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Slip observed within subduction zones falls within a broad range, with non-volcanic tremor (NVT), slow slip, repeating small earthquakes, to great earthquakes all contained within this spectrum. The diversity of observed slip suggests diversity in fault zone conditions, which can be affected by a variety of factors, such as fluids, sediment inputs, upper plate structure, and topography on the subducting plate. The role of subducting topography on seismicity appears to be regionally variable, with some bathymetric features leading to high slip during earthquakes, and others leading to plate creep and small earthquakes associated with upper plate deformation. Seismicity characteristics in regions of subducting topography can be difficult to assess in many areas however, because traditional land-based seismic networks can easily miss offshore smaller earthquakes associated with this process. We use data from an amphibious seismic network deployed along the Cascadia subduction zone to examine seismic characteristics of thousands of newly detected and located earthquakes along the margin. Over 5000 earthquakes in the catalog generally agree with asperity locations modeled from geodetic data and the 1700 M9 rupture, along with several clusters of upper plate earthquakes in areas of subducting topography. Stress drop estimates, based on a spectral ratio technique, vary depending on earthquake location, with higher stress drop earthquakes occurring on the upper plate faults relative to the lower stress drop earthquakes occurring along the megathrust. These variations may reflect important changes in fault conditions between upper plate splay faults and the megathrust.

Four-day school weeks have proliferated across the United States in recent years, reaching over 650 public school districts in 24 states as of 2019, but little is known about their implementation and there is no consensus on their effects on students. This study uses district-level panel data from Oklahoma and a difference-in-differences research design to provide estimates of the causal effect of the 4-day school week on high school students’ ACT scores, attendance, and disciplinary incidents during school. Results indicate that 4-day school weeks decrease per-pupil bullying incidents by approximately 39% and per-pupil fighting incidents by approximately 31%, but have no detectable effect on other incident types, ACT scores, or attendance.

Evidence suggests that airborne transmission of infectious respiratory aerosol plays an important role for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This work characterized respiratory aerosol emissions from a panel o...

Recruitment and retention of farm veterinarians have been the focus of recent research. Previous work suggests that a feeling of 'fit' is important for students to consider a farm career. The aim of this study was to identify whether students feel that they 'fit' in farm practice and reasons for their answer.An online survey was distributed to students at all British and Irish veterinary schools. A mixed methods approach was considered, with thematic analysis on free text answers and regression analysis on demographic variables.Thematic analysis identified six themes: career opportunities, nature of farm veterinary work, relationships and interactions, individual experiences, expectations and perceptions, and no perceived barriers. Females, marginalised ethnic groups and those from an urban/suburban background were all identified as having significantly (p0.05) less agreement with the statement 'I feel able to pursue a career in farm practice'.Survey limitations include those with a clear bias being likely to respond. However, alignment of the qualitative and quantitative results increased confidence in the findings of this mixed methods approach.This study confirms that biases that exist within wider society do have an influence on veterinary undergraduates' intentions to pursue a farm animal career. This is vital to consider both at a university level and when considering students' experiences on placements. Urgent action is required to improve inclusivity in the farm animal veterinary sector.

Motivated by potential financial savings, four-day school weeks have proliferated across the United States in recent years, reaching public schools in 25 states as of 2018. The consequences of the four-day school week for students, schools, and communities are largely unknown. This paper uses district-level panel data from Oklahoma and a difference-in-differences research design to examine the causal effect of the four-day schedule on school district finance and academic achievement. Results indicate that four-day weeks decrease districts’ federal revenues and their non-instructional and support services expenditures. Decreases are concentrated specifically in operations and maintenance, food services, and transportation expenditures and amount to approximately 2.03% of the average four-day district’s budget. I find no detectable effect of the four-day week on academic achievement.

Purpose has been shown in adolescence and young adulthood to be an important component of positive development; however, little is known about its prevalence and function in later life. Sur...

LITA President's message reflecting on the Core vote and COVID-19 related changes in libraries.

This chapter considers several conceptions of successful aging, analyzing the morally relevant aspects of these models and their missed opportunities to illuminate moral flourishing in older adults. The authors review evidence that engagement with self-transcendent goals and contributions enhances deep well-being for older people, as well as contributing to the well-being of others and the common good. They briefly report their own research on purpose beyond the self, which indicates that almost one-third of a US national sample of older people is purposeful and that purpose in later life doesn’t require economic or educational privilege or even good health. The authors suggest that the moral development field should explore ways to expand conceptions of positive aging to take account of moral dimensions of flourishing and extend insights about moral maturity into the later stages of life.

Despite significant research on purpose in adolescence and early adulthood, little is known about purpose in older adults. This paper defines purpose as ongoing commitment to and sustained action t...

Introduction Purpose in life is associated with positive outcomes following adversity, but the mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. In this repeated measures, mixed-methods study, we examined the relationship of purpose to coping with adversity among young adolescents. Methods A sample of 1357 adolescents completed a survey about purpose, negative life events, and positive reframing coping four times at six month intervals. A sub-sample of 91 survey respondents participated in an interview. Surveys were analyzed using fixed-effects and mixed-effects modeling to test the relationship between purpose and coping over time. Interviews were analyzed for purpose, adversity, and coping to understand this relationship as perceived by the participant. Results Survey results indicate that purpose and positive reframing coping are related and change together over time. Interview results suggest that purpose can be a response to negative experiences. Conclusions There are likely underlying factors or processes driving the relationship between purpose and positive reframing coping. Some of the potential underlying factors and processes are discussed.

President's column about LITA as a welcoming organization and the hope that it will continue under Core.

September 2019 President's column.

“Pathways to Encore Purpose,” a national study of purpose beyond the self among a representative sample of adults age 50–92, examined life goals, prosocial values and behaviors, perspectives on the progression to later life, and prevalence of purpose in the post-midlife, or encore, years. The research consisted of an online survey of a nationally representative sample of 1200 older adults, complemented by over 100 in-depth interviews. This paper will describe what purpose beyond the self looks like among older adults, how their purpose goals related to other more self-oriented goals, and the implications for making purpose more broadly accessible as a good in the lives of older adults and in society.