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Background: Among the clinical predictors of a heart failure (HF) prognosis, different personal factors have been established in previous research, mainly age, gender, anemia, renal insufficiency and diabetes, as well as mediators (pulmonary embolism, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), arrhythmias and dyslipidemia). We do not know the role played by contextual and individual factors in the prediction of in-hospital mortality. Methods: The present study has added hospital and management factors (year, type of hospital, length of stay, number of diagnoses and procedures, and readmissions) in predicting exitus to establish a structural predictive model. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the province of Almeria. Results: A total of 529,606 subjects participated, through databases of the Spanish National Health System. A predictive model was constructed using correlation analysis (SPSS 24.0) and structural equation models (SEM) analysis (AMOS 20.0) that met the appropriate statistical values (chi-square, usually fit indices and the root-mean-square error approximation) which met the criteria of statistical significance. Individual factors, such as age, gender and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, were found to positively predict mortality risk. Isolated contextual factors (hospitals with a greater number of beds, especially, and also the number of procedures performed, which negatively predicted the risk of death. Conclusions: It was, therefore, possible to introduce contextual variables to explain the behavior of mortality in patients with HF. The size or level of large hospital complexes, as well as procedural effort, are key contextual variables in estimating the risk of mortality in HF.

Daphnia is a good model organism for studying factors affecting dispersal and patterns of genetic diversity. Within this genus, the Daphnia pulex species complex includes lineages from North America and Europe, with some considered invaders in various continents, although their colonization history is poorly known. We used mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers to identify the D. pulex complex lineages in Sierra Nevada, determine their reproductive mode and reconstruct their genetic history (over the past ~25 to 65 years). We present the first recording of North American (NA) D. cf. pulex in a European high-mountain lake, showing its arrival ~65 years ago in lake Borreguil without temporal changes in its genetic structure. European (Eu) D. cf. pulicaria is the only lineage present in other Sierra Nevada lakes and also showed no genetic change over time. The results for both species are congruent with obligate parthenogenetic reproduction mode. Moreover, water mineralization may influence the clonal distribution of the D. pulex complex in Sierra Nevada, without ruling out dispersal limitation and/or founder effects. Although NA D. cf. pulex had not spread to other Sierra Nevada lakes, it could threaten Eu D. cf. pulicaria in Sierra Nevada and other European alpine lakes.

A low-cost automated system designed for the acquisition and storage of current, voltage, surface temperature of the panel and solar irradiation of a 100 W photovoltaic panel (PV), operating under real ambient conditions is proposed. The system is based on the electronic loading method, using an Arduino card as a data acquisition system, which takes advantage of the rapid variation of drain-source resistance of a logic level power MOSFET, by applying a generated control signal by the micro controller of the Arduino card. The obtained results show that the system designed is highly stable, accurate and sensitive, capable of recording the current and voltage data supplied by the PV panel under different natural operating conditions, and could be compared with the more sophisticated systems reported in the literature. The system allows monitoring and storing the data for the I-V and P-V curves in the whole range of possible temperature values on the surface of the PV panel and incident solar irradiation, according to the environmental conditions.

A series of skeletal and dentoalveolar/occlusal criteria were proposed for choosing the treatment modality for the management of midface hypoplasia in cleft lip/palate patients, focusing on functional improvement, aesthetics, and minimizing the risk of recurrence and secondary alterations. For which, 42 patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate, all with previous primary lip/palate surgeries and without previous osteotomies, were analyzed. Orthognathic surgery (OS) (n = 24) and maxillary distraction osteogenesis (n = 18) with anterior segmental osteotomies (segmental distraction osteogenesis [SD]), alveolar transport disc (TD), and midface total distraction osteogenesis (TDO) by modified Le Fort III osteotomy was done.The average of maxillary advancement for OS was 5.58 ± 0.83 mm, for SD 9.4 ± 0.89 mm, for TD 8.00 ± 1.00 mm, and for TDO was 8.13 ± 1.55 mm.In the presence of infraorbital and/or zygomatic hypoplasia, TDO was performed using skeletal anchorage, with the requirement of occlusal stability in dental cast in occlusion. In short maxillary arch without dental cast feasibility in occlusion, hypodontia/agenesis or absence of premaxilla, TD and SD was performed. There was only 1 mm of recurrence in 1 patient of each group. Changes in speech were detected in 2 patients in the OS group (8.3%). Orthognathic surgery can be indicated for advancements ≤7 mm not requiring orbito-zygomatic advancement, whereas distraction osteogenesis can be indicated for advances >8 mm with or without the need for orbito-zygomatic advancement, in addition with other dentoalveolar factors and velopharyngeal function.

Aquatic invertebrates can be geographically dispersed by abiotic vectors (wind, rain and water flow) or organisms (mainly by insects, fishes and waterbirds). However, there is a lack of information on the dispersal by waterbirds of cladocerans and especially rotifers, and on the hatching success of the dispersed propagules. Here, we quantify the dispersal of cladocerans and rotifers by waterbirds through analysis of their faecal droppings collected in a wetland formed by two natural lakes located in Donana National Park (Spain). We also study the influence of different photoperiod and temperature conditions on the hatching success of the dispersal propagules. Diapausing propagules of 22 species of rotifers or cladocerans were identified in waterbird faecal droppings, with a mean number of 0.9 diapausing propagules per dropping. The hatching success rate, which was not influenced by photoperiod or temperature, was low (~ 12.5%). Nevertheless, the role of rotifer dispersal by waterbirds appears to have been underestimated in the past. In this study area, the dispersal of rotifers by waterbirds may be at least as relevant as their dispersal by air currents. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relative importance of dispersal mechanisms (mainly air currents and animal vectors) in different geographical areas.

Agronomic responses to the use of agricultural inputs have been used in agriculture to identify the optimal level of nutrients to be supplied for high yield. This strategy helps to avoid economic losses and excessive application of fertilizers that has caused pollution of aquifers and soil degradation. The aim of the study was to evaluate water use efficiency, agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, heat units and use of evapotranspiration in yield and its components in sunflowers under hot climate conditions in function of nitrogen fertilizer application during two sowing season. The experiment was conducted in the field. The treatments were two sowing seasons and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer application and one control: 0, 60, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1. The nitrogen source was urea. The experimental design was complete random blocks with factorial array and four replications. The occurrence of cv. Cobalto sunflower phenological stages were not modified by the treatments. Urea favored agronomic efficiency and water use efficiency. Yield components were modified positively, with increasing receptacle area, 100-grain weight, and grain yield per receptacle. Application of nitrogen fertilizer favored sunflower development, although environmental conditions are of critical importance as demonstrated by a clear interaction between the yield response to fertilizer application and the environment where the plants grew. jjjj As respostas agronómicas ao uso dos insumos agrícolas, têm sido usados na agricultura para identificar o nível óptimo de fornecimento de nutrimentos para um alto rendimento, estratégia que ajuda a evitar perdas económicas, e a evitar o excessivo aplicativo de fertilizantes que têm provocado contaminação de mantos acuíferos e degradação do solos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficiência no uso da água, eficiência agronômica do nitrogênio, unidades calor e uso da evapotranspiração no rendimento e componentes do rendimento de girassol em condições quentes em duas épocas de cultivo em função da fertilização de nitrógeno. Foi realizada no campo em condições experimentais. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas épocas e três níveis de aplicação de fertilização nitrogenada e um controle de 0, 60 80 e 120 kg N ha-1, sendo usado como fonte de nitrogênio uréia. O delineamento experimental foi blocos completos randomizados, com arranjo fatorial e quatro repetições. A ocorrência de estádios fenológicos em cv de girassol. O cobalto não foi modificado pela aplicação de tratamentos. A aplicação de uréia, favoreceu a eficiência agronômica e eficiência no uso da água, modificou positivamente os componentes do rendimento aumentando a área do capítulo, o peso de 100 grãos e o rendimento de grãos por capítulo. A adubação nitrogenada se manifestou em favor do girassol, embora as condições ambientais sejam de importância crítica, como demonstrado em uma clara interação entre a resposta ao rendimento e a fertilização e o ambiente onde foi desenvolvido.

Organisms with wide environmentally-induced morphological plasticity and cosmopolitan distribution, e.g., the common freshwater rotifer Keratella cochlearis, are ideal models to study the evolution of plastic polymorphisms and the capacity of zooplankton to adapt to local selection conditions. We investigated population-level differences (population-by-environment interaction) in sensitivity to food availability and temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity between two clones of K. cochlearis (Gosse) isolated from neighboring populations in Ruidera Natural Park (Spain) with different trophic statuses: Tinaja (TIN) lake (mesotrophic) and Cueva Morenilla (MOR) lake (eutrophic). Using common-garden experiments, each clone proved to have a different sensitivity to food availability, with substantial phenotypic differences between them. When rotifers grew at moderate temperature (15.6°C), low food levels were more efficiently used by the TIN versus MOR clone, whereas high food levels were more efficiently used by the MOR versus TIN clone. The posterior spine was much longer and the lorica wider in the TIN versus MOR clone, with no difference in lorica length. Phylogenetic analysis based on COI sequences showed that both populations have the same haplotype. This is the first study to show possible local adaptation by a rotifer species to habitats that consistently differ in food availability. We also detected an intriguing deviation from the expected negative relationship between posterior spine length and temperature. Our experimental results indicate that intermediate temperatures may activate the gene responsible for spine elongation in K. cochlearis. This suggests that rotifers in nature could use water temperature as proxy signal of a change in predation risk before defense is needed.

espanolIntroduccion: El uso de puntos de referencia externos (ERP) como el pin nasal (NP) y el canto medial del ojo (EMC) proporciona puntos de referencia estables y reproducibles para el reposicionamiento maxilar. Los ERP son ampliamente utilizados por su practicidad para lograr el resultado estetico deseado en cirugia ortognatica (OS). Objetivos: El proposito de este estudio es comparar los ERP (NP y EMC), para definir cual es el mas preciso, y tambien definir sus limitaciones, en la fase intraoperatoria para el reposicionamiento vertical del maxilar. Pacientes y metodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo en 26 pacientes que se sometieron a OS desde diciembre de 2015 hasta agosto de 2018. Antes de la osteotomia de Le Fort I, se realizaron las mediciones verticales. Se considero el ERP mas preciso el que obtuvo la menor diferencia promedio entre la medicion vertical de la planificacion prequirurgica y la obtenida en el periodo intraoperatorio. Resultados: El movimiento vertical planeado fue un promedio de -1,73 mm ± 1,97 SD, con el mayor movimiento de impactacion maxilar de -6 mm y el mayor descenso maxilar de 2 mm. La diferencia entre el movimiento vertical planificado y las medidas obtenidas de cambio vertical para NP tuvo un promedio de 0,05 mm ± 0,51 DE (IC 95 %, -0,15 - 0,26), y la diferencia entre el movimiento vertical planificado y las medidas obtenidas para EMC tuvo un promedio de 1,23 mm ± 1,29 DE (IC 95 %, 0,71 - 1,75), con una diferencia estadisticamente significativa (p = 0,0001) entre ellos de -1,18 mm ± 1,23 (IC 95 %, -1,67 - -0,68). Conclusiones: El uso del NP como ERP proporciona mayor precision y previsibilidad del movimiento en el reposicionamiento vertical del complejo maxilomandibular, en comparacion con el uso de EMC. Ambas tecnicas se pueden utilizar como complemento, teniendo en cuenta el efecto de la triangulacion. EnglishIntroduction: The use of external reference points (ERP) like the nasal pin (NP) and eye's medial canthus (EMC) provides a stable and reproductible landmarks for maxillary repositioning. ERP are widely used, for its practicality to achieve the desired aesthetic result in orthognathic surgery (OS). Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare the ERPs: NP and EMC, to define which is the most accurate, and also define its limitations, in the intraoperative phase for vertical repositioning of the maxilla. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective study on 26 patients who underwent OS from December 2015 to August 2018. Previous to the Le Fort I osteotomy, the vertical measurements were made. The most accurate ERP was considered to be the one that obtained the least average difference between the vertical measurement of the pre-surgical planning and that obtained in the intraoperative period. Results: The planned vertical movement was an average of -1.73 mm ± 1.97 SD, with the largest maxillary impaction movement of -6 mm and the largest maxillary descent of 2 mm. The difference between planned vertical movement and obtained measurements of vertical change for NP had an average 0.05 mm ± 0.51 SD (95 % CI, -0.15 - 0.26), and the difference between planned vertical movement and obtained measurements for EMC had an average 1.23 mm ± 1.29 SD (95 % CI, 0.71 - 1.75), with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0001) between them of -1.18 mm± 1.23 (95 % CI, -1.67 - -0.68). Conclusions: The use of the NP as an ERP provides greater precision and predictability of movement in the vertical repositioning of the maxillomandibular-complex, compared to the use of EMC. Both techniques can be used as a complement, being aware of the effect of triangulation.

Subfossil cladoceran assemblages were studied in surface sediments from 17 shallow alpine lakes in the Sierra Nevada (Spain) to evaluate relationships between species assemblages and environmental variables. Factors associated with the presence of Daphnia were also investigated. Chydorids predominated in the cladoceran assemblages. Redundancy analyses (RDA) revealed that the distribution of cladoceran assemblages was mainly associated with morphometric variables (extent of catchment vegetation in basin, lake depth and size, and the presence of inlets and outlets in basin). The explanatory power of chemical parameters was lower, with total nitrogen (TN) being the most influential variable. The relative abundances of Alona quadrangularis and Chydorus sphaericus showed a significant negative relationship in the lake set, suggesting the adaptation of these species to diverging lakes conditions in Sierra Nevada. More favorable conditions for species growth (warmer waters and increased input of material from the catchment in small, open-basin lakes surrounded by alpine meadows) were observed in lakes with higher abundance of A. quadrangularis than in those with higher abundance of C. sphaericus. Our results agree with those from previous paleolimnological studies in Sierra Nevada which show an abrupt increase in the relative abundance of A. quadrangularis at the expense of C. sphaericus since 1970 associated with more favorable conditions for growth as a result of climate change. Positive relationships were also observed between the relative abundance of Daphnia pulex gr. and closed, deep basins.

Organisms with wide environmentally induced morphological plasticity and cosmopolitan distribution, e.g. the common freshwater rotifer

RESUMEN: La condromatosis sinovial (CS), es una lesión benigna poco frecuente y de clínica bastante inespecífica. Suele afectar articulaciones de huesos largos como la rodilla, el codo y la cadera, presentándose generalmente de manera unilateral. Se cree que solo un 3 % de los casos de CS afecta la articulación temporomandibular. Esta condición se caracteriza por ser un trastorno metaplásico del tejido conectivo sinovial que suele manifestarse con la formación de pequeños y múltiples nódulos de cartílago que posteriormente pueden desprenderse, calcificarse y formar cuerpos libres dentro del espacio articular. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 55 años con condromatosis sinovial de la articulación temporomandibular, tratada desde hace 3 años bajo el diagnóstico de desórdenes temporomandibulares. A pesar de ser considerada una lesión de tipo benigna, esta puede llegar a ser localmente agresiva, extendiéndose como en nuestro reporte hacia la fosa craneal media, adelgazando parte del hueso temporal.

La presente investigación tiene un diseño metodológico descriptivo y transversal, no experimental, enfocado al estudio de las plantas cultivadas en las huertas y el manejo por sus propietarios con el fin de asegurar la seguridad alimentaria y la diversidad biológica. Se evaluaron diez huertas urbanas familiares ubicadas en el municipio de Sibundoy, Putumayo, Colombia, en las cuales se estudió un total de 31.776 individuos pertenecientes a 113 especies de 45 familias botánicas. Según los propietarios de las huertas, se consideraron importantes 91 especies de plantas comestibles que fueron incluidas en la categoría de uso comestible, siendo la alimentación la principal finalidad de estas huertas familiares, destacando en segundo plano las plantas de uso medicinal. Se evaluó la diversidad biológica con los índices de Margalef, Shannon, Simpson, el análisis de similitud de Jaccard y el método de rarefacción con la ayuda del software libre DIVA-GIS 7,5 © para analizar la riqueza y distribución de especies, encontrando un alto índice de biodiversidad en las huertas estudiadas. The present investigation had a descriptive and transversal methodological design, not experimental, focused on the study of plants grown in the gardens and the management by their owners in order to guarantee food security and biological diversity. Ten family urban gardens located in the municipality of Sibundoy, Putumayo, Colombia were evaluated, 31,776 individuals belonging to 113 species from 45 botanical families were studied. According to the owners of the orchards, 91 species of edible plants that were included in the category of edible use were considered important, with food being the main purpose of these family gardens, highlighting in the background the medicinal plants. The biological diversity was evaluated with the indices of Margalef, Shannon, Simpson, the Jaccard similarity analysis and the rarefaction method with the help of the free software DIVA-GIS 7.5 © to analyze the richness and distribution of species, finding a high biodiversity index in the orchards studied.

La nefropatia inducida por contraste (NIC) es una complicacion asociada al uso de medios de contraste (MC). Las guias ESC/EACTS 2014 recomiendan considerar los MC isoosmolares en pacientes de riesgo por la menor incidencia de NIC. Este estudio estima el impacto presupuestario en los hospitales espanoles del uso de iodixanol, un MC isoosmolar, frente a los MC de baja osmolaridad (MCBO), en pacientes de riesgo sometidos a angiografia coronaria (AC) o intervencion coronaria percutanea (ICP). Modelo de impacto presupuestario, con un horizonte temporal de 3 anos, para la poblacion anual espanola sometida a ICP o AC (186.270 pacientes en el registro de 2013). Se evaluo el coste total (MC y NIC) del uso progresivo de iodixanol en 3 anos (33/66/100%) frente al uso exclusivo de MCBO en los pacientes con alto riesgo de NIC ( $\mathrm{CrS} \geq 2 \pm \mbox{diabetes}$ ). Se toma como referencia el precio oficial de iodixanol y se asume un contexto de precio inferior para el conjunto de los MCBO del 50%. Las variables clinicas y uso de recursos se validaron mediante entrevistas con expertos. Se estimo un coste por cada NIC de 4.104 €. La utilizacion progresiva de iodixanol genera unos costes totales de mas de 30 millones de € en comparacion con mas de 46 millones de € con la utilizacion exclusiva de MCBO. El uso de iodixanol incrementa el coste total de los MC en 678.989 € pero se compensa por la reduccion del coste de la NIC en 15.896.544 €, generando un ahorro de 15.217.555 € (reduccion presupuestaria del 33,4%). El analisis de sensibilidad confirmo la robustez de los resultados. El uso de iodixanol en pacientes de alto riesgo sometidos a AC o ICP reduce los casos de NIC y los costes asociados, lo que permitiria un ahorro presupuestario en los hospitales espanoles.

AIMS: To investigate differences and similarities in college students' drinking motives in Spain and in Hungary. METHODS: A total of 550 Spanish (mean age 22.7, SD = 3.2) and 997 Hungarian (mean age 22.4, SD = 2.7) college students completed the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised Short Form (DMQ-R SF) and answered other alcohol-related questions. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, t-test and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The DMQ-R SF demonstrated good psychometric properties in both countries. The rank order of the motives (social > enhancement > coping > conformity) was identical in the two countries. However, Hungarian students scored higher on enhancement, social and coping motives than Spanish students. In both the Hungarian and the Spanish population, enhancement motives were associated with drinking frequency and drunkenness, while coping motives were associated with alcohol-related problems. Among Spanish students, a significant relationship was found between alcohol-related problems and enhancement motives as well. CONCLUSION: Despite the substantial differences in the drinking culture of both countries, drinking motives showed overwhelming similarities (e.g. rank order of motives and the particular relationships between motives and alcohol outcomes). Only few differences (e.g. Hungarian college students indicated a higher level of motives) were found in cross-national comparison. Our results imply that programs targeting risky drinking motives are likely to be successfully adapted to different drinking cultures in Europe. Language: en

Objetivos: Mostrar la importancia de la histopatología en el diagnóstico del quiste folicular inflamatorio para un correcto tratamiento y la relevancia de una nomenclatura precisa. Material y Métodos: Búsqueda en Pubmed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO-host de «odontogenic-cysts», «dentigerous cyst of inflammatory origin» y “follicular inflammatory-cyst» como key-words, full-text en inglés o español de los últimos 10 años. Resultados: Paciente 10 años de edad, presenta tumoración vestibular de zona de diente 5.3, de consistencia dura, asintomático y cubierto por mucosa normal. Diente asociado sin lesiones cariosas. La radiografía evidenció una extensa área radiolúcida bien definida, rodeando la corona del diente 1.3, desplazando y reteniéndolo. Tras evaluación radiográfica, los diagnósticos diferenciales fueron tumor-odontogénico-adenomatoide, queratoquiste y QD. La histopatología confirmó QFI. Originándose la lesión a partir de la pieza 5.4 con tratamiento pulpar. Conclusiones: Se debe considerar al QFI como una lesión similar a otros quistes inflamatorios (paradentales o radiculares). Se sugiere considerar en dentición mixta, que QFI y quiste radicular del diente temporal son la misma lesión y las diferencias en su aspecto clínico dependerán del tiempo de evolución y la relación de proximidad entre folículo y proceso inflamatorio del diente temporal. Objectives: To show the importance of histopathology in the diagnosis of follicular inflammatory cyst for a correct treatment and the relevance of a precise nomenclature. Material and Methods: Pubmed search, ScienceDirect, EBSCO-host “odontogenic cysts”, “inflammatory dentigerous cyst” and “follicular inflammatory cyst” as keywords, full text in English or Spanish for the last 10 years. Results: A 10-year-old patient presented vestibular tumor of the tooth area 5.3, with a hard consistency, asymptomatic and covered by normal mucosa. Associated tooth without carious lesions. The radiograph evidenced a radiolucent area with well-defined limits, around the crown of the tooth 1.3, displacing and retaining it. After radiographic evaluation, the differential diagnoses were tumor-odontogenic-adenomatoid, keratocyst and QD. Histopathology confirmed QFI. Originating the lesion from piece 5.4 with pulp treatment. Conclusions: The QFI should be considered as an similar to other inflammatory (paradental or root) cysts. It is suggested to consider in mixed dentition, that QFI and radicular cyst of the temporal tooth are the same lesion and the differences in their clinical aspect will depend on the evolution time and the proximity relation between follicle and inflammatory process of temporal temporal.

The Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) Consortium has refined its recommendations about the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of DLB, updating the previous report, which has been in widespread use for the last decade. The revised DLB consensus criteria now distinguish clearly between clinical features and diagnostic biomarkers, and give guidance about optimal methods to establish and interpret these. Substantial new information has been incorporated about previously reported aspects of DLB, with increased diagnostic weighting given to REM sleep behavior disorder and 123iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial scintigraphy. The diagnostic role of other neuroimaging, electrophysiologic, and laboratory investigations is also described. Minor modifications to pathologic methods and criteria are recommended to take account of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic change, to add previously omitted Lewy-related pathology categories, and to include assessments for substantia nigra neuronal loss. Recommendations about clinical management are largely based upon expert opinion since randomized controlled trials in DLB are few. Substantial progress has been made since the previous report in the detection and recognition of DLB as a common and important clinical disorder. During that period it has been incorporated into DSM-5, as major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies. There remains a pressing need to understand the underlying neurobiology and pathophysiology of DLB, to develop and deliver clinical trials with both symptomatic and disease-modifying agents, and to help patients and carers worldwide to inform themselves about the disease, its prognosis, best available treatments, ongoing research, and how to get adequate support.

Letter to the editor.Se pretende realizar con el presente estudio, un análisis exploratorio de variables que puedan ayudar a explicar el éxito o fracaso en cesación tabáquica mediante autoabandono. El presente estudio obtuvo el informe favorable de la Comisión de Bioética de la Universidad de Almería, cuyo número de referencia es UALBIO2011/025. Los participantes del estudio se consiguieron mediante anuncios en prensa y radio y centros de salud, se les realizó una entrevista dirigida al registro de distintas variables relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco, edad de inicio, edad de abandono, años de uso del tabaco, número de cigarrillos al día y dependencia nicotínica.

In many studies of transportation is required to estimate trips intensity that generates certain land use, in order to measure their impact on adjacent streets. Typically, when the data cannot be obtained directly, or by planning approach, parameters suggested by the Trip Generation Handbook (TGH) of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) are used. However, the use of these parameters in places outside its application scope might not be appropriate. Therefore, this work proposes a research aimed to obtain trip generator models for different land uses, through random sampling, in schools of the Libertador municipality, in Merida-Venezuela. Evaluated transportation modes are: private car, school transport, public transport, motorcycle and travel on foot. Data collection methodology presented a redundancy problem, due to quantify trips made by different people in the same vehicle; this requires a change in future surveys. However, the incorporation of occupation indices and statistical analysis help to quantify trips by mode making inference to the population. The influence of the socio-economic level in mode choice is evidenced, resulting useful trip generation rates that can be compared and incorporated into the Red Iberoamericana data base as a contribution.

Oryza sativa and Luziola peruviana present a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 24 and basic number x = 12, confirmed by means metaphase chromosomes counts in young root tips of these species. Hybrid plants O. sativa × L. peruviana, with 2n = 24 chromosomes are originated from simple crosses and present abnormalities in the meiotic behavior, chromosomal aberrations and cytological alteration. This genetic incompatibility is caused by different factors as absence of pairing and recombination, different spindles arrangements, cytoskeleton instability, apoptosis process and chromosomal elimination, leading to micronuclei formation, unbalanced gametes and sterile pollen grains. The chromosome elimination is established as a dynamic process of stabilization of the genome that occurs during hybridization. It is a common phenomenon among intergeneric crosses and corresponds to cytoplasmic and nuclear bodies that reflect chromosomal aberrations resulting from the combination of two genomes with high genetic distance. The genomic conflict occurs in meiosis, possibly by asynchronism and cell cycle length of the genomes involved, or by time differences in replication between parental species leading to strand breaks and genomic rearrangements.

Introduccion En diversas publicaciones de los ultimos anos se senala una mortalidad hospitalaria mayor de la cirugia de revascularizacion miocardica en pacientes con antecedente de intervencionismo coronario percutaneo previo exitoso; por su parte, los modelos de riesgo de mortalidad en cirugia cardiaca publicados hasta la actualidad no han incluido este antecedente como factor de riesgo. Objetivo Analizar si el intervencionismo coronario percutaneo previo es un factor de riesgo de mortalidad hospitalaria en la cirugia de revascularizacion coronaria. Material y metodos Entre enero de 1997 y diciembre de 2007 se analizaron un total de 78.794 pacientes sometidos a cirugia coronaria, recogidos en la base de datos del Ministerio de Sanidad de Espana. Tras aplicar los criterios de exclusion, el estudio se realizo sobre un total de 63.420 pacientes, de los que 2.942 (4,6%) tenian intervencionismo coronario percutaneo previo. Las variables continuas se compararon con las pruebas de U de Mann-Whitney o de la t de Student y las variables categoricas, mediante chi cuadrado. Se realizo un analisis de regresion logistica univariado y multivariado y un analisis multivariado que incluia un indice de propension. Resultados El intervencionismo coronario percutaneo previo no fue un predictor independiente de mortalidad hospitalaria en el analisis multivariado (odds ratio 0,88; intervalo de confianza del 95% 0,72-1,07; p = 0,20) ni en el modelo que incluia un indice de propension (odds ratio 0,9; intervalo de confianza 95% 0,75-1,08; p = 0,27). Conclusion El intervencionismo coronario percutaneo previo parece no ser un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con intervencion quirurgica coronaria.

Se pretende realizar con el presente estudio, un análisis exploratorio de variables que puedan ayudar a explicar el éxito o fracaso en cesación tabáquica mediante autoabandono. El presente estudio obtuvo el informe favorable de la Comisión de Bioética de la Universidad de Almería, cuyo número de referencia es UALBIO2011/025. Los participantes del estudio se consiguieron mediante anuncios en prensa y radio y centros de salud, se les realizó una entrevista dirigida al registro de distintas variables relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco, edad de inicio, edad de abandono, años de uso del tabaco, número de cigarrillos al día y dependencia nicotínica.

Many pharmacological agents have been investigated to manage preterm labor; we postulate that a combination of tocolytic drugs may achieve a better effect in the prevention of uterine contractions without dose-dependent adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of dual combinations of tocolytics in vitro. Human myometrium was obtained during elective cesarean sections (term without labor; n = 40). Myometrial strips were placed in organ baths for the measurement of isometric tension. Contractile activity was induced by oxytocin (10-8 mol/L), then a concentration-response curve to single or dual combinations of tocolytics was started. All studied tocolytics (nifedipine, ritodrine, nitroglycerin, atosiban, and NS-1619), when used alone, significantly inhibited myometrial contractions. When combined, nifedipine plus ritodrine produced a significantly greater inhibition of contractility than each drug alone in the midrange of concentrations. The combination of nifedipine plus nitroglycerin or nifedipine plus atosiban produced a significantly greater inhibition than nitroglycerin or atosiban alone but not greater than nifedipine. The combination of nifedipine plus NS-1619 (Ca+2-activated K+ [BKCa] channel opener) reduced the inhibitory effect of each drug. We concluded that a selected combination of tocolytics (nifedipine plus ritodrine) produced a significantly greater inhibitory effect on contractility than each drug alone at intermediate concentrations. Thus, specific combinations of tocolytics with different intracellular signaling pathways may have a synergic effect constituting a provocative new option for preterm labor treatment.