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Introduction: Serious outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) have been reported globally. In 2011, Germany experienced a significant outbreak of HUS caused by enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) O104:H4 strain. Since then, no other outbreaks of this strain have been reported. This study aims to evaluate pediatric patients affected by the second documented worldwide outbreak of STEC-HUS (EAEC O104:H4 serotype) contaminating local drinking water., Methods: Medical records of patients hospitalized in five pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) diagnosed with STEC-HUS between July and September 2022 were evaluated retrospectively., Results: Eighteen patients (14 girls and 4 boys) were enrolled in the study. The median age was 7.4 (Interquartile range [IQR] 1.3-17) years. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom (100%). The mean duration between symptom onset and development of STEC-HUS was 3 days (IQ 1-9). EAEC O104:H4 serotype was detected in the stool samples of 8 patients. Neurological involvement was observed in 3 patients, cardiac involvement in 2 patients, and both in 1 patient. Two patients required respiratory support and dialysis was performed in 16 (88.8%) patients. Plasmapheresis was administered to 2 patients, and eculizumab was given to four. No mortality was reported during follow-up; the mean durations of PICU and hospital stays were 11.3 and 31.6 days, respectively., Conclusion: Outbreaks of HUS can have serious impacts on both mortality and morbidity. However, timely diagnosis and implementation of appropriate supportive care, including dialysis, respiratory support, and medical treatment for eligible patients, can lead to favorable outcomes., (© 2024 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: This study's objective was to investigate the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) and to report our clinical experience., Methods: Acute COVID-19 and MIS-C-diagnosed patients observed in two pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) between 2019 and 2021 were examined for AKI and retrospectively compared to children with AKI., Results: The study comprised 163 children, of whom 98 (60.1%) were diagnosed with acute COVID-19 and 65 (39.9%) with MIS-C. AKI was observed in 40 (40.8%) of the acute COVID-19 patients and 18 (27.7%) of the MIS-C patients. Low calcium level and hypotension were linked with AKI at initial presentation (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.369-0.560, p = 0.006 and OR: 3.64, 95% CI: 1.885-7.152, p = 0.001, respectively). A history of nephrotoxic medication usage played an essential role in the development of AKI in patients who acquired AKI after hospitalization (p = 0.001, odds ratio: 9.32, confidence interval: 3.106-27.973). In clinical practice, individuals with respiratory distress and cough had a high chance of having AKI (OR: 4.47, 95% confidence interval: 2.25-8,892 and OR: 3.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.76-6.88). AKI patients had a greater demand for respiratory assistance and a longer period of stay in the PICU., Conclusions: AKI in the COVID-19 and MIS-C patient groups is related with increased mortality and extended hospitalization, according to the findings. These statistics imply that identifying and preventing risk factors is necessary. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International Pediatric Nephrology Association.)

Microbiota composition might play a role in the pathophysiology and course of sepsis, and understanding its dynamics is of clinical interest. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an important cause of community-acquired serious infection, and there is no information regarding microbiota composition in children with meningococcemia. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the intestinal and nasopharyngeal microbiota composition of children with IMD. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, multi-center study, 10 children with meningococcemia and 10 age-matched healthy controls were included. Nasopharyngeal and fecal samples were obtained at admission to the intensive care unit and on the tenth day of their hospital stay. The V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified following the 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation. Results: Regarding the alpha diversity on the day of admission and on the tenth day at the PICU, the Shannon index was significantly lower in the IMD group compared to the control group ( p = 0.002 at admission and p = 0.001, on the tenth day of PICU). A statistical difference in the stool samples was found between the IMD group at Day 0 vs. the controls in the results of the Bray-Curtis and Jaccard analyses ( p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively). There were differences in the intestinal microbiota composition between the children with IMD at admission and Day 10 and the healthy controls. Regarding the nasopharyngeal microbiota analysis, in the children with IMD at admission, at the genus level, Neisseria was significantly more abundant compared to the healthy children ( p < 0.001). In the children with IMD at Day 10, genera Moraxella and Neisseria were decreased compared to the healthy children. In the children with IMD on Day 0, for paired samples, Moraxella , Neisseria , and Haemophilus were significantly more abundant compared to the children with IMD at Day 10. In the children with IMD at Day 10, the Moraxella and Neisseria genera were decreased, and 20 different genera were more abundant compared to Day 0. Conclusions: We first found alterations in the intestinal and nasopharyngeal microbiota composition in the children with IMD. The infection itself or the other care interventions also caused changes to the microbiota composition during the follow-up period. Understanding the interaction of microbiota with pathogens, e.g., N. meningitidis , could give us the opportunity to understand the disease's dynamics.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the clinical features, modality, complications, and effecting factors on the survival of children weighing up to 10 kg who received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)., Methods: This study was a retrospective observational study conducted in five pediatric intensive care units in tertiary hospitals in Turkey between January 2015 and December 2019., Results: One hundred and forty-one children who underwent CRRT were enrolled in the study. The median age was 6 (range, 2-12)months, and 74 (52.5%) were male. The median weight of the patients was 6 (range, 4-8.35) kg and 52 (36.9%) weighed less than 5 kg. The most common indication for CRRT was fluid overload in 75 (53.2%) patients, and sepsis together with multiorgan failure in 62 (44%). The overall mortality was 48.2%., Discussion: Despite its complexity, CRRT in children weighing less than 10 kg is a beneficial, lifesaving extracorporeal treatment modality.

Background/aim: The clinical presentation of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a milder disease course than the adult COVID-19 syndrome. The disease course of COVID-19 has three clinicobiological phases: initiation, propagation, and complication. This study aimed to assess the pathobiological alterations affecting the distinct clinical courses of COVID-19 in pediatric age groups versus the adult population. We hypothesized that critical biogenomic marker expressions drive the mild clinical presentations of pediatric COVID-19., Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 72 patients with COVID-19 hospitalized at Ankara City Hospital between March and July 2021. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using Ficoll-Paque and density-gradient sedimentation. The groups were compared using a t-test and limma analyses. Mean standardized gene expression levels were used to hierarchically cluster genes employing Euclidean Gene Cluster 3.0. The expression levels of identified genes were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction., Results: This study found that ANPEP gene expression was significantly downregulated in the pediatric group (p < 0.05, FC: 1.57) and IGF2R gene expression was significantly upregulated in the adult group (p < 0.05, FC: 2.98). The study results indicated that the expression of critical biogenomic markers, such as the first-phase ( ACE2 and ANPEP ) and second-phase ( EGFR and IGF2R ) receptor genes, was crucial in the genesis of mild clinical presentations of pediatric COVID-19. ANPEP gene expression was lower in pediatric COVID-19., Conclusion: The interrelationship between the ANPEP and ACE2 genes may prevent the progression of COVID-19 from initiation to the propagating phase in pediatric patients. High IGF2R gene expression could potentially contribute to a protective effect and may be a contributing factor for the mild clinical course observed in pediatric patients., (© TÜBİTAK.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the differences in status epilepticus (SE) management among pediatric neurology, emergency medicine, and intensive care specialists in Turkey., Methods: A 22-item questionnaire regarding first-, second-, and third-line management strategies of SE including demographic characteristics and common etiologies according to the specialty of participants was mailed to 370 specialists working in Turkey., Results: A total of 334 participants (response rate 90%) comprising 136 pediatric neurologists, 102 pediatric emergency medicine specialists, and 96 pediatric intensive care specialists completed the survey. While intensive care specialists frequently managed SE due to metabolic and autoimmune reasons, the most common etiologies encountered by emergency medicine specialists were epilepsy and infections. More than half of the intensive care specialists (64.6%) reported using non-BZD antiseizure medications in the 5th minute of the seizure. Most of the neurologists (76.4%) preferred to administer intravenous (IV) levetiracetam infusion as a second-line agent. About half of intensive care specialists and neurologists tried immunomodulatory therapies in super-refractory SE. Intensive care and emergency medicine specialists were less likely to favor ketogenic diet and pyridoxine therapy for the treatment of super-refractory SE. The rate of requesting EEG monitoring to recognize nonconvulsive SE (NCSE) was found to be very low except for neurologists., Conclusion: There was no consensus among neurologists, intensive care specialists, and emergency medicine specialists in the management of SE in Turkey. Familiarity with particular antiseizure medications and the etiologies they manage seem to be the most important factors influencing the attitudes., (© 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

We present a pediatric patient presenting with life-threatening severe neurological signs, chronic liver disease, and manganese intoxication who fully recovered from neurological signs and symptoms following chelation therapy and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). A 13-year-old female patient was admitted with abdominal pain. Loss of consciousness and decorticate posture (GCS;M:1,V:1,M:3) developed at the 5th hour of admission. She admitted to the intensive care unit intubated. No infectious etiology that could explain acute encephalopathy was detected. Abdominal ultrasound showed granular, heterogeneous liver parenchyma suggesting chronic hepatic disease, and TPE was administered for two days since Wilson's disease and autoimmune encephalitis could not be ruled out. Cranial MRI findings were consistent with a diagnosis of manganese intoxication. On Day 3 after admission, chelation therapy and TPE were administered based on a diagnosis of manganese intoxication. Blood manganese levels at admission, day 2, and day 5 were 46, 22, and 17.5 μg/dL (NR:4.7-18.3). Control MRI results showed reduced intracranial manganese deposition, and the patient regained full consciousness. TPE as an adjunct to chelation therapy may represent an effective therapeutic option in manganese intoxication., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest disclosures The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction:  The aim of this study was to make the differential diagnosis between acute appendicitis and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) for patients presenting with the complaint of acute abdominal pain (AAP) and to identify the determining factors for the diagnosis of MIS-C., Materials and Methods:  Eighty-one children presenting with AAP/suspected AAP were evaluated. Of these, 24 (29.6%) were included in the MIS-C group (MIS-C/g) and 57 were included in the suspected appendicitis group (S-A/g), which consisted of two subgroups: appendicitis group (A/g) and control observation group (CO/g)., Results:  Comparing MIS-C/g, A/g, and CO/g, duration of abdominal pain (2.4, 1.5, 1.8 days), high-grade fever (38.8, 36.7, 37°C), severe vomiting, and severe diarrhea were higher in MIS-C/g. Lymphocytes count (LC) was lower, while values of C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, and coagulopathy were higher in MIS-C/g ( p  < 0.05). The optimal cutoffs for the duration of abdominal pain was 2.5 days; the duration of fever, 1.5 days; peak value of fever, 39°C; neutrophil count, 13,225 × 1,000 cell/µMoL; LC, 600 × 1,000 cell/µMoL; ferritin, 233 µg/L; and D-dimer, 16.4 mg/L ( p  < 0.05). The optimal cutoff for CRP was 130 mg/L (sensitivity 88.9, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, NPV, negative predictive value 92.5%, p  < 0.001). All patients in MIS-C/g tested positive by serology by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)., Conclusion:  The duration of abdominal pain, presence of high-grade and prolonged fever, and evaluation of hemogram in terms of high neutrophil count and low LC exhibit high sensitivity and negative predictive value for MIS-C presenting with AAP. In case of doubt, inflammatory markers such as CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, and serology for SARS-CoV-2 should be studied to confirm the diagnosis., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the role of biological agents in the treatment of severe multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and to assess the current application, outcomes, and adverse effects in patients who are followed up in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)., Patients and Methods: This observational, descriptive, medical records review study was performed on patients with MIS-C admitted to the PICU between September 1 and November 1, 2020. Through medical records review, we confirmed that patients were positive for current or recent SARS-CoV-2 infection or for COVID-19 exposure history within the 4 weeks before the onset of symptoms., Results: A total of 33 patients with severe MIS-C were included (21 male) with a median age of 9 years. The most common signs and symptoms during disease course were fever (100%) and abdominal pain (75.5%). Clinical features of 63.6% patients were consistent with Kawasaki disease/Kawasaki disease shock syndrome, and 36.4% were consistent with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome. Myocardial dysfunction and/or coronary artery abnormalities were detected in 18 patients during the PICU stay. Intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids were given to 33 patients. Anakinra was administered to 23 patients (69.6%). There was a significant increase in lymphocyte and platelet counts and a significant decrease in ferritin, B-type natriuretic peptide, and troponin levels at the end of the first week of treatment in patients who were given biological therapy. Two patients were switched to tocilizumab because of an insufficient response to anakinra. The mortality rate of MIS-C patients admitted in PICU was 6.0%., Conclusions: Management of systemic inflammation and shock is important to decrease mortality and the development of persistent cardiac dysfunction in MIS-C. The aggressive treatment approach, including biological agents, may be required in patients with severe symptoms and cardiac dysfunction., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cardiac involvement is a common and serious problem in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Echocardiographic evaluation of systolic and diastolic function by traditional, tissue Doppler and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography was performed in consecutive 50 MIS-C patients during hospitalization and age-matched 40 healthy controls. On the day of worst left ventricular (LV) systolic function (echo-1), all left and right ventricular systolic function parameters were significantly lower (p < 0.001), E/A ratio was significantly lower, and averaged E/e' ratio was significantly higher (median 1.5 vs. 1.8, p < 0.05; 8.9 vs. 6.3, p < 0.001 respectively) in patients compared to control. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to 3D LV ejection fraction (LVEF) on the echo-1: Group 1; LVEF < 55%, 26 patients, and group 2; LVEF ≥ 55%, 24 patients. E/e' ratio was significantly higher in group 1 than group 2 and control at discharge (median 7.4 vs. 6.9, p = 0.005; 7.4 vs. 6.3, p < 0.001 respectively). Coronary ectasia was detected in 2 patients (z score: 2.53, 2.6 in the right coronary artery), and resolved at discharge. Compared with group 2, group 1 had significantly higher troponin-I (median 658 vs. 65 ng/L; p < 0.001), NT-pro BNP (median 14,233 vs. 1824 ng/L; p = 0.001), procalcitonin (median 10.9 vs. 2.1 µg/L; p = 0.009), ferritin (median 1234 vs. 308 µg/L; p = 0.003). The most common findings were ventricular systolic dysfunction recovering during hospitalization, and persisting LV diastolic dysfunction in the reduced LVEF group at discharge. Coronary artery involvement was rare in the acute phase of the disease. Also, in MIS-C patients, the correlation between LV systolic dysfunction and markers of inflammation and cardiac biomarkers should be considered., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in many medical materials used in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Our aim was to evaluate how the urinary free-BPA(fBPA) and total-BPA(tBPA) levels were associated with the use of medical devices in the PICU in a prospective study., Methods: The procedures applied to the patient were recorded during the follow-up period. Three urine samples were taken on the first day of hospitalization; the seventh day, and after 30 days or when the patients were discharged. Urinary tBPA and fBPA levels were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Generalized estimating equations with repetitive measures were used to determine the associations between PICU procedures and BPA levels., Results: A total of 115 urine samples of 40 children were studied. Mean urinary levels were 189.2 μg/g-creatinine for tBPA and 27.8 μg/g-creatinine for fBPA, and the fBPA/tBPA ratio was 27.9%. Endotracheal intubation, catheter, and haemodialysis procedures caused higher urinary fBPA levels. External drains, inhaler treatment, and the use of four or more medical devices were associated with considerably higher values of fBPA%. The increase in tBPA was positively correlated with fBPA., Conclusions: fBPA levels and the fBPA/tBPA ratio varied according to the procedure and level of BPA exposure in children., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) is defined as involuntary nighttime urination of children over five years of age without any congenital or acquired defect in the central nervous system. Many factors, mainly nocturnal polyuria, sleep disorders, decreased bladder capacity, and bladder dysfunctions play a role in the etiology of MNE., Methods: Eighty-three children diagnosed with MNE were included in the study. Complete blood cell count, blood biochemistry, renin, and aldosterone levels of all children were obtained. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected separately daytime and nighttime and urinary electrolytes were evaluated. Also, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed for each patient. The results were evaluated by comparing both enuretic children vs. control group and enuretic children with polyuria vs. without polyuria., Results: When we compared the enuretic children and the control group in terms of urinary electrolytes, the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and fractional excretion of potassium (FEK) values of the enuretic group were higher than the control. The evaluation of the 24-hour ABPM findings revealed no significant difference in terms of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during the daytime and nighttime measurements. The daytime systolic blood pressure (SBP), however, was significantly lower in the enuretic group. When enuretic children with and without polyuria and the control group were compared, the nighttime, FENa, FEK, as well as nighttime urinary excretion of calcium and protein were significantly higher in enuretic children with polyuria. No difference was detected on the MAP, SBP, or DBP values., Conclusions: In conclusion, the nighttime urinary solute excretion of enuretic children was found to be higher and this condition may especially be associated with pathogenesis of nighttime polyuria. In enuretic children, nighttime blood pressure changes were not influential in the etiopathogenesis in all patient groups and multiple mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of enuresis.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory findings in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with those of other respiratory viruses in critically ill children., Methods: It is a single center retrospective descriptive study conducted in a 32-bed pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Our study was performed in Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, between 1 March 2020, and 1 March 2021. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were collected and we recorded the antibiotic use, antiviral treatments, respiratory and extracorporeal supports, PICU stay and survival rates., Results: A total of 202 pediatric patients who tested positive for either COVID-19 or for another respiratory virus panel (RVP) were included in the study. Seventy-two patients were COVID-19 positive. The median age of COVID-19 positive patients and RVP positive patients was 97 and 17 months, respectively. Hypoxia was much more common in patients with RVP than in COVID-19 patients. Low oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2), increased oxygen saturation index (OSI) and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) needs were more significant in RVP patients than in COVID-19 patients. Respiratory support therapies, such as high-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive ventilation (NIV), were used more frequently in RVP patients than in COVID-19 patients., Conclusion: It is important to distinguish between COVID-19 and RVP cases in order to prioritize intensive care needs in these patients. In addition, non-Covid diseases should not be left aside in the pandemic and appropriate care should be provided to them., (© The Author(s) [2021]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a life-threatening tick-borne viral infection. The most important step in the treatment of CCHF is supportive therapy. Ribavirin is the recommended antiviral agent for infected patients. We present a case of a child who presented to our pediatric intensive care unit due to CCHF and was treated with plasmapheresis and ribavirin. A previously healthy seven-month-old male infant presented to the emergency room with a fever of 39.5 °C, nosebleed, cough, vomiting, and weakness. We decided to apply plasmapheresis treatment due to multiple organ failure associated with thrombocytopenia, acute liver failure, and a family history of death from the disease. Plasmapheresis was performed in three sessions. By the sixth day of his admission to the intensive care unit, the patient's clinical condition had improved and his laboratory values had returned to normal, so he was transferred to the infectious diseases service in stable condition., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim of the Study: Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation and early defibrillation are critical in survival after in- or out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. The scope of this multi-centre study is to (a) assess skills of paediatric healthcare providers (HCPs) concerning two domains: (1) recognising rhythm abnormalities and (2) the use of defibrillator devices, and (b) to evaluate the impact of certified basic-life-support (BLS) and advanced-life-support (ALS) training to offer solutions for quality of improvement in several paediatric emergency cares and intensive care settings of Turkey., Methods: This cross-sectional and multi-centre survey study included several paediatric emergency care and intensive care settings from different regions of Turkey., Results: A total of 716 HCPs participated in the study (physicians: 69.4%, healthcare staff: 30.6%). The median age was 29 (27-33) years. Certified BLS-ALS training was received in 61% (n = 303/497) of the physicians and 45.2% (n = 99/219) of the non-physician healthcare staff (P < .001). The length of professional experience had favourable outcome towards an increased self-confidence in the physicians (P < .01, P < .001). Both physicians and non-physician healthcare staff improved their theoretical knowledge in the practice of synchronised cardioversion defibrillation (P < .001, P < .001). Non-certified healthcare providers were less likely to manage the initial doses of synchronised cardioversion and defibrillation: the correct responses remained at 32.5% and 9.2% for synchronised cardioversion and 44.8% and 16.7% for defibrillation in the physicians and healthcare staff, respectively. The indications for defibrillation were correctly answered in the physicians who had acquired a certificate of BLS-ALS training (P = .047, P = .003)., Conclusions: The professional experience is significant in the correct use of a defibrillator and related procedures. Given the importance of early defibrillation in survival, the importance and proper use of defibrillators should be emphasised in Certified BLS-ALS programmes. Certified BLS-ALS programmes increase the level of knowledge and self-confidence towards synchronised cardioversion-defibrillation procedures., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to detect variables associated with burnout syndrome (BS) in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) and pediatric emergency medicine departments (PEDs) in high-volume centers from different parts of Turkey., Methods: An observational, cross-sectional multicenter study was performed. The Maslach Burnout Inventory scale was administered to all of health care providers working in PICUs and PEDs. In this study, health care providers were defined as physicians, nurses, and other staff (secretaries, cleaning and patient care staff) working in PICU and PEDs., Results: A total of 570 participants completed the survey. The major finding of this study was that 76.1% (n = 434) of PICU and PED health care professionals had BS. The most prominent subscale of BS was emotional exhaustion (62.5%). The rate of BS was higher among health care providers working in PEDs compared with PICUs (79.1% vs 73.7%, P = 0.04). The frequency of BS according to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales was higher in health care providers of PEDs. The rate of BS was also significantly higher in younger employees, females, those working 51 or more hours totally in a week, those having a low monthly salary, those single or divorced, those without children, those with no childcare at home, those not owning a home, those not doing regular exercise and not having regular breakfast, those with total employment time of less than 1 year, and those not having a car or not having a hobby. In PEDs, when the daily evaluated number of patients was equal to or more than 44 (sensitivity, 88%; specificity, 66%), it predicted the occurrence of BS. In PICUs, when the number of patients cared for by 1 nurse was equal to or more than 3, it predicted the occurrence of BS (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 62%)., Conclusions: By creating early intervention programs to prevent BS, shortages of health care professionals can be avoided and the costs of health care expenditures related to infections can be decreased., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Although the initial reports of COVID-19 cases in children described that children were largely protected from severe manifestations, clusters of paediatric cases of severe systemic hyperinflammation and shock related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection began to be reported in the latter half of April 2020. A novel syndrome called "multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children" (MIS-C) shares common clinical features with other well-defined syndromes, including Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome. Our objective was to develop a protocol for the evaluation, treatment and follow-up of patients with MIS-C., Methods: The protocol was developed by a multidisciplinary team. We convened a multidisciplinary working group with representation from the departments of paediatric critical care, cardiology, rheumatology, surgery, gastroenterology, haematology, immunology, infectious disease and neurology. Our protocol and recommendations were based on the literature and our experiences with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. After an agreement was reached and the protocol was implemented, revisions were made on the basis of expert feedback., Conclusion: Children may experience acute cardiac decompensation or other organ system failure due to this severe inflammatory condition. Therefore, patients with severe symptoms of MIS-C should be managed in a paediatric intensive care setting, as rapid clinical deterioration may occur. Therapeutic approaches for MIS-C should be tailored depending on the patients' phenotypes. Plasmapheresis may be useful as a standard treatment to control hypercytokinemia in cases of MIS-C with severe symptoms. Long-term follow-up of patients with cardiac involvement is required to identify any sequelae of MIS-C., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of critically ill children managed in an intensive care unit because of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia with respiratory support requirements., Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective observational study in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with 32 beds in Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, from 13 March 2020 to 31 December 2020. Patients who needed positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were extracted from the patients' electronic medical records. As outcomes, the hospitalization rate of all pediatric patients diagnosed as having with COVID-19 by Polymerase Chaın Reactıon(PCR), PICU admission rate for COVID-19 pneumonia among all hospitalized patients, PPV support rate, intensive care hospitalization duration (days), total hospitalization duration (days), survival rate and tracheotomy requirement were evaluated., Results: During the study period, 7033 children tested positive for COVID-19 in PCR tests. Of these patients, 1219 were hospitalized for COVID-19. Seventeen patients needed PPV support because of COVID-19 pneumonia. High proportion (65%) of patients admitted to the PICU had comorbid diseases. Noninvasive ventilation was applied in 15 patients (88%). The hospitalization rate among the children with COVID-19 was 17%, of whom 1.6% were admitted to the PICU. Mortality rates were 0.056% of all the cases and 0.32% of the hospitalized patients in our hospital., Conclusion: The presence of a comorbid disease could be a sign of severe disease in children with higher lethality. Very few children required PPV support because of severe COVID-19 pneumonia., (© The Author(s) [2021]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and the role of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in treatment of children with severe MIS-C. In addition, we assessed demographic data, clinical features, laboratory abnormalities, underlying conditions, treatments, and outcomes. Patients with severe MIS-C who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between September 01 and October 05, 2020 were included in this observational, descriptive, retrospective study. The data collected included the patients' demographic data, presenting symptoms, clinical features, laboratory parameters, diagnostic investigations, and medications. Of 27 children with MIS-C, 63 % were male. The median age of the patients was nine years. Intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids were used for treatment in 100 % of the patients, anakinra in 51.8 %, vasopressors in 85.1 %, noninvasive mechanical ventilation in 25.9 %, and invasive mechanical ventilation in 18.5 %. Ten of the 27 patients (37 %) underwent TPE. In the patients who underwent TPE, the median PELOD score was 21 (IQR: 11-30.25) before TPE and 10 (IQR: 10-11) after TPE (p < 0.001). Moreover, their median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 52 % (IQR: 49.25 %-55 %) before TPE and median LVEF was 66.5 (IQR: 58 %-68.5 %) after TPE (p = 0.012). The median number of TPE sessions was three (IQR: 2-4.75). The mortality rate of the patients with severe MIS-C admitted to the PICU was 7.4 %. We suggest that TPE should be considered as a therapeutic option in children with severe MIS-C. Early initiation of TPE followed by immunomodulatory therapy in critically ill children with MIS-C may help improve clinical and laboratory outcomes., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We aim to evaluate urinary total BPA (tBPA) levels and association with medical devices used on patients in pediatric intensive care units. This cross-sectional descriptive study included 117 critically ill children. Urinary tBPA levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. General estimating equations with repeated measures analyzed the effect of interventions and devices on urinary BPA levels. A total of 292 urine samples taken from 117 child intensive care patients were studied. When age, sex, and body mass index-for age z-scores were controlled, cases having endotracheal intubation showed higher urinary tBPA levels (p = 0.003) and hemodialyzed patients had considerably higher urinary tBPA levels (p = 0.004). When confounding factors were controlled, cases using both multiple iv treatment and more than four medical devices showed higher urinary tBPA levels than their counterparts (p = 0.007 and p = 0.028, respectively). The use of certain medical devices and interventions could increase BPA exposure in pediatric intensive care patients., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To analyze the course of seasonal viral infections of respiratory tract in patients hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) of 16 centers in Turkey., Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective, observational, and multicenter study conducted in 16 tertiary PICUs in Turkey includes a total of 302 children with viral cause in the nasal swab which required PICU admission with no interventions., Results: Median age of patients was 12 months. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was more common in patients over one year of age whereas influenza, human Bocavirus in patients above a year of age was more common ( p <0.05). Clinical presentations influencing mortality were neurologic symptoms, tachycardia, hypoxia, hypotension, elevated lactate, and acidosis. The critical pH value related with mortality was ≤7.10, and critical PCO 2 ≥60 mm Hg., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that patients with neurological symptoms, tachycardia, hypoxia, hypotension, acidosis, impaired liver, and renal function at the time of admission exhibit more severe mortal progressions. Presence of acidosis and multiorgan failure was found to be predictor for mortality. Knowledge of clinical presentation and age-related variations among seasonal viruses may give a clue about severe course and prognosis. By presenting the analyzed data of 302 PICU admissions, current study reveals severity of viral respiratory tract infections and release tips for handling them., How to Cite This Article: Kockuzu E, Bayrakcı B, Kesici S, Cıtak A, Karapınar K, Emeksiz S, et al. Comprehensive Analysis of Severe Viral Infections of Respiratory Tract admitted to PICUs During the Winter Season in Turkey. Indian J Crit Care Med 2019;23(6):263-269., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None

Şişmanlar-Eyüboğlu T, Aslan AT, Gezgin-Yıldırım D, Buyan N, Emeksiz S, Kalkan G. What triggered massive hemoptysis in Goodpasture syndrome with isolated pulmonary involvement in a 14-year-old boy? Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 611-614. Goodpasture syndrome is a rare, autoimmune disease associated with the development of antibodies against a specific antigen both in glomerular basement membrane and alveolar basement membrane. It is very rare in childhood and its incidence is not known. Although the mechanism of the disease is the same in lung as in the kidney, sometimes it presents with involvement of only one organ. Pulmonary involvement may be lifethreatening in patients with massive hemoptysis. Herein we report a 14-yearold boy with isolated lung involvement. He had massive hemoptysis following bronchoscopy and recovered succesfully with treatment.

Pamuk U, Gürsu HA, Emeksiz S, Özdemir-Sahan Y, Çetin İ. A rare cause of fatal cardiac arrhythmia: Inhalation of butane gas. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 755-756. Butane gas, especially available in lighters, is commonly misused among adolescents and its side effects are rarely observed but serious. A 14-yearold male was brought to our emergency department. The electrocardiographic (ECG) examination showed biphasic T waves in leads V4-V6, and long QTc at 481ms. Echocardiographic study showed left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Troponin I level was found to be high at 9.1 ng/ml. Taking into consideration the patient`s history, clinical and laboratory findings, ventricular fibrillation and myocardial injury resulting from butane gas inhalation was diagnosed.

Emeksiz S, Kutlu NO, Alaçakır N, Çaksen H. A case of steroid-resistance Hashimoto's encephalopathy presenting with sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 310-314. Hashimoto`s encephalopathy (HE) is a rare, auto-immune disease characterized by symptoms of acute or subacute encephalopathy associated with increased anti-thyroid antibody levels. The course of most HE cases is relapsing and remitting, which is similar to that of vasculitis and stroke. Steroids are the first line treatment in HE. In steroid non-responders other immunomodulatory therapies or plasmapheresis could be applied. We report a case of steroid-resistance HE with sensorimotor polyneuropathy, as a rare presentation of this disorder. Our case showed that HE may present with sensorimotor polyneuropathy; therefore HE should be considered in the differential diagnoses of polyneuropathy.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is characterized by hypertension, seizure, headache, clouding of consciousness, and visual disturbance, and is diagnosed in the presence of typical lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. We retrospectively evaluated five patients who were diagnosed as having posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and followed up in Meram Medical Faculty, Pediatric Intensive Care and Hematology wards, between January 2010 and January 2014. We reviewed the demographic and clinical data, and neuroimaging findings. The primary diseases of the subjects included acute lymphocytic leukemia (n=2), Henoch-Schönlein purpura (n=1), systemic lupus erythematous (n=1), and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (n=1). The mean age was 10±4.58 years (range, 5-14 years). Acute elevation of blood pressure was found in all patients (n=5). Initial neurologic manifestations included seizure, clouding of consciousness, headache, and visual disturbance. After the diagnosis was made through clinical evaluations and magnetic resonance imaging, complete clinical recovery was obtained in all patients with the appropriate therapeutic approach. In conclusion, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with encephalopathy and underlying diseases such as nephritis, vasculitis, malignancy accompanied by hypertension, and a history of use of medication., Competing Interests: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Background: Monopolar electrocauterization produces thermal effects on neighboring tissues, causing tissue damage. Recently, tissue sealing-cutting devices, which are easy to use and achieve simultaneous selective sealing and cutting with less production of heat, have been used., Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a tissue sealing-cutting device vs monopolar electrocautery on wound healing in the early postoperative period after pilonidal sinus surgery., Design: This study was a prospective randomized clinical trial., Setting: This study was conducted at Military Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey., Patients: In total, 128 patients with chronic pilonidal disease were randomly assigned into 2 clinically comparable groups between December 2009 and June 2010., Intervention: Pilonidal sinus excision was performed with monopolar electrocautery in the control group (n = 64) and with a tissue sealing-cutting device in the study group (n = 64). Data regarding wound healing, demographic variables, history, physical examination findings, defect dimensions, and scores for a visual analog scale were recorded., Main Outcome Measures: The main outcomes measured were surgical site infection, early wound failure (dehiscence), and unhealed wound rate., Results: : Wound infection and dehiscence rates were significantly lower (P = .01 and .02), but the duration of surgery was significantly longer (P < .01) in the tissue sealing-cutting group. The unhealed wound rate was 12.5% in the electrocautery group and 4.7% in the tissue sealing-cutting group (P = .01). When the distance from the lowest margin to the anus was 5 cm or less, wound infection and dehiscence rates were lower in the tissue sealing-cutting group (P < .01 and .03)., Limitations: We could not obtain data regarding the cost-effectiveness of the instruments., Conclusions: A tissue sealing-cutting device in pilonidal sinus surgery yields better wound healing than monopolar electrocautery.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome in children with urinary calculi, to detect risk factors for nephrolithiasis in childhood., Material and Methods: This retrospective study comprised 62 pediatric nephrolithiasis patients who have come for routine follow-up visits between the dates of January 2002-August 2006 (48% girls and 52% boys)., Results: The mean age of the patients was 8.8 +/- 4.5 years (1-16 years). Hypercalciuria was found in 25 (40%) patients. The mean urinary calcium excretion for hypercalciuric patients was 5.7 +/- 1.2 mg/kg (4.8 mg/kg per day). In our hypercalciuric patients 15 (60%) children had abdominal or flank pain, seven (28%) patients macroscopic hematuria and three (12%) dysuria. Hypocitraturia is the second important risk factor for nephrolithiasis. Urinary calcium excretion showed a positive correlation with the stone size (r = 0.482, P = 0.043). A positive correlation was found between recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and hypercalciuria (r = 0.528, P = 0.017). Urinary citrate excretion showed a negative correlation with recurrent UTI (r = -0.503, P = 0.024). Hyperuricaciduria, hyperoxaluria were found to have no effect on the stone size and UTI of the patients. Stones were disintegrated with ESWL in two patients, endoscopic interventions were used in one patient and two underwent an open surgical procedure., Conclusion: All children with nephrolithiasis should have a metabolic screen. Children with a positive family history and consanguinity should be followed carefully with respect to metabolic abnormalities.

Aim: This study investigates the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy on the healing capacity of colonic anastomoses under the influence of preoperative chemotherapy., Material and Method: Forty male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into four groups of 10. Colonic resection and anastomosis were performed in each group. Group I (control) received no further treatment. In group II, 5-fluorouracil was administered intraperitoneally for five consecutive days preoperatively. Group III received HBO2 therapy for seven days after the anastomosis. Group IV received HBO2 therapy following the administration of preoperative 5-fluorouracil. On the seventh postoperative day, all the rats were examined to determine the bursting pressures of the anastomosis and to take tissue sample from the anastomotic line for hydroxyproline measurement., Results: Bursting pressures of the anastomosis in group IV were increased significantly compared to group II. Hydroxyproline levels were significantly increased with the use of HBO2 in rats, independent of chemotherapy administration., Conclusion: HBO2 therapy strengthens anastomoses created under the influence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This technique might have a future role in the care of colon cancer patients undergoing new multimodality cancer treatments.