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At frequencies above 10 GHz, cloud attenuation in equatorial climate is one of the components that need to be characterised for low-availability satellite links. In addition to annual and worst month cumulative cloud attenuation, the statistics of seasonal and diurnal variations are required for providing detailed insights into system design. The authors present the cloud occurrences observed during different months, seasons and cloud attenuation results obtained from Penang, Malaysia, for a period of 5 years. A comparison of the present results with the results obtained from the existing models is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When 1-minute integrated rainfall rate statistics are not available for microwave system design, the conversion from rain rate cumulative distributions with a longer integration time T can be envisaged. A new set of global coefficients for the current ITU-R method of rain statistics conversion is proposed and tested against a comprehensive database. Results are compared with those provided by the currently recommended ITU-R method. Moreover, the method's applicability is extended to include 60-minute integration time conversions. Tests show that the new set of coefficients performs better than the ITU-R one over its applicability range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]