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PURPOSE To describe the risk of late mortality, subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs), and chronic health conditions (CHCs) in survivors of neuroblastoma diagnosed in infancy by treatment era and exposures. METHODS Among 5-year survivors of neuroblastoma in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study diagnosed age < 1 year between 1970 and 1999, we examined the cumulative incidence of late (> 5 years from diagnosis) mortality, SMN, and CHCs (grades 2-5 and 3-5). Multivariable Cox regression models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs by decade and treatment (surgery-alone v chemotherapy with or without surgery [C ± S] v radiation with or without chemotherapy ± surgery [R ± C ± S]) among survivors and between survivors and 5,051 siblings. RESULTS Among 1,397 eligible survivors, the 25-year cumulative incidence of late mortality was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.3 to 3.9) with no difference by treatment era. Among 990 participants who completed a baseline survey, fewer survivors received radiation in more recent eras (51.2% 1970s, 20.4% 1980s, and 10.1% 1990s; P < .001). Risk of SMN was elevated only among individuals treated with radiation-containing regimens compared with surgery alone (HR[C ± S], 3.2 [95% CI, 0.9 to 11.6]; HR[R ± C ± S], 5.7 [95% CI, 1.2 to 28.1]). In adjusted models, there was a 50% reduction in risk of grade 3-5 CHCs in the 1990s versus 1970s (HR, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.3 to 0.9]; P = .01); individuals treated with radiation had a 3.6-fold risk for grade 3-5 CHCs (95% CI, 2.1 to 6.2) versus those treated with surgery alone. When compared with siblings, risk of grade 3-5 CHCs for survivors was lowest in the most recent era (HR[1970s], 4.7 [95% CI, 3.4 to 6.5]; HR[1980s], 4.6 [95% CI, 3.3 to 6.4]; HR[1990s], 2.5 [95% CI, 1.7 to 3.9]). CONCLUSION Neuroblastoma survivors treated during infancy have a relatively low absolute burden of late mortality and SMN. Encouragingly, risk of CHCs has declined in more recent eras with reduced exposure to radiation therapy.

Due to cancer survivors' increased vulnerability to complications from COVID-19, addressing vaccine hesitancy and improving vaccine uptake among this population is a public health priority. However, several factors may complicate efforts to increase vaccine confidence in this population, including the underrepresentation of cancer patients in COVID-19 vaccine trials and distinct recommendations for vaccine administration and timing for certain subgroups of survivors. Evidence suggests vaccine communication efforts targeting survivors could benefit from strategies that consider factors such as social norms, risk perceptions, and trust. However, additional behavioral research is needed to help the clinical and public health community better understand, and more effectively respond to, drivers of vaccine hesitancy among survivors and ensure optimal protection against COVID-19 for this at-risk population. Knowledge generated by this research could also have an impact beyond the current COVID-19 pandemic by informing future vaccination efforts and communication with cancer survivors more broadly.

Purpose: Childhood and young adult cancer survivors exposed to chest radiotherapy are at increased risk of lung cancer. In other high-risk populations, lung cancer screening has been recommended. Data is lacking on prevalence of benign and malignant imaging abnormalities in this population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of imaging abnormalities in chest CTs performed more than 5 years post-cancer diagnosis in survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer. We included survivors exposed to radiotherapy involving the lung field and followed at a high-risk survivorship clinic between November 2005 and May 2016. Treatment exposures and clinical outcomes were abstracted from medical records. Risk factors for chest CT-detected pulmonary nodule were assessed. Results: Five hundred and ninety survivors were included in this analysis; median age at diagnosis, 17.1 years (range, 0.4-39.8) and median time since diagnosis, 21.1 years (range, 0.4-58.6). At least one chest CT more than 5 years post-diagnosis was performed in 338 survivors (57%). Among these, 193 (57.1%) survivors had at least one pulmonary nodule detected on a total of 1057 chest CTs, resulting in 305 CTs with 448 unique nodules. Follow-up was available for 435 of these nodules; 19 (4.3%) were malignant. Risk factors for first pulmonary nodule were older age at time of CT, CT performed more recently and splenectomy. Conclusions: Benign pulmonary nodules are very common among long-term survivors of childhood and young adult cancer. Implications for Cancer Survivors: High prevalence of benign pulmonary nodules in cancer survivors exposed to radiotherapy could inform future guidelines on lung cancer screening in this population.

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a concerning late outcome for cancer survivors. However, uniform surveillance guidelines are lacking. Aim To harmonise international recommendations for CAD surveillance for survivors of childhood, adolescent and young adult (CAYA) cancers. Methods A systematic literature review was performed and evidence graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. Eligibility included English language studies, a minimum of 20 off-therapy cancer survivors assessed for CAD, and 75% diagnosed prior to age 35 years. All study designs were included, and a multidisciplinary guideline panel formulated and graded recommendations. Results 32 of 522 identified articles met eligibility criteria. The prevalence of CAD ranged from 0 to 72% and was significantly increased compared to control populations. The risk of CAD was increased among survivors who received radiotherapy exposing the heart, especially at doses ≥15 Gy (moderate-quality evidence). The guideline panel agreed that healthcare providers and CAYA cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy exposing the heart should be counselled about the increased risk for premature CAD. While the evidence is insufficient to support primary screening, monitoring and early management of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are recommended. Initiation and frequency of surveillance should be based on the intensity of treatment exposures, family history, and presence of co-morbidities but at least by age 40 years and at a minimum of every 5 years. All were strong recommendations. Conclusion These systematically assessed and harmonised recommendations for CAD surveillance will inform care and guide research concerning this critical outcome for CAYA cancer survivors.

Background Radiation therapy (RT) for breast cancer increases risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Women treated for left- vs right-sided breast cancer receive greater heart radiation exposure, which may further increase this risk. The risk of radiation-associated CAD specifically among younger breast cancer survivors is not well defined. Objectives The purpose of this study was to report CAD risk among participants in the Women’s Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Study. Methods A total of 1,583 women who were, Central Illustration

The National Cancer Institute has supported cancer survivorship science for many years, yet few funded studies have examined the needs of individuals living with cancer that is advanced or has metastasized. This report analyzes currently active National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants focused on survivorship for patients living with advanced or metastatic cancers to identify emerging research topics in this population and gaps in current science. A search of all NIH research grants that received funding in Fiscal Year 2020 focused on this population was conducted, excluding grants with a primary focus on end-of-life care, tumor progression or staging and grants for which the only outcome was survival. A total of 25 active grants met the inclusion criteria. Most were funded using the R01 grant mechanism and included a range of cancer types and topics such as palliative/supportive care, psychosocial support, health services, and symptom sequelae. Although currently funded grants focus on several important topics, gaps in the portfolio remain. There is a need to enhance the grant portfolio of research studies focused on the longitudinal examination of unmet needs, models of care delivery, impact of innovative therapies, and the impact of financial hardship for individuals living with advanced or metastatic cancer. This review of current NIH studies suggests a need for expanded research on individuals living with advanced or metastatic cancer. Moving forward, enhancing research focused on key gap areas will be critical to improve care and outcomes for this growing population.

Worldwide advances in treatment and supportive care for children and adolescents with cancer have resulted in a increasing population of survivors growing into adulthood. Yet, this population is at very high risk of late occurring health problems, including significant morbidity and early mortality. Unique barriers to high-quality care for this group include knowledge gaps among both providers and survivors as well as fragmented health-care delivery during the transition from paediatric to adult care settings. Survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer are at risk for a range of late-occuring side-effects from treatment, including cardiac, endocrine, pulmonary, fertility, renal, psychological, cognitive, and socio-developmental impairments. Care coordination and transition to adult care are substantial challenges, but can be empowering for survivors and improve outcomes, and could be facilitated by clear, effective communication and support for self-management. Resources for adult clinical care teams and primary care providers include late-effects surveillance guidelines and web-based support services.

Aim Conduct a systematic review of available evidence on food and beverage intake during cancer treatment. Objective Determine what food or beverages consumed during cancer treatment might prevent recurrence, subsequent malignancies, treatment-related toxicity, or death. Background Food and beverage intake, as well as weight status, can integrate with cancer treatment to mitigate treatment-related toxicities, support treatment success, and prevent recurrence. Yet, evidence-based recommendations are lacking. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochran for research studies conducted within the last 10 years on food and beverage consumption during cancer treatment, with no restrictions on age or cancer type. Two reviewers independently extracted information on intervention type, diet, and outcomes; these data were confirmed by a third reviewer. Results Nineteen studies were selected from 1551 potential studies. Nine were randomized controlled trials, analyzing high protein diets, short-term fasting, low-fat diets, FODMAP diet, or comparing consumption of 1 specific food or nutrient, including Concord grape juice, onions, and fiber. The remaining 10 studies were observational or retrospective and tracked treatment symptoms, general dietary intake, or weight status as well as consumption of specific foods including nuts, coffee, sugar-sweetened beverages. Conclusions Available evidence suggests food can be effective at ameliorating cancer treatment-related toxicities and improving prognosis, but more research is needed.

Background Hearing loss is a prevalent late effect among cancer survivors. Despite the significant social costs, there is a noted delay in seeking care and to the authors' knowledge there are limited data regarding the lived experiences of cancer survivors with hearing loss. The objective of the current study was to explore the lived experience of hearing loss in survivors of childhood and young adult cancers to guide survivorship care. Methods A total of 24 survivors participated in semistructured telephone interviews. Inclusion criteria consisted of a clinical visit at the Adult Long-Term Follow-Up Program at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City between September 2005 and January 2019; exposure to cranial radiotherapy, platinum chemotherapy, or both; and hearing loss as evidenced by clinical notes, use of hearing aids, or audiogram levels consistent with severe ototoxicity. Results Three primary themes emerged from the interviews. First, posttreatment hearing loss is associated with isolation and feelings of exclusion. Second, clinicians play an important role in providing survivors with education regarding hearing loss and hearing aids. Finally, hearing loss for survivors may be deprioritized because it is a reminder of the cancer history and is interpreted within the context of other treatment-related late effects. Conclusions Clinicians play an important role in initiating the discussion regarding hearing loss with survivors given the importance of hearing in maintaining social relationships, the availability of hearing care interventions, and the invisibility of hearing loss. Education regarding the value of treatment may have implications for how survivors choose to prioritize hearing loss and seek care.

PURPOSE: Childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors treated with radiation therapy (RT), may be unaware of their high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk or how to mitigate it. Tools are needed to improve understanding. We developed and pilot-tested a risk communication tool for shared decision making with survivors regarding CVD risk reduction with statin therapy. We included quantitative and qualitative arms to further tool development and testing. METHODS: The statin risk communication tool was adapted from a previously validated tool. Patients were at increased risk for CVD due to history of chest RT and recruited to usual care and intervention arms. The post-visit survey included Likert-like scales to explore acceptability of the tool, knowledge questions, and a decisional conflict scale. This pilot study used descriptive statistics and was not powered for significance. Semi-structured interviews with intervention arm participants explored shared decision-making processes. RESULTS: Median participant (n= 46) age was 45. Most intervention patients (22/24, 92%) and 50% (11/22) of controls found statin information acceptable while 31% (7/22) of the control arm selected “not applicable” regarding information acceptability. Most participants were unaware of their personal CVD risk or potential statin side effects. In semi-structured interviews participants found the tool helpful to visualize risk and aid conversations. CONCLUSIONS: The risk communication tool was acceptable. Qualitative data suggested the tool improved decisional clarity and comfort. IMPLICATIONS FOR SURVIVORS: Poor knowledge of CVD and statins and poor recall of CVD risk conversation suggest a need to continue to optimize conversations regarding cardiovascular risk and statin therapy.

Childhood cancer survivors are a growing population with high morbidity and many health care needs. As time from treatment lengthens, these patients are more and more likely to be followed in community primary care. Yet, studies suggest that primary care providers are unprepared (although not unwilling) to care for childhood cancer survivors. The one-year fellowship in childhood cancer survivorship presented herein represents an educational intervention designed to prepare clinical leaders in survivorship. Ultimately, this effort may help address current gaps in care for childhood cancer survivors.

Background Childhood cancer survivors who received abdominal radiotherapy (RT) or total body irradiation (TBI) are at increased risk for cardiometabolic disease, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesize that RT-induced adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to the development of cardiometabolic disease in the expanding population of childhood cancer survivors. Methods We performed clinical metabolic profiling of adult childhood cancer survivors previously exposed to TBI, abdominal RT, or chemotherapy alone, alongside a group of healthy controls. Study participants underwent abdominal subcutaneous adipose biopsies to obtain tissue for bulk RNA-sequencing. Transcriptional signatures were analyzed using pathway and network analyses and cellular deconvolution. Results Irradiated adipose tissue is characterized by a gene expression signature indicative of a complex macrophage expansion. This signature includes activation of the TREM2-TYROBP network, a pathway described in diseases of chronic tissue injury. Radiation exposure of adipose is further associated with dysregulated adipokine secretion, specifically a decrease in insulin-sensitizing adiponectin and an increase in insulin resistance-promoting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Accordingly, survivors exhibiting these changes have early signs of clinical metabolic derangement such as increased fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. Conclusion Childhood cancer survivors exposed to abdominal RT or TBI during treatment exhibit signs of chronic subcutaneous adipose tissue dysfunction, manifested as dysregulated adipokine secretion that may negatively impact their systemic metabolic health. Funding Rockefeller University Hospital; National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007739); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR001866); National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748); American Cancer Society (133831-CSDG-19-117-01-CPHPS); American Diabetes Association (1-17-ACE-17); anonymous donor (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center).

Background Anthracycline chemotherapy and thoracic radiation therapy (RT) are known causes of cardiomyopathy among cancer survivors, however, management guidelines for this population are lacking. In this study we describe our single institution management approach for cancer survivors with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) secondary to cancer treatment. Methods We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of childhood and young adult (CAYA) cancer survivors in the Adult Long-Term Follow-Up Clinic at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center enrolled between November 2005 and July 2019. Those included were treated with anthracycline and/or thoracic RT as a part of their cancer therapy and had recorded a LVEF of Results Among 668 CAYA survivors in the initial cohort, 80 were identified who had received anthracycline and/or thoracic RT and had a LVEF of Conclusions The management of CAYA cancer survivors with low-LVEF largely followed guidelines designed for the general population, however, uncertainty remains for issues specific to cancer survivors. Cardiomyopathy management guidelines that address issues specific to cancer survivors are needed.

Background Gathering information directly from cancer survivors has advanced our understanding of the cancer survivorship experience. However, it is unknown whether surveys can distinguish important subgroups of cancer survivors. This study aimed to describe the current landscape of survey questions used to identify and describe cancer survivors in national cross-sectional studies. Methods Using publicly available databases, the authors identified national cross-sectional surveys used in the United States within the past 15 years that included a question on self-reported history of cancer. After abstracting questions and response items used to identify cancer survivors, they conducted a descriptive analysis. Results The authors identified 14 national cross-sectional surveys, with half administered to the general population and the other half administered to cancer survivors. The most common question used to identify cancer survivors was "Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you had cancer?" Most surveys had questions asking participants to identify a single cancer type (n = 11), multiple prior cancer diagnoses or types (n = 11), and the time from diagnosis (n = 12). Treatment questions varied from active treatment status to specific treatments received. Questions addressing cancer stage (n = 2), subtypes (n = 1), metastatic status (n = 3), and recurrence (n = 4) were less frequently included. Conclusions There is no standard method for assessing self-reported cancer history, and this limits the ability to distinguish among potentially important subgroups of survivors. Future cross-sectional surveys that capture nuanced data elements, such as cancer types, stages/subtypes, metastatic/recurrent status, and treatments received, can help to fill important gaps in cancer survivorship research and clinical care.

Background Optimal risk-based survivor health care includes surveillance for late effects and education targeted at reducing or preventing risky health behaviors. Understanding the reasons for a lack of risk-based follow-up care is essential. Methods Adult participants from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study were surveyed about having a cancer-related visit in the past 2 years and the likelihood of having a cancer-related visit in the future. Additional factors thought to be related to the primary outcomes were also assessed. Results Nine hundred seventy-five survivors completed the survey. Twenty-seven percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 24%-30%) had a cancer-related medical visit in the previous 2 years, and 41% (95% CI, 38%-44%) planned to have such a visit within the next 2 years. The likelihood of having had a cancer-related visit within the last 2 years was higher among survivors assigning greater importance to these visits (relative risk [RR], 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3), perceiving greater susceptibility to health problems (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3), having a moderate to life-threatening chronic health problem related to their cancer (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7-2.7), seeing a primary care provider for a cancer-related problem (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.6), having a cancer treatment summary (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.6), and endorsing greater confidence in physicians' abilities to address questions and concerns (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0-1.3). Conclusions Educational interventions improving awareness of treatment history and susceptibility to cancer-related late effects and corresponding risk-based care are likely to be beneficial for survivors of childhood cancers.

Background Childhood cancer survivors exposed to abdominal radiation (abdRT) are at increased risk for diabetes mellitus, but the association between risk and radiation dose and volume is unclear. Methods Participants included 20 762 5-year survivors of childhood cancer (4568 exposed to abdRT) and 4853 siblings. For abdRT, we estimated maximum dose to abdomen; mean doses for whole pancreas, pancreatic head, body, tail; and percent pancreas volume receiving no less than 10, 20, and 30 Gy. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated with a Poisson model using generalized estimating equations, adjusted for attained age. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Survivors exposed to abdRT (median age = 31.6 years, range = 10.2–58.3 years) were 2.92-fold more likely than siblings (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.02 to 4.23) and 1.60-times more likely than survivors not exposed to abdRT (95%CI = 1.24 to 2.05) to develop diabetes. Among survivors treated with abdRT, greater attained age (RRper 10 years = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.70 to 2.62), higher body mass index (RRBMI 30+ = 5.00, 95% CI = 3.19 to 7.83 with referenceBMI 18.5–24.9), and increasing pancreatic tail dose were associated with increased diabetes risk in a multivariable model; an interaction was identified between younger age at cancer diagnosis and pancreatic tail dose with much higher diabetes risk associated with increasing pancreatic tail dose among those diagnosed at the youngest ages (P < .001). Radiation dose and volume to other regions of the pancreas were not statistically significantly associated with risk. Conclusions Among survivors treated with abdRT, diabetes risk was associated with higher pancreatic tail dose, especially at younger ages. Targeted interventions are needed to improve cardiometabolic health among those at highest risk.

Endocrine complications, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome, are highly prevalent in childhood cancer survivors. These metabolic derangements may contribute to survivors’ risk of excess cardiovascular morbidity and premature mortality. This review summarizes existing knowledge on risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome among childhood cancer survivors, focusing specifically on known risk factors, potential mechanisms, and screening recommendations. Early diagnosis via standardized risk-based screening can improve long-term outcomes in this population. Additional work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these metabolic complications and to inform the design of risk-reducing interventions and optimize long-term cardiometabolic health among survivors of childhood cancer.

Today, there are more than 16.9 million cancer survivors in the United States; this number is projected to grow to 22.2 million by 2030. Although much progress has been made in describing cancer survivors’ needs and in improving survivorship care since the seminal 2006 Institute of Medicine report “From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition,” there is a need to identify evidence gaps and research priorities pertaining to cancer survivorship. Thus, in April 2019, the National Cancer Institute convened grant-funded extramural cancer survivorship researchers, representatives of professional organizations, cancer survivors, and advocates for a 1-day in-person meeting. At this meeting, and in a subsequent webinar aimed at soliciting input from the wider survivorship community, evidence gaps and ideas for next steps in the following 6 areas, identified from the 2006 Institute of Medicine report, were discussed: surveillance for recurrence and new cancers, management of long-term and late physical effects, management of long-term and late psychosocial effects, health promotion, care coordination, and financial hardship. Identified evidence gaps and next steps across the areas included the need to understand and address disparities among cancer survivors, to conduct longitudinal studies as well as longer-term (>5 years postdiagnosis) follow-up studies, to leverage existing data, and to incorporate implementation science strategies to translate findings into practice. Designing studies to address these broad evidence gaps, as well as those identified in each area, will expand our understanding of cancer survivors’ diverse needs, ultimately leading to the development and delivery of more comprehensive evidence-based quality care.

e22023 Background: Survivors of childhood cancer with history of radiation therapy (RT) to the head/neck/chest are at increased risk for stroke. Children’s Oncology Group Guidelines recommend carotid ultrasound (CU) when clinically indicated or 10 years after RT ≥ 40Gy to the neck. Yet, the use of CU has not been previously described. Methods: 8,693 survivors of childhood cancer (median age at diagnosis 8.0 years, range 0-20; median age at evaluation 37.4, range 18-65) diagnosed between 1970-1999 were asked if they had ever had a CU. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as any of the following: stroke, congestive heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, or arrythmia. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated; age and sex-adjusted multivariable Poisson regression models evaluated factors associated with CU. Results: 4.9% (427) of survivors had a history of stroke and 28% (2,442) had a history of any CVD. Of these, 40.0% (171) with a history of stroke and 28.6% (748) with any CVD had CU. Comparatively, 14.6% (1,404) without a stroke and 11.1% (798) without any CVD had a CU (both p40Gy RT to the neck have never had a CU, suggesting that greater awareness of guidelines is needed.[Table: see text]

Endocrine late effects, including reproductive disorders and secondary thyroid cancer, have been reported in up to 50 %childhood cancer survivors (CCS) more than 5 years after treatment. Most endocrine disorders are amenable to treatment; awareness of symptoms is therefore of great importance. Recognition of these symptoms may be delayed however because many are nonspecific. Timely treatment of endocrine disorders improves quality of life in CCS and prevents possible consequences, such as short stature, bone and cardiovascular disorders, and depression. At-risk CCS must therefore be regularly and systematically monitored. This article provides a summary of the most commonly reported endocrine late effects in CCS.

The National Cancer Institute has supported cancer survivorship science for many years, yet few funded studies have examined the needs of individuals living with cancer that is advanced or has metastasized. This report analyzes currently active National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants focused on survivorship for patients living with advanced or metastatic cancers to identify emerging research topics in this population and gaps in current science.A search of all NIH research grants that received funding in Fiscal Year 2020 focused on this population was conducted, excluding grants with a primary focus on end-of-life care, tumor progression or staging and grants for which the only outcome was survival.A total of 25 active grants met the inclusion criteria. Most were funded using the R01 grant mechanism and included a range of cancer types and topics such as palliative/supportive care, psychosocial support, health services, and symptom sequelae.Although currently funded grants focus on several important topics, gaps in the portfolio remain. There is a need to enhance the grant portfolio of research studies focused on the longitudinal examination of unmet needs, models of care delivery, impact of innovative therapies, and the impact of financial hardship for individuals living with advanced or metastatic cancer.This review of current NIH studies suggests a need for expanded research on individuals living with advanced or metastatic cancer. Moving forward, enhancing research focused on key gap areas will be critical to improve care and outcomes for this growing population.

Background Gallbladder disease and need for cholecystectomy are common and significant contributors to patient morbidity and healthcare costs. Childhood cancer survivors are at elevated risk for developing cholelithiasis. However, their incidence of and risk factors for late (>5 years from diagnosis) cholecystectomy have not been studied. Methods A total of 25,549 survivors (median age at diagnosis 6.9 years, range 0–21.0; current age 30.7 years, range 5.6–65.9) diagnosed between 1970 and 1999 and 5037 siblings were queried for self-reported cholecystectomy occurring five or more years from primary cancer diagnosis. Piecewise exponential models evaluated associations between cancer treatment exposures and late cholecystectomy. Results Over a median follow-up period of 21.9 and 26.0 years, respectively, 789 survivors and 168 siblings underwent late cholecystectomy (cumulative incidence 7.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.5–7.8% and 6.6%, 95% CI = 5.4–7.6%, respectively; rate ratio [RR] = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1–1.5). Compared with siblings, survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2–1.8), soft tissue sarcoma (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0–1.8) and bone cancer (RR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.8) were at the greatest risk. In addition to attained age, female sex and increasing body mass index, exposure to high-dose (≥750 mg/m2) platinum chemotherapy (RR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.5–4.5), vinca alkaloid chemotherapy (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.8) or total body irradiation (TBI; RR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2–4.2) were each associated with late cholecystectomy. Conclusions Independent of traditional risk factors for gallbladder disease, exposure to high-dose platinum chemotherapy, vinca alkaloid chemotherapy or TBI increased risk for late cholecystectomy. These findings should inform current long-term follow-up guidelines and education regarding risk for late cholecystectomy.

Background Germline retinoblastoma (Rb) survivors are at lifelong risk for developing subsequent malignancies (SMNs). Optimal surveillance modalities are needed to detect SMN at an early stage in this high-risk cohort. We investigated the use of rapid whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) as a noninvasive screening modality in this cohort. Procedure WB-MRI was performed in asymptomatic preadolescent, adolescent, or young adult survivors of germline Rb from February 1, 2008 to December 31, 2018 at a tertiary cancer center. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of WB-MRI and rate of false-positive findings requiring additional evaluation. Results Overall, 110 WB-MRI were performed in 47 germline Rb survivors (51% female; median age at initial WB-MRI: 15.5 years [range 8-25.3]). Patients received 1-10 annual WB-MRI examinations (median: two). Thirteen patients had an abnormal WB-MRI; three findings were deemed to be likely benign and were not evaluated further. Ten patients required dedicated imaging and three required biopsy; two patients were diagnosed with localized high-grade osteosarcoma, while the other eight had benign findings. One patient was diagnosed with secondary osteosarcoma 3 months after normal WB-MRI. In total, there were 96 true negatives, 11 false positives, two true positives, and one false negative. The sensitivity of WB-MRI in this cohort was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.2-96.0) and the specificity was 89.7% (95% CI, 83.6-93.7). Conclusions Based on our 10-year experience, surveillance WB-MRI appears to have limited utility as a surveillance modality for SMN in germline Rb survivors. Alternate screening modalities should be investigated.

Objective To report a case of pelvic angiosarcoma in a 27-year-old man with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) and evaluate the presentation and timeline of genitourinary (GU) tract involvement in LFS patients. Methods We retrospectively identified 39 LFS patients treated at our institution between 2000 and 2014; 7 (18%) had experienced a GU malignancy or an LFS-related malignancy involving the GU tract. Clinical characteristics, including dates of onset of first GU tract malignancies; pathologic findings; multimodal management; and familial history of LFS were reviewed. Results Median age at first malignancy was 14.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 5.5-24.0). There was a slight male predominance (4 of 7). Median time between first malignancy and the malignancy involving the GU tract was 10.1 years (IQR 8.0-19.5). Six of the 7 patients (86%) had a form of sarcoma involving the GU tract; 1 developed adrenocortical carcinoma. The cancer pedigree of all patients showed LFS-associated malignancies in family members. Multimodal management included surgical resection in 6 patients with adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy in 1 patient each. One patient received chemotherapy only. Following diagnosis of malignancy involving the GU tract, 5 of the 7 patients developed additional primary malignancies. At a median follow-up of 4.7 years (IQR 3.0-12.1), 2 patients are alive, 3 died of disease, and 1 died of unknown cause. One patient was lost at follow-up. Conclusion Continued follow-up of LFS cancer patients aimed at the determination of optimal screening, management, and surveillance protocols is recommended and may result in longer survival expectations.

AIMS: Early initiation of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is recommended for survivors of childhood and young adult cancer who were treated with radiotherapy to a field including the colon or rectum. Yet, little is known about colonoscopy findings in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective investigation of colonoscopies performed between 2005 and 2015 in our institution among adult survivors of childhood and young adult cancer. Data were collected on cancer-related exposures, procedure indication, and findings. Advanced adenomatous lesions were defined as: large adenoma (≥ 1 cm), ≥ 3 adenomas, tubulovillous pathology, high grade dysplasia, or CRC. Screening yield was defined as having an adenoma or advanced adenomatous lesion among those who were asymptomatic at colonoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 1,189 survivors were identified. Of these, 183(15%) had at least one colonoscopy for any indication. Median age at cancer diagnosis was 16.6 years (range, 0-39.9) and at colonoscopy was 34.9 years (range 6.6-65.9). Colonoscopy was performed in 118(65%) survivors for diagnostic reasons, in 53(29%) for asymptomatic screening and in 12(7%) for surveillance. Overall, 43(24%) had at least one adenomatous finding; 29 (16%) had an advanced adenomatous lesion and 7(4%) had CRC. Of the 53 survivors who underwent screening colonoscopy, 18 had an adenomatous finding, resulting in a screening yield of 33%. CONCLUSIONS: Adult survivors of childhood and young adult cancer have significant findings on colonoscopy. Use of screening colonoscopy may need to be expanded, although further study is needed.

OBJECTIVE: Generate recommendations for long-term follow-up for adult survivors of heritable retinoblastoma.DESIGN: We convened a meeting of providers from retinoblastoma centers around the world to review the state of the science and to evaluate the published evidence.SUBJECTS: Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer of the retina. Approximately forty percent of retinoblastoma cases are heritable, due to a germline mutation in RB1. Dramatic improvements in treatment and supportive care have resulted in a growing adult survivor population. Survivors of heritable retinoblastoma, however, have significantly increased risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms, particularly bone and soft tissue sarcomas, uterine leiomyosarcoma, melanomas, and radiotherapy-related central nervous system tumors, which are associated with excess morbidity and mortality. In spite of these risks, no surveillance recommendations for this population are currently in place and surveillance practices vary widely by center.METHODS: Following the Institute of Medicine procedure for clinical practice guideline development, a PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science search was performed, resulting in 139 papers; after abstract and full text review, 37 papers underwent detailed data abstraction to quantify risk and evidence regarding surveillance, if available. During an in-person meeting, evidence was presented and discussed, resulting in consensus recommendations.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diagnosis and mortality from subsequent neoplasm.RESULTS: While evidence for risk of subsequent neoplasm, especially sarcoma and melanoma, was significant, evidence supporting routine testing of asymptomatic survivors was not identified. Skin examination for melanoma and prompt evaluation of signs and symptoms of head and neck disease were determined to be prudent.CONCLUSIONS: This review of the literature confirmed some of the common second cancers in retinoblastoma survivors, but found little evidence for a benefit to currently available surveillance for these malignancies. Future research should incorporate international partners, patients, and family members.

Background Long-term survival for children diagnosed with cancer exceeds 80%. Notably, premature cardiovascular disease has become the leading non-cancer cause of late mortality among these survivors. Methods/design This randomized controlled trial (RCT; NCT03104543 ) focuses on adult participants in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study identified as high risk for ischemic heart disease or heart failure due to their cancer treatment. Participants undergo a home-based evaluation of blood pressure and laboratory tests to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed and/or undertreated hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Those with abnormal values are then enrolled in an RCT to test the efficacy of a 12-month personalized, remotely delivered survivorship care plan (SCP) intervention designed to reduce undertreatment of these three target conditions. The intervention approximates a clinical encounter and is based on chronic disease self-management strategies. Results With a goal of 750, currently 342 out of 742 eligible participants approached have enrolled (46.1%). Initially, we randomized participants to different recruitment strategies, including shorter approach packets and a tiered consent, but did not find significant differences in participation rates (40.7% to 42.9%; p = .95). Subsequently, slightly greater participation was seen with larger upfront unconditional incentive checks ($50 vs. $25: 50.7% vs. 44.1%; p = .10). Overall, the financial impact of the $50 upfront incentive was cost neutral, and possibly cost-saving, vs. a $25 upfront incentive. Conclusion The overall study will determine if a National Academy of Medicine-recommended SCP intervention can improve cardiovascular outcomes among long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Modifications to the recruitment strategy may improve participation rates over time.

Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) encompasses a broad range of pathologies and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors. Increased awareness of the early and late consequences of mediastinal radiation has led to the development of strategies for cardiac risk reduction to improve outcomes through active surveillance and early detection of RIHD. This review aims to discuss the current knowledge on the presentation, diagnosis, and management of RIHD. Decades’ worth of cohort data demonstrates an increased risk of RIHD as cancer survivors age. Additionally, interventional/surgical management of irradiated patients poses unique considerations and can be technically challenging. Used in conjunction with echocardiography, multimodality imaging for morphologic and functional assessment adds complementary value in screening, surveillance, and targeted symptom investigation in patients at risk for RIHD. Furthermore, sensitive imaging parameters and biomarkers have shown potential in detecting subclinical RIHD. Despite the development of techniques which minimize cardiac exposure to ionizing radiation, their effects on the long-term development of RIHD remain to be seen. Due to the morbidity and mortality associated with RIHD, both patients and clinicians should be aware of the lifelong cardiovascular risks of mediastinal radiation exposure. RIHD surveillance should be a consideration throughout the survivorship period. Studies to evaluate the clinical consequences of contemporary radiation therapy strategies aimed at minimizing cardiac doses and the value of novel, more sensitive metrics for the early detection or prognostication of RIHD are ongoing.

10044 Background: Survival rates for neuroblastoma vary widely based on risk group. Therapies have evolved over the past four decades to de-intensify treatment for individuals with low/intermediate risk disease and intensify therapy for those with high risk disease. Risk stratification is predicted to result in differential outcomes in late morbidity and mortality; the magnitude of these differences has not been well studied. Methods: We evaluated late mortality, subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMN) and chronic health conditions (CHC) graded according to CTCAE v4.03 among 491 5-year CCSS survivors of neuroblastoma diagnosed 1987-1999 at ≥1 year of age. Using age, stage at diagnosis, and treatment, survivors were classified into risk groups (low [n=182]; intermediate [n=70]; high [n=239]). Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of SMN were calculated using rates from NCHS and SEER, respectively. Cox regression models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CHC compared to 1,029 CCSS siblings. Results: Among survivors (48% male; median age 22 years, range 7-42; median follow-up 19 years, range 5-29), 80.4% with low risk disease were treated with surgery alone, while 77.8% with high risk disease received surgery, radiation, chemotherapy ± transplant. The 15-year cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality was 9.2% (CI: 7.1-11.4), with a recurrence-related mortality of 7.3% (CI: 5.3-9.3) and SMN-related mortality of 0.3% (CI: 0-0.7). All-cause mortality was significantly higher in all risk groups: (low, SMR=5.8 [CI: 2.6-13.0]; intermediate, SMR=5.7 [CI: 1.4-23.5]; high, SMR=38.6 [CI: 27.9-53.5]). The risk of SMN was elevated among high risk survivors (SIR=25.1, CI: 16.7-37.6), but did not differ from the US population for survivors of low or intermediate risk disease. Table describes the HR of CHCs (grades 1-5 and 3-5) in survivors, by risk group, as compared with siblings, as well as categories of CHCs for which survivors were at increased risk. Conclusions: Long-term survivors of neuroblastoma have a high risk of late morbidity and mortality; risk is particularly pronounced among survivors of high risk disease. Vigilant lifelong medical surveillance will be required for this relatively young population as they age.[Table: see text]

10017 Background: Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities are documented in outcomes for childhood cancer survivors. Understanding whether childhood cancer modifies established disparities in cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in the general population would inform strategies to reduce health inequities among survivors. Methods: The CCSS is a retrospectively constructed cohort with prospective follow-up consisting of 25,579 five year survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed between 1970 and 1999. We estimated the incidence of self-reported Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade >2 CVRFs (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity) and multiple (>2) CVRFs among survivors. Multivariable Poisson regression estimated the rate ratios (RR) of CVRFs by race/ethnicity, adjusted for key treatment exposures and sociodemographics. Results: Within the CCSS cohort, there were 20,416 non-Hispanic White (NHW), 1625 non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and 2043 Hispanic survivors with the cumulative incidence estimates of each CVRF at age 40 displayed in Table. Survivors who self-reported “Other” or mixed race were excluded for this analysis (n=1495). NHB survivors were more likely to report hypertension (unadjusted RR 1.3; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.0-1.6), diabetes (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.0-2.4), obesity (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.9), and multiple CVRF (RR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2-1.5), whereas Hispanic survivors were more likely to report diabetes (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.4), obesity (RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.5), and multiple CVRFs (RR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0-1.3) compared with NHW survivors. These observed disparities in risks of CVRFs remained nearly unchanged even after adjustment for sociodemographic factors (age, sex, household income, education, marital status, employment, and insurance) and treatment exposures (Yes/No for anthracyclines, alkylators, and chest radiation). Conclusions: NHB and Hispanic adult survivors demonstrate a higher burden of CVRF compared with NHW survivors, particularly diabetes and obesity. The associated morbidity of these conditions and established increase they incur in risk of more severe cardiovascular disease emphasizes the need for interventions to mitigate CVRFs to promote health equity among these survivors.[Table: see text]

10015 Background: Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for obesity and cardiovascular (CV) disease. Exposure to cranial radiotherapy (CRT) increases risks. We tested whether a weight loss intervention that was successful in the general population could result in weight loss or improvements CV risk factors for ALL survivors. Methods: Obese and overweight 5-year ALL survivors diagnosed < age 21 from CCSS were randomized to a 24-month remotely delivered diet/physical activity intervention or self-directed weight loss (control), stratified by CRT. The intervention emphasized a low calorie DASH diet and physical activity via an app, a website, and weekly coach calls. The primary endpoint was difference in weight loss after 24 months, using an intent-to-treat analysis. Secondary endpoints: differences in changes in blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Analyses were performed using linear mixed effects; the study was designed to detect a difference of 2.75 kg. Results: Of 358 survivors (59% female, 91% White non-Hispanic, median age 37, IQR: 33-43), 181 were randomized to the intervention and 177 to control. Baseline mean (SD) weight was 98.6 kg (24.0) for intervention and 94.9 kg (20.3) for controls. 55 (30%) of intervention participants were adherent beyond one year. At 12 months, after controlling for CRT, sex, race/ethnicity, and age, the adjusted mean (SE) change in weight from baseline was -1.83kg (0.7) for intervention and -0.16kg (0.64) for control participants. At 24 months, the adjusted mean (SE) change in weight was -0.36kg (0.78) for intervention and +0.18kg (0.66) for control participants with the average difference of -0.54 kg (95%CI: -2.5,1.5, p=0.59) between the arms. A small proportion had at least 5% weight loss at 24 months (intervention 24%; control 17%). No significant differences in CV risk factors were observed. Conclusions: A 24-month phone and app/web-based diet and physical activity intervention that was successful for weight loss in the general population did not result in greater weight loss or improvement in CV risk factors among adult survivors of childhood ALL. Reduced adherence to the intervention beyond 12 months, or lack of ALL survivor-specific tailoring, may account for these findings. Clinical trial information: NCT02244411. [Table: see text]

The optimal method of screening for thyroid cancer in survivors of childhood and young adult cancer exposed to neck radiation remains controversial. Outcome data for a physical exam-based screening approach are lacking. We conducted a retrospective review of adult survivors of childhood and young adult cancer with a history of neck radiation followed in the Adult Long-Term Follow-Up Clinic at Memorial Sloan Kettering between November 2005 and August 2014. Eligible patients underwent a physical exam of the thyroid and were followed for at least 1 year afterwards. Ineligible patients were those with prior diagnosis of benign or malignant thyroid nodules. During a median follow-up of 3.1 years (range 0–9.4 years), 106 ultrasounds and 2277 physical exams were performed among 585 patients. Forty survivors had an abnormal thyroid physical exam median of 21 years from radiotherapy; 50% of those with an abnormal exam were survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma, 60% had radiation at ages 10–19, and 53% were female. Ultimately, 24 underwent fine needle aspiration (FNA). Surgery revealed papillary carcinoma in seven survivors; six are currently free of disease and one with active disease is undergoing watchful waiting. Among those with one or more annual visits, representing 1732 person-years of follow-up, no cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed within a year of normal physical exam. These findings support the application of annual physical exam without routine ultrasound for thyroid cancer screening among survivors with a history of neck radiation. Survivors with a history of neck radiation may not require routine thyroid ultrasound for thyroid cancer screening. Among adult survivors of childhood and young adult cancer with a history of radiation therapy to the neck, annual physical exam is an acceptable thyroid cancer screening strategy.

10515 Background: Survivors of childhood cancer exposed to cardiotoxic therapies are at increased risk of heart disease. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes are modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) that synergistically increase this risk. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of and predictors associated with CVRF underdiagnosis and undertreatment in this population. Methods: CCSS participants at increased risk of heart disease due to prior cancer therapy were enrolled in an ongoing randomized intervention trial (NCT03104543) to improve CVRF identification and treatment. Participants completed a baseline survey (CVRF status, lifestyle habits, attitudes towards healthcare), anthropometry, and blood draw. Blood pressure, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, glucose and Hgb A1c were measured and classified as normal/abnormal per standard clinical criteria. Multivariable logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR [95% confidence intervals]) associated with predictors and risk of CVRF underdiagnosis and undertreatment. Results: As of January 2020, 522 participants (43% male) were available for analysis (47% response), with a median age 38y (range 20-65) and 28y (18-49) from original cancer treatment (75% anthracycline, 47% chest radiation). With mean measured BMI 27.3±6.5 kg/m2, self-reported prevalence rates were hypertension 27%, dyslipidemia 33%, and diabetes 9%. While 90% of participants had a routine check-up ≤2y ago, 58% had a measured CVRF in the abnormal range. Specifically, among previously undiagnosed participants, we observed rates of abnormal blood pressure (26%), lipids (17%), and glucose tolerance (27%). Among those with pre-existing hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, 11%, 49%, and 54%, respectively, had measurements outside of the usual therapeutic target range. In multivariable analysis, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (vs < 25) was associated with risk of underdiagnosis (OR 1.8 [1.2-2.8]). For undertreatment, significant adverse factors included older age ( > 35 vs ≤35y: OR 2.5 [1.2-5.1]), BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (vs < 25: OR 3.3 [1.7-6.4]), and greater perceived reliance on others for healthcare decisions (OR 1.7 [1.2-2.4]). Those with greater health-related self-efficacy were less likely to be undertreated (OR 0.5 [0.3-0.96]). Conclusions: CVRF underdiagnosis and undertreatment among childhood cancer survivors at increased risk of heart disease was common. Greater awareness among survivors and primary care providers and more aggressive control of CVRFs may mitigate this risk.

401 Background: HD carboplatin is an essential part of curative salvage high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) for GCT. Although ototoxicity is a known side effect of HD carboplatin, data on severity and characteristics of HL in this population are limited. Methods: Eligible patients (pts) received salvage HD carboplatin for GCT at our center from 1993-2017 and had audiograms pre- and post-HDCT. All pts were planned for 3 sequential cycles of HD carboplatin; some had audiograms after each cycle. HL severity was classified by ASHA criteria (slight: 15-24dB; mild: 25-40dB; moderate: 41-55dB; moderately severe: 56-70dB; severe: 71-90dB; profound: >90dB). Change in hearing threshold at each frequency (0.25 – 8 kHz) was analyzed by clinical and treatment variables using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The proportion of pts recommended for hearing aids was also recorded. Results: Of 115 pts (median age 31, 77% nonseminoma), 96 received TI-CE and 19 received TI-TIC on a clinical trial (Feldman CGUC 2015). Pts varied by prior cisplatin exposure (77% with ≤4 vs 23% with 5-9 cycles) and number of HD carboplatin cycles (89% had 3, 10% had 2, and 2% had 1). Carboplatin AUC was 21 in 23%, 24 in 75%, and 28 in 3%. Moderate to profound HL was present in 23% pre-HD carboplatin vs 82% post, preferentially at high frequencies (Table). Of 89 pts with normal to mild HL at baseline, 78% developed moderate or worse HL post-HD carboplatin, including 61% with moderately severe or severe HL. Higher AUC (24 vs 21) and number of HD carboplatin cycles were associated with greater HL with HD carboplatin whereas prior cisplatin exposure was not. Due to moderate or severe HL in the vital speech frequency range (2 – 4kHz), 20 (17%) pts were recommended for hearing aids post-HD carboplatin. Conclusions: In the largest series to detail ototoxicity in pts receiving salvage HD carboplatin for GCT, we show HL, particularly at high frequencies, is a major dose-dependent toxicity. Most pts will have at least moderate high frequency HL after HD carboplatin with approximately 1 in 6 recommended for hearing aids. [Table: see text]

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of modifications to contemporary cancer protocols, which minimize exposures to cardiotoxic treatments and preserve long term health, on serious cardiac outcomes among adult survivors of childhood cancer.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting27 institutions participating in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.Participants23 462 five year survivors (6193 (26.4%) treated in the 1970s, 9363 (39.9%) treated in the 1980s, and 7906 (33.6%) treated in the 1990s) of leukemia, brain cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, renal tumors, neuroblastoma, soft tissue sarcomas, and bone sarcomas diagnosed prior to age 21 years between 1 January 1970 and 31 December 1999. Median age at diagnosis was 6.1 years (range 0-20.9) and 27.7 years (8.2-58.3) at last follow-up. A comparison group of 5057 siblings of cancer survivors were also included.Main outcome measuresCumulative incidence and 95% confidence intervals of reported heart failure, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, pericardial disease, and arrhythmias by treatment decade. Events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Multivariable subdistribution hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios by decade, and mediation analysis examined risks with and without exposure to cardiotoxic treatments.ResultsThe 20 year cumulative incidence of heart failure (0.69% for those treated in the 1970s, 0.74% for those treated in the 1980s, 0.54% for those treated in the 1990s) and coronary artery disease (0.38%, 0.24%, 0.19%, respectively), decreased in more recent eras (PConclusionsHistorical reductions in exposure to cardiac radiation have been associated with a reduced risk of coronary artery disease among adult survivors of childhood cancer. Additional follow-up is needed to investigate risk reductions for other cardiac outcomes.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01120353.

OBJECTIVES: To develop an automated method for quantifying percent breast density from chest computed tomography (CT) scans. METHODS: A naïve Bayesian classifier based on gray-level intensities and spatial relationships was developed on CT scans from 10 patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and imaged as part of routine clinical care. The algorithm was validated on CT scans from 75 additional HL patients. The classifier was developed and validated using a reference dataset with consensus manual segmentation of fibroglandular tissue. Accuracy was evaluated at the pixel-level to examine how well the algorithm identified pixels with fibroglandular tissue using true and false positive fractions (TPF and FPF, respectively). Quantitative estimates of the patient-level CT percent density were contrasted to each other using the concordance correlation coefficient, ρ(c), and to subjective ACR BI-RADS density assessments using Kendall’s τ(b). RESULTS: The pixel-level TPF for identifying pixels with fibroglandular tissue was 82.7% (interquartile range of patient-specific TPFs 65.5%-89.6%). The pixel-level FPF was 9.2% (interquartile range of patient-specific FPFs 2.5%-45.3%). Patient-level agreement of the algorithm’s automated density estimate with that obtained from the reference dataset was high, ρ(c) =0.93 (95% CI 0.90-0.96) as was agreement with a radiologists’ subjective ACR-BI-RADS assessments, τ(b) =0.77. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to obtain automated measurements of percent density from clinical CT scans.

With improvements in cancer treatment and supportive care, a growing population of survivors of childhood cancer at risk for significant and potentially life-threatening late effects has been identified. To provide a current snapshot of the models of care from countries with varying levels of resources and health care systems, stakeholders in childhood cancer survivorship clinical care and research were identified from 18 countries across five continents. Stakeholders responded to a survey and provided a brief narrative regarding the current state of survivorship care. Findings indicate that among pediatric-age survivors of childhood cancer (allowing for differences in age cutoffs across countries), resources are generally available, and a large proportion of survivors are seen by a physician familiar with late effects in most countries. After survivors transition to adulthood, only a minority are seen by a physician familiar with late effects. Despite the need to improve communication between pediatric oncology and primary care, only a few countries have existing national efforts to educate primary care physicians, although many more reported that educational programs are in development. These data highlight common challenges and potential solutions for the lifelong care of survivors of childhood cancer. Combining risk-based and patient-oriented solutions for this population is likely to benefit both providers and patients.