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The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, also known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, banned the entry of Chinese people to Canada and required all Chinese in Canada, including the Canadian born, to register with the government. The act devastated Chinese Canadian lives and communities. This paper applies two of Hannah Arendt's insights into the social organization of totalitarianism to understand how anti-Chinese racism has been structured. Focusing on the discourse of Asian/Chinese exclusion in the Canadian House of Commons and Senate in 1922 and 1923, the paper shows that the idea of Chinese exclusion was closely linked to the white supremacist vision of Canada that its land and resources were and should be the monopoly of people of European origins. As such, anti-Chinese racism was not just an ideology, or individual prejudices or ignorance, but it was a social structure that was integral to the making of the country, and whose invention can be traced historically. The historical activity of the Chinese in trying to stop the passing of the act brings the functioning of this social structure into sharp relief. The consequences of this structure continue today. Keywords: Racism, Chinese Canadians, social organization, settler colonialism, white supremacy. La loi sur l'immigration chinoise, 1923, egalement connue sous le nom de Loi sur l'exclusion des Chinois, a interdit l'entree des Chinois au Canada et a exige que tous les Chinois au Canada, y compris les personnes nees au Canada, s'inscrivent aupres du gouvernement. Cette loi a devaste les vies et les communautes des Canadiens d'origine chinoise. Cet article applique deux des idees d'Hannah Arendt sur l'organisation sociale du totalitarisme pour comprendre comment le racisme antichinois a ete structure. En se concentrant sur le discours de l'exclusion des Asiatiques et des Chinois a la Chambre des communes et au Senat canadiens en 1922 et 1923, l'article montre que l'idee de l'exclusion des Chinois etait etroitement liee a la vision supremaciste blanche du Canada, selon laquelle ses terres et ses ressources etaient et devaient etre le monopole des personnes d'origine europeenne. Ainsi, le racisme antichinois n'etait pas seulement une ideologie, des prejuges individuels ou de l'ignorance, c'etait une structure sociale qui faisait partie integrante de la construction du pays et dont l'invention peut etre retracee historiquement. L'activite historique des Chinois qui ont tente d'empecher l'adoption de la loi met en evidence le fonctionnement de cette structure sociale. Les consequences de cette structure se font encore sentir aujourd'hui. Mots-cles: Racisme, Canadiens chinois, organisation sociale, colonialisme de peuplement, supre-macie blanche., INTRODUCTION To be effective in fighting racisms, we need to understand how they structure everyday human interactions, and how they insulate those in dominant positions from the human consequences of [...]

Canada's 1885 Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration did not end well for the Chinese. It resulted in four Chinese Immigration Acts. The last one was the 1923 Chinese Exclusion Act. Before the CPR (1885) and before Confederation (1867), Western thought was shaped by the racist justification to plunder China through a colonial dominating psychology, known as the 'Yellow Peril.' Through Opium Wars, military occupations and unequal treaties, European supremacy over China felt complete. This White superiority grievously affected Chinese peasants who migrated to Canada to escape poverty. Today, China has risen from the 'century of humiliation' to challenge the West for a place in the global economy and yet cannot escape Sinophobia. Anti-Asian/Chinese hate has provoked 'Yellow Peril 2.0.' In 2023, there are demands for a public inquiry on Chinese interference and influence, and a foreign agent registry. There is a direct connection between current events to those of a hundred years ago. Keywords: Sinophobia, White supremacy, Exclusion Act, Chinese interference, democratic rights. La commission royale canadienne de 1885 sur l'immigration chinoise ne s'est pas bien terminee pour les Chinois. Elle a abouti sur quatre lois sur l'immigration chinoise. La derniere en date est la loi d'exclusion des Chinois de 1923. Avant la creation de la Commission royale (1885) et avant la Confederation (1867), la pensee occidentale etait faconnee par la justification raciste du pillage de la Chine par une psychologie coloniale dominatrice, connue sous le nom de 'peril jaune'. Grace aux guerres de l'opium, aux occupations militaires et aux traites inegaux, la suprematie europeenne sur la Chine semblait accomplie. Cette superiorite blanche a eu de graves repercussions sur les paysans chinois qui ont emigre au Canada pour echapper a la pauvrete. Aujourd'hui, la Chine s'est relevee du 'siecle de l'humiliation' et defie l'Occident pour se faire une place dans l'economie mondiale, mais elle n'echappe pas a la sinophobie. La haine anti-asiatique/chinoise a provoque le 'peril jaune 2.0'. En 2023, on demande une enquete publique sur l'ingerence et l'influence de la Chine, ainsi qu'un registre des agents etrangers. Il existe un lien direct entre les evenements actuels et ceux d'il y a cent ans. Mots-cles: Sinophobie, suprematie blanche, loi d'exclusion, ingerence chinoise, droits democratiques., INTRODUCTION Yellow peril definitions over the years: 'The alleged danger to the world supremacy of the white, or Caucasian, peoples created by the vast numbers and potentially political power of [...]

IN 'THEOLOGY OF immigration' (June/July), Brad Littlejohn argues persuasively that our duty to the immigrant has limits, and that if we do not recognize these limits we cannot properly fulfill [...]

According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), two years after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, as many as 6.5 million Ukrainians are refugees, while another 3.7 million people are internally [...]