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1. Rat adult stem cells (marrow stromal cells) engraft and differentiate in chick embryos without evidence of cell fusion

Author

Radhika Pochampally, Darwin J. Prockop, Brian T. Neville, Emily J. Schwarz, and Marilyn M. Li

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Stromal cell, Stem Cells, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Transplantation, Heterologous, Mesenchymal stem cell, Cell Differentiation, Amniotic stem cells, Chick Embryo, Biological Sciences, Biology, Molecular biology, Rats, Cell Fusion, Endothelial stem cell, Luminescent Proteins, Genes, Reporter, Karyotyping, Amniotic epithelial cells, Animals, Stem cell, Stem Cell Transplantation, Adult stem cell, Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair
Abstract

Cell fusion was recently reported to account for the plasticity of adult stem cells in vivo . Adult stem cells, referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or marrow stromal cells, from rat marrow, were infused into 1.5- to 2-day-old chick embryos. After 4 days, the rat cells had expanded 1.3- to 33-fold in one-third of surviving embryos. The cells engrafted into many tissues, and no multinuclear cells were detected. The most common site of engraftment was the heart, apparently because the cells were infused just above the dorsal aorta. Some of the cells in the heart expressed cardiotin, and α-heavy-chain myosin. GFP + cells reisolated from the embryos had a rat karyotype. Therefore, the cells engrafted and partially differentiated without evidence of cell fusion.

Published
2004
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2. Rat marrow stromal cells rapidly transduced with a self-inactivating retrovirus synthesize L-DOPA in vitro

Author

R L Reger, R Class, Emily J. Schwarz, S A Azizi, G M Alexander, and Darwin J. Prockop

Subjects
Male, Stromal cell, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Genetic enhancement, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Gene Expression, Bone Marrow Cells, Biology, Green fluorescent protein, Levodopa, Retrovirus, Transduction, Genetic, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, GTP Cyclohydrolase, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Molecular Biology, Cells, Cultured, Phosphoglycerate kinase, Genetic transfer, Mesenchymal stem cell, Parkinson Disease, Genetic Therapy, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, Clone Cells, Rats, Luminescent Proteins, Retroviridae, medicine.anatomical_structure, Rats, Inbred Lew, Molecular Medicine, Bone marrow, Cell Division
Abstract

Autologous bone marrow stromal cells engineered to produce 3,4,-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) can potentially be used as donor cells for neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Here, we examined the possibility of using several different promoters and either a self-inactivating retrovirus (pSIR) or standard retroviruses to introduce into marrow stromal cells (MSCs), the two genes necessary for the cells to synthesize L-DOPA. pSIR vectors were constructed using the mouse phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter to drive expression of either a GFP reporter gene or a bicistronic sequence containing the genes for human tyrosine hydroxylase type I (TH) and rat GTP cyclohydrolase I (GC) separated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). rMSCs were successfully transduced with both standard retroviral vectors and pSIR containing the PGK promoter. Transduced rMSCs expressed GFP (90.4--94.4% of cells) or were able to synthesize and secrete L-DOPA (89.0--283 pmols/10(6) cells/h). After transduced rMSCs were plated at low density (3--6 cells/cm(2)), the cells expanded over 1000-fold in 3--4 weeks, and the rMSCs continued to either express GFP or produce L-DOPA. Furthermore, two high-expressing clones were isolated and expanded at low-density from rMSCs transduced with pSIR driven by the PGK promoter (97.0% GFP+ or 1096.0 pmols L-DOPA/10(6) cells/h).

Published
2001
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3. Rat Marrow Stromal Cells are More Sensitive to Plating Density and Expand More Rapidly from Single‐Cell‐Derived Colonies than Human Marrow Stromal Cells

Author

Darwin J. Prockop, Elisabeth H. Javazon, Emily J. Schwarz, and David C. Colter

Subjects
endocrine system, Time Factors, Stromal cell, Cell division, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Cellular differentiation, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Cell, Cell Culture Techniques, Bone Marrow Cells, Cell Separation, Biology, Epitope, Flow cytometry, Epitopes, Osteogenesis, Transduction, Genetic, medicine, Animals, Humans, Microscopy, Phase-Contrast, Cells, Cultured, medicine.diagnostic_test, Mesenchymal stem cell, Cell Differentiation, Cell Biology, Flow Cytometry, equipment and supplies, Molecular biology, Rats, Luminescent Proteins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Rats, Inbred Lew, Cell culture, Immunology, Molecular Medicine, Stromal Cells, Cell Division, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Human marrow stromal cell (hMSCs) were recently shown to expand rapidly in culture when plated at a low density of approximately 3 cells/cm(2). Low-density plating promoted proliferation of small recycling stem (RS) cells that appeared to be the most multipotent cells in the cultures. Here we demonstrated that MSCs from rat bone marrow (rMSCs) are even more sensitive to low-density plating than hMSCS: When plated at approximately 2 cells/cm(2), the cells expanded over 4,000-fold in 12 days, over twice the maximal rate observed with hMSCS: Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorter demonstrated that rMSCs had the same heterogeneity seen with hMSCs in that the cultures contained both small rapidly RS cells and much larger mature cells (mMSCs). The rat mMSCs differed from human mMSCs in that they regenerated RS cells in culture. Also, after low-density plating, colonies of rMSCs expanded into confluent cultures, whereas colonies of hMSCs did not.

Published
2001
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4. Multipotential Marrow Stromal Cells Transduced to ProduceL-DOPA: Engraftment in a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease

Author

S A Azizi, Emily J. Schwarz, Darwin J. Prockop, and G M Alexander

Subjects
Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Stromal cell, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Cell Survival, Cell Transplantation, GTP cyclohydrolase I, Genetic enhancement, Bone Marrow Cells, Levodopa, Transduction, Genetic, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, GTP Cyclohydrolase, Molecular Biology, Cells, Cultured, biology, Tyrosine hydroxylase, Genetic transfer, Brain, Parkinson Disease, Genetic Therapy, Immunohistochemistry, In vitro, Rats, Disease Models, Animal, medicine.anatomical_structure, Rats, Inbred Lew, Cell culture, biology.protein, Cancer research, Molecular Medicine, Bone marrow, Stromal Cells
Abstract

Bone marrow stromal cells can be used as an alternative source of cells for neural transplantation and repair. Here, the efficacy of genetically modified marrow stromal cells was examined in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Rat marrow stromal cells (rMSCs) and human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) were genetically engineered by transduction with retroviruses encoding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GTP cyclohydrolase I, the enzyme necessary for production of the tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor for TH (BH4). Transduced cells synthesized 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in vitro and maintained their multipotentiality after retroviral transduction. To examine the cells in vivo, transduced rMSCs were injected into the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. L-DOPA and metabolites were detected by microdialysis in the denervated striatum of rats that received doubly transduced rMSCs. Also, there was a significant reduction in apomorphine-induced rotation when compared with controls. The cells engrafted and survived for at least 87 days. However, expression of the transgenes ceased at about 9 days, an observation consistent with reports from other laboratories in which similar retroviruses were used to express transgenes in the brain.

Published
1999
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5. DNA plasmid that codes for human Bcl-2 gene preserves axotomized Clarke's nucleus neurons and reduces atrophy after spinal cord hemisection in adult rats

Author

Raul A. Saavedra, Kosei Takahashi, Alan Tessler, Cecilia Ljubetic, Marion Murray, and Emily J. Schwarz

Subjects
Cerebellum, Programmed cell death, Reporter gene, General Neuroscience, Anatomy, Biology, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, Molecular biology, Atrophy, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, medicine, Neuron death, Nucleus, Spinal cord injury
Abstract

Spinal cord injury in adult mammals causes atrophy or death of some axotomized neurons. The product of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 prevents neuron death in vivo. We delivered Bcl-2 by intraspinal injection of a DNA plasmid encoding this gene to determine if axotomized neurons destined to undergo retrograde death could be rescued. Axons of the right side Clarke's Nucleus (CN) were cut unilaterally in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by T8 hemisection, leaving the contralateral (left) CN as an intact control. Two months postoperatively, there was approximately 35% loss of total CN neurons in the right L1 segment. Only 15% of large CN neurons (>400 microm2), whose axons project to the cerebellum, survived--indicating atrophy and/or death of 85% of these cells. We injected a DNA plasmid encoding the human Bcl-2 gene and the bacterial reporter gene LacZ, which was complexed with cationic lipids, into the right side of segment T8 of the normal spinal cord, or just caudal to the hemisection site. The reporter gene was expressed in the perikarya of right CN neurons at L1 for up to 7 days, but not 14 days. Two months following T8 hemisection and Bcl-2/LacZ DNA injection, there was no significant loss of CN neurons ipsilateral to the lesion. Surprisingly, 61% of large neurons survived, indicating partial protection from atrophy. In contrast, a DNA plasmid that codes for the LacZ reporter gene, but not Bcl-2, did not prevent CN neuron death or atrophy. Administration of the Bcl-2 gene in adult rats and its expression in these CNS neurons prevents retrograde cell death, and also minimizes atrophy. These results may serve as the basis for developing novel gene therapy strategies for patients with spinal cord injury.

Published
1999
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7. Contributeurs

Author

Marschall S. Runge, M. Andrew Greganti, Adaora A. Adimora, Maha Alattar, Robert M. Aris, Victoria Lin Bae-Jump, Maria Q. Baggstrom, A. Sidney Barritt, Marc K. Bassim, Toby Bates, Anne W. Beaven, Robert G. Berger, Lee R. Berkowitz, Stephen A. Bernard, William S. Blau, John F. Boggess, Mary C. Bowman, Mark E. Brecher, Philip A. Bromberg, Sue A. Brown, Vickie Brown, Paul C. Bryson, Robert A. Buckmire, Elizabeth Bullitt, Craig Burkhart, M. Janette Busby-Whitehead, John B. Buse, Debra L. Bynum, Lisa A. Carey, Timothy S. Carey, Culley C. Carson, Patricia P. Chang, Sanjay Chaudhary, David R. Clemmons, James M. Coghill, Romulo E. Colindres, AnnaMarie Connolly, Benjamin J. Copeland, Todd Correll, Cynthia J. Denu-Ciocca, Thomas S. Devetski, Darren A. DeWalt, Luis A. Diaz, James F. Donohue, Mary Anne Dooley, Jean M. Dostou, Douglas A. Drossman, Carla Sueta Dupree, Rose J. Eapen, Charles S. Ebert, Nurum F. Erdem, Joseph J. Eron, Ronald J. Falk, Mary Katherine Farmer-Boatwright, Elizabeth A. Fasy, Alan G. Finkel, William F. Finn, David P. Fitzgerald, Carol A. Ford, Catherine A. Forneris, Amy M. Fowler, W. Craig Fowler, Wesley Caswell Fowler, Michael W. Fried, Don A. Gabriel, Shannon Galvin, Lisa M. Gangarosa, James C. Garbutt, Cynthia Gay, Susan A. Gaylord, Leonard S. Gettes, Andrew J. Ghio, John H. Gilmore, Paul A. Godley, Lee R. Goldberg, Richard M. Goldberg, Matthew N. Goldenberg, Brian P. Goldstein, Robert S. Greenwood, Ian S. Grimm, Steven H. Grossman, Robert E. Gwyther, John J. Haggerty, Russell P. Harris, William D. Heizer, Ashley G. Henderson, David C. Henke, Michael A. Hill, Alan L. Hinderliter, Albert R. Hinn, Gerald A. Hladik, Hal M. Hoffman, Mina C. Hosseinipour, James F. Howard, David Y. Huang, Xuemei Huang, Burton R. Hutto, Kim L. Isaacs, Bruce F. Israel, Thomas S. Ivester, Heidi T. Jacobe, Peter Lars Jacobson, Lukas Jantac, Jaspaul S. Jawanda, Sandra M. Johnson, Beth L. Jonas, Joanne M. Jordan, Jonathan J. Juliano, Kevin A. Kahn, Andrew H. Kaplan, Nigel S. Key, William Y. Kim, John S. Kizer, Caroline M. Klein, Philip J. Klemmer, Karen Kölln, Mark J. Koruda, James E. Kurz, Jeffrey LaCour, Alim M. Ladha, W. Derek Leight, Peter A. Leone, B. Anthony Lindsey, Ryan D. Madanick, Lawrence K. Mandelkehr, J. Douglas Mann, Silva Markovic-Plese, Allen F. Marshall, William D. Mattern, Celeste M. Mayer, Travis A. Meredith, William C. Miller, Beverly S. Mitchell, Stephan Moll, Douglas R. Morgan, Dean S. Morrell, M. Cristina Muñoz, Patrick H. Nachman, Kelly C. Nelson, Carla M. Nester, Linda M. Nicholas, E. Magnus Ohman, Bert H. O'Neil, David A. Ontjes, Robert Z. Orlowski, Daniel J. Parsons, Dhavalkumar D. Patel, Cam Patterson, Kristine B. Patterson, Amanda Peppercorn, Harold C. Pillsbury, W. Kimryn Rathmell, Daniel S. Reuland, Yehuda Ringel, M. Patricia Rivera, Craig N. Rosebrock, Pinchas Rosenberg, Robert A.S. Roubey, David S. Rubenstein, Susan Riggs Runge, Mark Russo, William A. Rutala, William E. Sanders, Hanna K. Sanoff, Scott L. Sanoff, Yolanda V. Scarlett, Emily J. Schwarz, Brent A. Senior, Jonathan S. Serody, Nicholas J. Shaheen, Thomas C. Shea, Richard G. Sheahan, William W. Shockley, Roshan Shrestha, Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett, Micah J. Sickel, Linmarie Sikich, Ross J. Simpson, Sidney C. Smith, Mark A. Socinski, P. Frederick Sparling, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, George A. Stouffer, Teresa K. Tarrant, Mark Taylor, Michael J. Thomas, Nancy E. Thomas, John M. Thorpe, Stephen L. Tilley, Jenny P. Ting, Robert S. Tomsick, Charles M. van der Horst, Bradley V. Vaughn, Pamela G. Vick, Robert J. Vissers, Peter M. Voorhees, Tracy Y. Wang, Lea C. Watson, David J. Weber, Robert S. Wehbie, Mark C. Weissler, Ellen C. Wells, Young E. Whang, Park W. Willis, John B. Winfield, Gary S. Winzelberg, David A. Wohl, Leslie P. Wong, Diem N. Wu, and Steven Zacks

Published
2011
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9. Contributors

Author

Marschall S. Runge, M. Andrew Greganti, Adaora A. Adimora, Maha Alattar, Robert M. Aris, Victoria Lin Bae-Jump, Maria Q. Baggstrom, A. Sidney Barritt, Marc K. Bassim, Toby Bates, Anne W. Beaven, Robert G. Berger, Lee R. Berkowitz, Stephen A. Bernard, William S. Blau, John F. Boggess, Mary C. Bowman, Mark E. Brecher, Philip A. Bromberg, Sue A. Brown, Vickie Brown, Paul C. Bryson, Robert A. Buckmire, Elizabeth Bullitt, Craig Burkhart, M. Janette Busby-Whitehead, John B. Buse, Debra L. Bynum, Lisa A. Carey, Timothy S. Carey, Culley C. Carson, Patricia P. Chang, Sanjay Chaudhary, David R. Clemmons, James M. Coghill, Romulo E. Colindres, AnnaMarie Connolly, Benjamin J. Copeland, Todd Correll, Cynthia J. Denu-Ciocca, Thomas S. Devetski, Darren A. DeWalt, Luis A. Diaz, James F. Donohue, Mary Anne Dooley, Jean M. Dostou, Douglas A. Drossman, Carla Sueta Dupree, Rose J. Eapen, Charles S. Ebert, Nurum F. Erdem, Joseph J. Eron, Ronald J. Falk, Mary Katherine Farmer-Boatwright, Elizabeth A. Fasy, Alan G. Finkel, William F. Finn, David P. Fitzgerald, Carol A. Ford, Catherine A. Forneris, Amy M. Fowler, W. Craig Fowler, Wesley Caswell Fowler, Michael W. Fried, Don A. Gabriel, Shannon Galvin, Lisa M. Gangarosa, James C. Garbutt, Cynthia Gay, Susan A. Gaylord, Leonard S. Gettes, Andrew J. Ghio, John H. Gilmore, Paul A. Godley, Lee R. Goldberg, Richard M. Goldberg, Matthew N. Goldenberg, Brian P. Goldstein, Robert S. Greenwood, Ian S. Grimm, Steven H. Grossman, Robert E. Gwyther, John J. Haggerty, Russell P. Harris, William D. Heizer, Ashley G. Henderson, David C. Henke, Michael A. Hill, Alan L. Hinderliter, Albert R. Hinn, Gerald A. Hladik, Hal M. Hoffman, Mina C. Hosseinipour, James F. Howard, David Y. Huang, Xuemei Huang, Burton R. Hutto, Kim L. Isaacs, Bruce F. Israel, Thomas S. Ivester, Heidi T. Jacobe, Peter Lars Jacobson, Lukas Jantac, Jaspaul S. Jawanda, Sandra M. Johnson, Beth L. Jonas, Joanne M. Jordan, Jonathan J. Juliano, Kevin A. Kahn, Andrew H. Kaplan, Nigel S. Key, William Y. Kim, John S. Kizer, Caroline M. Klein, Philip J. Klemmer, Karen Kölln, Mark J. Koruda, James E. Kurz, Jeffrey LaCour, Alim M. Ladha, W. Derek Leight, Peter A. Leone, B. Anthony Lindsey, Ryan D. Madanick, Lawrence K. Mandelkehr, J. Douglas Mann, Silva Markovic-Plese, Allen F. Marshall, William D. Mattern, Celeste M. Mayer, Travis A. Meredith, William C. Miller, Beverly S. Mitchell, Stephan Moll, Douglas R. Morgan, Dean S. Morrell, M. Cristina Muñoz, Patrick H. Nachman, Kelly C. Nelson, Carla M. Nester, Linda M. Nicholas, E. Magnus Ohman, Bert H. O'Neil, David A. Ontjes, Robert Z. Orlowski, Daniel J. Parsons, Dhavalkumar D. Patel, Cam Patterson, Kristine B. Patterson, Amanda Peppercorn, Harold C. Pillsbury, W. Kimryn Rathmell, Daniel S. Reuland, Yehuda Ringel, M. Patricia Rivera, Craig N. Rosebrock, Pinchas Rosenberg, Robert A.S. Roubey, David S. Rubenstein, Susan Riggs Runge, Mark Russo, William A. Rutala, William E. Sanders, Hanna K. Sanoff, Scott L. Sanoff, Yolanda V. Scarlett, Emily J. Schwarz, Brent A. Senior, Jonathan S. Serody, Nicholas J. Shaheen, Thomas C. Shea, Richard G. Sheahan, William W. Shockley, Roshan Shrestha, Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett, Micah J. Sickel, Linmarie Sikich, Ross J. Simpson, Sidney C. Smith, Mark A. Socinski, P. Frederick Sparling, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, George A. Stouffer, Teresa K. Tarrant, Mark Taylor, Michael J. Thomas, Nancy E. Thomas, John M. Thorpe, Stephen L. Tilley, Jenny P. Ting, Robert S. Tomsick, Charles M. van der Horst, Bradley V. Vaughn, Pamela G. Vick, Robert J. Vissers, Peter M. Voorhees, Tracy Y. Wang, Lea C. Watson, David J. Weber, Robert S. Wehbie, Mark C. Weissler, Ellen C. Wells, Young E. Whang, Park W. Willis, John B. Winfield, Gary S. Winzelberg, David A. Wohl, Leslie P. Wong, Diem N. Wu, and Steven Zacks

Published
2009
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11. Marrow stromal cells form guiding strands in the injured spinal cord and promote recovery

Author

Darwin J. Prockop, Lars Olson, A. El Manira, Johan Widenfalk, Christoph P. Hofstetter, Emily J. Schwarz, and Dietmar Hess

Subjects
Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Stromal cell, Time Factors, Scar tissue, Genetic Vectors, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Bone Marrow Cells, Biology, medicine, Animals, Spinal cord injury, Cells, Cultured, Spinal Cord Injuries, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Neurons, Multidisciplinary, Histology, Anatomy, Biological Sciences, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, Immunohistochemistry, In vitro, Rats, Electrophysiology, Luminescent Proteins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Retroviridae, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Spinal Cord, Rats, Inbred Lew, Astrocytes, Female
Abstract

Marrow stromal cells (MSC) can be expanded rapidly in vitro and differentiated into multiple mesodermal cell types. In addition, differentiation into neuron-like cells expressing markers typical for mature neurons has been reported. To analyze whether such cells, exposed to differentiation media, could develop electrophysiological properties characteristic of neurons, we performed whole-cell recordings. Neuron-like MSC, however, lacked voltage-gated ion channels necessary for generation of action potentials. We then delivered MSC into the injured spinal cord to study the fate of transplanted MSC and possible effects on functional outcome in animals rendered paraplegic. MSC given 1 week after injury led to significantly larger numbers of surviving cells than immediate treatment and significant improvements of gait. Histology 5 weeks after spinal cord injury revealed that MSC were tightly associated with longitudinally arranged immature astrocytes and formed bundles bridging the epicenter of the injury. Robust bundles of neurofilament-positive fibers and some 5-hydroxytryptamine-positive fibers were found mainly at the interface between graft and scar tissue. MSC constitute an easily accessible, easily expandable source of cells that may prove useful in the establishment of spinal cord repair protocols.

Published
2002

13. Cloning, human chromosomal assignment, and adipose and hepatic expression of the CL-6/INSIG1 gene

Author

Mitchell A. Lazar, Emily J. Schwarz, Anna Genin, Yong Peng, Rebecca Taub, and Nancy B. Spinner

Subjects
Transcription, Genetic, Cellular differentiation, Molecular Sequence Data, Gene Expression, Biology, Gene expression, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Gene, Cells, Cultured, Regulation of gene expression, Genomic Library, Base Sequence, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Liver cell, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Chromosome Mapping, Membrane Proteins, Proteins, Cell Differentiation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Molecular biology, Liver regeneration, Liver Regeneration, Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, Adipose Tissue, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Liver, Cell culture, Hepatocyte, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
Abstract

Rat CL-6 is the most highly insulin-induced gene in a liver cell line and is expressed in proliferating liver during regeneration and development. CL-6 is now denoted INSIG1 (insulin-induced gene 1). Human INSIG1 was isolated and found to be 80% identical to the rat gene within the translated region. It was located on human chromosome 7 within band q36. The human INSIG1 promoter conferred a high level of expression in both liver and fibroblast cell lines. INSIG1 expression was upregulated at the transcriptional level in rat regenerating liver and induced in a model of murine adipocyte differentiation, suggesting that INSIG1 may play a role in growth and differentiation of tissues involved in metabolic control.

Published
1997

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