSN 0749-0208. The caves on Antalya cliffs are of three origin; sea caves, tufa caves and flank margin caves. Sea caves are formed due to wave action on weak parts of the rock. Because the rocks of the Antalya cliffs are heterogeneous and strength varies in a wide range, weak parts of the cliffs are susceptible to cave formation. Tufa caves occurred as blind holes behind tufa curtains which deposited on tufa cascade environment of deposition. The obvious distinguishing features of tufa caves are primary sedimentary structures instead of corrosion morphologies. The flank margin caves occurred due to mixing corrosion at sea and groundwater interface. In this study more attention has been paid on porosity development and related cave form...

OKUDAN, E.S., DEMIR, V., KALKAN, E and KARHAN, S.U., 2011. Anchoring Damage on Seagrass-Meadows (Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile) in Fethiye-Gocek Specially Protected Area (Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey). In: Micallef, A. (ed.), MCRR3-2010 Conference Proceedings, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 61, pp. 417-420. Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy, ISSN 0749-0208. This paper aims to describe the impacts of anchoring on the structure of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows in Fethiye-Gocek Specially Protected Area (Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey). This area, hosting five marinas with yacht capacity of 1210 and over 2500 yacht visitors per day in the summer season, is one of the important marine tourism centers in the Eastern Mediterranean zone. Besides, during summer months in particular, yachts and daily excursion/blue voyage tour boats have used most of the bays in the area as the pleasure travel and accommodation sites. In this work, we provide evidence that the anchori...

Bu araştırmada, Bozcaada (Ege Denizi, Çanakkale, Türkiye) siyanobakterileri (Cyanophyceae), kırmızı algleri (Rhodophyceae), kahverengi algleri (Fucophyceae), yeşil algleri (Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Cladophorophyceae, Bryopsidophyceae, Dasycladophyceae) ve deniz çayırı (Liliopsida) üyeleri çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, 412 deniz yosunu (Cyanophyta 25, Rhodophyta 224, Heterokontophyta 88, Chlorophyta 75 ) ve dört deniz çayırı tayin edilmiştir. Toplam 416 takson tayin edilmiştir

Bu çalışmada Sinop'un (Karadeniz, Türkiye) üst infralittoral zpnu çalışılmıştır. 276 alg ve üç deniz çayırı tayin edilmiştir. Bunlar mavi-yeşil bakteri (22 takson), kırmızı alg (142 takson), kahverengi alg (55 takson), .yeşil alg (57 takson) ve üç tanesi de deniz çayırlarıdır. Gelidiocolax christianae J. Feldmann et G. Feldmann, Seirospora giraudyi (Kützing) De Toni (Rhodophyta), Cladophora echinus (Biasoletto) Kützing and Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh var. prolifera Schiffner (Chlorophyta) Türkiye denizleri için yeni kayıttır. Ayrıca 17 takson da Türkiyenin Karadeniz kıyıları için ilk kez verilmiştir (Rhodophyta bölümüne ait, Acrochaetium moniliforme (Rosenvinge) B0rgesen, A. subpinnatum Bornet ex G. Hamel, Gelidium corneum (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux var. pectinatum Ardissone&Strafforello, Gelidiella pannosa (Feldmann) FeldmannfiG. Hamel, Chrysymenia ventricosa (Lamour) J. Ağ., Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfoot) Sliding, Dasya corymbifera J. Agardh, Chondria boryana (De Notaris ex J. Agardh) De Toni ve Chondria capillaris (Hudson) Wynne var. pafens fSchiffner) V. Aysel ve Heterokontophyta bölümüne ait, Feldmannia globifera (Kützing) G. Hamel, Microcoryne ocellata Strömfelt ve Giraudia sphacelarioides DerbesıSSolier, Chlorophyta bölümüne ait, Enteromorpha prolifera (Of. Müller) J. Agardh subsp. radiata (J. Agardh) Sliding, Ulva taeniata (Setchell) SetchellıSGardner, Clado'phora aegagropila (Linnaeus) Robenhorst, Bryopsis corymbosa J. Agardh and 8. cupressina J.V. Lamouroux)., In this study, the upper infralittoral zone of Sinop (Black Sea, Turkey) was researched. 276 algae and three seagrasses were determined. There are (22 taxon) blue-green bacteria, red algae (142 taxon), brown algae (55 taxon), green algae (57 taxon) and seagrasses (3 taxon). Gelidiocolax christianae J. Feldmann ef G. Feldmann, Seirospora giraudyi (Kützing) De Toni (Rhodophyta), Cladophora echinus (Biasoletto) Kützing and Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh var. prolifera Schiffner (Chlorophyta) were given new record for the Turkish marines. In addition, 17 taxa were given new record for the Turkish coasts of Black Sea (Acrochaetium moni/iforme (Rosenvinge) B0rgesen, A. subpinnatum Bornet ex G. Hamel Gelidium corneum (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux var. pectinatum Ardissone&Strafforello, Gelidiella pannosa (Feldmann) Feldmann&G. Hamel, Chrysymenia ventricosa (Lamour) J. Ag., Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfoot) Eliding, Dasya corymbifera J. Agardh, Chondria boryana (De Notaris ex J. Agardh) De Toni, and Chondria capillaris (Hudson) Wynne var. patens fSchiffner) V. Aysel, which belongs to Rhodophyta division, Feldmannia globifera (Kützing) G. Hamel, Microcoryne ocellata Strömfelt ve Giraudia sphacelarioides Derbes&Solier, which belongs to Heterokontophyta division also Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F. Müller) J.Agardh subsp. radiata (J. Agardh) Sliding, Ulva taeniata (Setchell) SetchelWGardner, Cladophora aegagropila (Linnaeus) Robenhorst, Bryopsis corymbosa J. Agardh and B. cupressina J.V. Lamouroux, which belongs to Chlorophyta division.

Antalya Körfezi littoralinde derisi dikenli faunasına ait tür çeşitliliği, bolluğu ve biyokütlesinin belirlenmesi ve dağılımlarını etkileyen bazı ekolojik faktörlerin saptanmasını amaçlayan bu çalışmada mevsimsel olarak, Ağustos 2009- Nisan 2010 tarihleri arasında yumuşak substratlarda 6 istasyonda, 0-200 metre derinlikler arasında ve Ağustos 2010- Mayıs 2011 tarihleri arasında sert substratlarda 7 istasyonda, 0-30 metre derinlikler arasında örneklemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yumuşak substratlarda örneklemeler, Akyarlar isimli ticari trol teknesi ile sekiz farklı derinlikte (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 ve 200 m) kum kapanı (van Veen grab) ve bentik kızak (sledge) çekimleri ve altı farklı derinlikte (25, 50, 75, 100, 150 ve 200 m) trol çekimleri yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sert substratlarda örneklemeler SCUBA dalış ile 30 metre derinliğe kadar kayalık bölgelerin en alt derinlik sınırına kadar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Taranan hat uzunluklarına göre eşit aralıklarla 1m2lik kuadratlarda derisi dikenli bireylerinin sayımı ve örneklemeleri yapılmıştır. Örnekleme noktalarında deniz suyu ve sediment örnekleri alınmıştır.Örneklerin incelenmesi sonucunda, çalışma bölgesinde derisi dikenli filumuna ait, 5 klasis, 14 ordo, 30 familya, 39 cins ve 50 tür (1 Crinoid, 18 Asteroid, 14 Ophiuroid, 12 Echinoid, 5 Holothurid) tayin edilmiştir. Literatür bilgilerine göre 12 türün (Astropecten spinulosus (Philippi, 1837), Chaetaster longipes (Retzius, 1805), Hacelia attenuata Gray, 1840, Hymenodiscus coronata (G.O. Sars, 1872), Luidia ciliaris (Philippi, 1837), Luidia sarsi sarsi Düben & Koren, in Düben, 1845, Sclerasterias richardi (Perrier, 1882), Ophiacantha setosa (Bruzelius, 1805), Ophiura grubei Heller, 1863, Echinus melo Lamarck, 1816, Genocidaris maculata A. Agassiz, 1869, Spatangus purpureus O.F. Müller, 1776) Türkiye'nin Akdeniz kıyıları için ve Sclerasterias richardi (Perrier, 1882)'nin Türkiye denizleri için yeni kayıt olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen 50 türün 42'si AM, 4'ü E, 2'si K ve 2'si IP kökenlidir. Endemik türler A. mediterranea, A. jonstoni, A. spinulosus ve P. microtuberculatus, kozmopolit türler A. squamata ve E. cordatum, Indo-Pasifik kökenli, yabancı türler ise O. savignyi ve S. reciprocans'tır.Örneklenen derisi dikenli komüniteleri arasında örnekleme metoduna göre önemli derecede fark bulunmuştur. Antalya Körfezi'nde yumuşak substratumda trol örneklemeleri ile 24, kızak örneklemeleri ile 32 ve grab örneklemeleri ile 22, sert substratumda SCUBA dalış örneklemeleri ile ise 7 derisi dikenli türü bulunmuştur.Antalya Körfezi'nde trol örneklemelerinden elde edilen E. sepositus `devamlı', A. mediterranea, A. placenta, C. longispinus, S. affinis, P. regalis ve sert substratumdan örneklenen P. lividus ve S. reciprocans `yaygın', diğer türler ise `nadir bulunan türler' olarak gruplanmıştır. En sık bulunan türler trol örneklemelerinde E. sepositus, kızak örneklemelerinde C. longispinus, grab örneklemelerinde A. filiformis ve sert substratumda SCUBA dalış örneklemelerinde P. lividus'dur. Önem derecelerine (Ö.D.) göre sırasıyla ilk beş tür, trol örneklemelerinde S. affinis, S. granularis, E. sepositus, A. mediterranea, P. regalis; kızak örneklemelerinde H. tubulosa, A. filiformis, H. mammata, P. microtuberculatus, A. mediterranea ve grab örneklemelerinde A. filiformis, E. cordatum, O. ophiura, A. mediterranea ve O. setosa'dır.Antalya Körfezi'nin sırasıyla Kaleiçi Yat Limanı ve Büyük Liman bölgelerinde yer alan C ve D istasyonlarında bulunan tür sayısının düşük olmasının mevcut antropojenik etkilerden kaynaklandığı, Manavgat Irmağı'nın denize döküldüğü alana yakın olan A istasyonunda ise düşük tür sayısının, düşük tuzluluk ve nehirle taşınan karasal kökenli materyalden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. 75 ve 100 m'de bulunan yüksek derisi dikenli tür sayısı (34), bolluk ve biyokütlesinin bu derinliklerde bulunan yüksek kalsiyum karbonat (TKK) miktarı ile ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Deniz suyunda birçok parametrenin mevsimsel olarak değişmesine rağmen, epifaunada mevsimsel bir değişim gözlenmemiş, infaunada ise en yüksek tür sayısı ve bolluğa sahip Ophiuridae mevsimsel değişim göstermiş, tür sayısı, bolluk ve biyokütlede kışın azalma görülmüştür.Derinlik, tuzluluk, NH4-N, TKK, TOK, %çakıl, %çamur ve %kum (0,5- 0,25mm) trol örneklemelerinde derisi dikenli bolluk ve biyokütle değişimlerini en iyi açıklayan parametrelerdir. Kızak örneklemelerinde derisi dikenli bolluk ve biyokütle değişimlerini en iyi açıklayan parametreler çözünmüş oksijen, %kum (1-0,5mm) ve %kum (0,125-0,063 mm), grab örneklemelerinde ise derinlik ve %kum (0,125-0,063 mm) olarak belirlenmiştir.Bentik fauna biyokütlesinin önemli bir yüzdesini oluşturan derisi dikenli türlerinin saptanması ile Antalya Körfezi'nde uzun süreli izleme çalışmaları için bir veri tabanı ve komünite yapılarındaki değişimleri ve bu değişimleri en iyi açıklayan çevresel parametrelerin belirlenmesi ile ileride yapılacak benzer çalışmalara altlık oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir. The aim of this study is to investigate the species diversity, abundance and biomass of the echinoderm fauna in the littoral zone of the Gulf of Antalya and to determine some ecological factors affecting their distributions. Samplings were carried out seasonally in soft substrates at six stations, between the depths of 0-200 meters between August 2009 and April 2010 and in hard substrates at seven stations, between the depths of 0-30 meters, between August 2010 and May 2011. A commercial bottom trawler called Akyarlar was used for the samplings in the soft substrates. A total of 117 trawl hauls were carried out at six depth levels (25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 m) and 165 sledge hauls and grab (van Veen grab) samplings at eight depth levels (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 m) in soft substrates. 32 SCUBA dives were conducted at four depth levels (0-5 m, 5-10 m, 10-20 m ve 20-30 m) to count and sample the echinoderm specimens inside 1 m2 quadrates located at equal intervals in the transects of hard substrates. Sea water and sediment samples were taken from the sampling points.As a result of the examination of the sampled specimens, 5 classis, 14 orders, 30 families, 39 genera and 50 species (1 Crinoid, 18 Asteroid, 14 Ophiuroid, 12 Echinoid, 5 Holothurid) belonging to the phylum of Echinodermata were determined in the study area.According to the literature 12 species (Astropecten spinulosus (Philippi, 1837), Chaetaster longipes (Retzius, 1805), Hacelia attenuata Gray, 1840, Hymenodiscus coronata (G.O. Sars, 1872), Luidia ciliaris (Philippi, 1837), Luidia sarsi sarsi Düben & Koren, in Düben, 1845, Sclerasterias richardi (Perrier, 1882), Ophiacantha setosa (Bruzelius, 1805), Ophiura grubei Heller, 1863, Echinus melo Lamarck, 1816, Genocidaris maculata A. Agassiz, 1869, Spatangus purpureus O.F. Müller, 1776) are new records for the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey and Sclerasterias richardi (Perrier, 1882) is a new record for Turkey. Among the total of 50 species found in this study, most species (42) have an Atlanto-Mediterranean distribution, while 4 are Mediterranean endemics, two are cosmopolitan and two are Lessepsian immigrants in the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean endemics are A. mediterranea, A. jonstoni, A. spinulosus ve P. microtuberculatus and Lessepsian immigrants are O. savignyi and S. reciprocans.Significant differences were found between the echinoderm communities sampled by different sampling methods. 24 echinoderm species were sampled by trawl, 32 by sledge, 22 by grab and 7 by SCUBA diving. According to Soyer's frequency (F) index, E. sepositus was `continuous?, A. mediterranea, A. placenta, C. longispinus, S. affinis, P. regalis, P. lividus and S. reciprocans were `common? and the other 18 species sampled by trawl, 32 species sampled by sledge, 22 species sampled by grab and the other 5 species sampled by SCUBA diving were rare species. The most frequent species were E. sepositus in trawl samplings, C. longispinus in sledge samplings, A. filiformis in grab samplings and P. lividus in the hard substrates.According to the importance values of the species, the first five species were S. affinis, S. granularis, E. sepositus, A. mediterranea, P. regalis in the trawl samplings; H. tubulosa, A. filiformis, H. mammata, P. microtuberculatus, A. mediterranea in the sledge samplings and A. filiformis, E. cordatum, O. ophiura, A. mediterranea ve O. setosa in the grab samplings.Significant differences were found between the stations in the number of echinoderm species sampled by all different sampling methods and in the communities sampled by trawl and sledge. In soft substrates, 30 echinoderm species were found in the station A, 37 in B, 18 in C, 17 in D, 39 in E and 35 in F. In hard substrates 1 species were found in the station 1, 2 in 2, 3 in 3, 5 in 4 and 3 in 7. No echinoderm species was found in the stations 5 and 6. The overall average abundance were high in the stations of B, E, F, A, D, and C in trawl samplings; stations of C, A, B, E, F and D in sledge samplings and E, F, A, B, C, and D in grab samplings, respectively. The overall average biomass were high in the stations of E, B, A, F, D, and C in trawl samplings; stations of C, B, E, F, D and A in sledge samplings and B, E, F, A, C and D in grab samplings, respectively.The lowest species numbers of the stations C and D, located in the Kaleiçi Marina ve Great Harbour of Antalya, in comparison with those of other stations should mainly be attributed to the high anthropogenic effects present in these stations. The low species number of the station A, where is located in the mouth of Manavgat River, should be a result of the very peculiar oceanographic conditions prevailing in the area, especially the low salinities and terresterial material carried by the river to the sea.Significant differences were found between the depth levels in the number of echinoderm species sampled by all different sampling methods and in the communities sampled by trawl and sledge. In soft substrates, 8 echinoderm species were found in the depth of 5 m, 15 in 10 m, 25 in 25 and 50 m, 34 in 75 and 100 m, 26 in 150 m and 19 in 200 m. In hard substrates 3 species were found in the depth of 0-5 m, 2 in 5-10 m, 4 in 10-20 m and 3 in 20-30 m. The reason of the highest species numbers of the depths of 75 and 100 m was found to be mainly related to the high calcium carbonate levels (CaCO3) in these depth levels.The overall average abundance were high in the depths of 75 m, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, 50 m, and 25 m in trawl samplings; depths of 10 m, 75 m, 100 m, 25 m, 150 m, 50 m, 200 m, and 5 m in sledge samplings and 75 m, 25 m, 100 m, 50 m, 10 m, 150 m, 200 m, and 5 m in grab samplings, respectively. The overall average biomass were high in the depths of 100 m, 75 m, 200 m, 150 m, 50 m, and 25 m in trawl samplings; depths of 10 m, 25 m, 75 m, 200 m, 100 m, 5 m, 50 m and 150 m in sledge samplings and 75 m, 25 m, 100 m, 10 m, 150 m, 50 m, 200 m and 5 m in grab samplings, respectively.No significant seasonal differences were found in the number of echinoderm species and communities sampled by trawl and sledge. However, significant seasonal differences were found in the number of echinoderm species sampled by grab. In all samplings, 45 echinoderm species were found in summer, 43 in autumn, 35 in winter and 43 in spring. The overall average abundance were high in summer, spring, winter, and autumn in trawl samplings; autumn, spring, summer and winter in sledge samplings and summer, spring, autumn, and winter in grab samplings, respectively. The overall average biomass were high in summer, spring, autumn, and winter in trawl samplings; autumn, winter, spring, and summer in sledge samplings and summer, spring, autumn, and winter in grab samplings, respectively.Although many parameters in sea water differ seasonally, no significant seasonal differences were found in the epifauna. However, Ophiuridae, possessing the highest species number and abundance in endofauna, showed seasonal difference and exibited low species number, abundance and biomass in winter.For the echinoderm abundance data in trawl samplings, the model that achieved the lowest value of AIC (and therefore was the best model on the basis of this criterion) had seven variables of environmental parameters (depth, salinity, NH4-N, total CaCO3, %pebble, %mud and %sand (0,5- 0,25mm)) explaining 25.4% of the variability in the data cloud. For the echinoderm biomass data, the best model had six variables of environmental parameters (depth, salinity, NH4-N, total CaCO3, total organic carbon and %pebble) explaining 24,1% of the variability.For the echinoderm abundance data in sledge samplings, the best model had three variables of environmental parameters (dissolved oxygen, %sand (1-0,5mm) and %sand (0,125-0,063 mm)) explaining 8,9% of the variability. For the echinoderm biomass data, the best model had two variables (dissolved oxygen and %sand (0,125-0,063 mm)) explaining 7,1% of the variability.For the echinoderm abundance and biomass data in grab samplings, the best model had two variables of environmental parameters (depth and %sand (0,125-0,063 mm)) explaining 10,3% and 9,5% of the variability, respectively.Echinoderm species constitutes a significant percentage of the benthic biomass. By determining the echinoderm fauna of the Gulf of Antalya and environmental parameters best explaining the changes in the community structures, this study provides a database for the further research and monitoring programmes. 483

Bu çalışmada; Antalya kent merkezinde bulunan ve dünyadaki en büyük tufa çökelim alanı kıyı bandını oluşturan `Antalya Tufa Falezleri` bentik deniz makroalg ve çayırlarının tespit edilmesi ve kataloglanması amaçlanmıştır. Arazi çalışmaları 0,2-20 m derinlikler arasında, bilimsel dalış eğitimi almış 1-2 dalgıç tarafından SCUBA ve serbest dalışlar ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dalış çalışmalarına ilaveten makroalg yataklarının yayılım alanları hakkında ekolojik değerlendirme yapabilmek için saha genelinde toplam 5 istasyonda fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik ölçümler yapılmıştır. Her istasyonda farklı derinliklerde yapılan ölçümlerle elde edilen veriler değerlendirilerek, bölgenin coğrafi konumuna (koy, lagün, tatlı su kaynak bölgesi, açık deniz vb) ve değişen çevresel etkenlere bağlı değişimler yorumlanmıştır. Böylece bölgenin ekolojisi ile ilgili olarak mevcut habitat tipleri ve bu habitatlara ilişkin fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik bilgiler değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; Antalya Tufa Falezleri bölgesinde yayılış gösteren deniz makro alglerinden Kırmızı alglere (Rhodophyta) ait 75, Kahverengi alglere (Heterokontophyta) ait 21, Yeşil alglere (Chlorophyta) ait 23 ve deniz çiçekli bitkilerine (Tracheophyta) ait 1 takson olmak üzere toplam 120 takson tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre taksonlar; %63 Rhodophyta, %17 Heterokontophyta, %19 Chlorophyta ve %1 Tracheophyta bölümlerine ait türlerden oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca deniz makroalg ve çiçekli bitkilerine ait ayrıntılı bir envanter çıkarılarak ilk defa bölgeye ait bir deniz makroalg katoloğu oluşturulmuştur. Bu veri tabanı, periyodik zamanlarla yapılması zorunlu izleme araştırmalarına da zemin oluşturacaktır. In this study, it is aimed to determine and catalogue benthic marine macroalgae and seaweeds of `Antalya Tufa Cliffs` located in the city center of Antalya that forming the band of the coastal area of the world's largest tufa deposits. Fieldworks were done in the depths between 0.2 and 20 m by 1-2 divers having scienticific training with SCUBA and free-diving. In addition to the under water studies; physical, chemical, and biological measurements were taken at a total of 5 stations in the whole area in order to ecologically assess the spreading areas of the macroalgae. It was possible to interpret the alterations related to variable environmental factors and the geographical location of the area (bay, lagoon, fresh water area, opensea, etc.) by evaluating the measurements taken at different depths at each of these stations. Thus, the existing habitat types related to the ecology of the area and the physical, chemical, and biological informations related to these habitats were evaluated. At the end of study, in total, 120 taxa were determined, 75 taxa belonging to Red algae (Rhodophyta), 21 taxa belonging to Brown algea (Heterokontophyta), 23 taxa belonging to Green algae (Chlorophyta) and 1 taxa belonging to marine flowering plants (Tracheophyta). Accordingly, taxa consists of %63 Rhodophyta, %17 Heterokontophyta, %19 Chlorophyta and %1 Tracheophyta species of the divisions. Moreover, for the first time a marine macroalgae catalog was created belonging to the region by subtracting a detailed inventory of marine macroalgae and flowering plants. The monitoring research studies, which must be performed periodically, will be based on this database. 67