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OBJECTIVE: To characterize patients with methylmethacrylate embolism. METHODOLOGY: Systematic literature search of clinical cases according to the PRISMA 20 statement and the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions (version 5.1.022). The population with a diagnosis of embolism or vascular complications due to bone cement (methyl methacrylate) reported in publications from 1992 to 2019 was included, with analysis of sociodemographic, clinical, and paraclinical characteristics. RESULTS: The most common procedure was vertebroplasty (77%), mostly in women (74.3%); 63.5% were symptomatic patients and the pulmonary artery was the most common site (89.2%). All patients received anticoagulants and the mortality rate was 9%. CONCLUSIONS: Women have a higher risk of methylmethacrylate embolism after interventions such as vertebroplasty, with a higher prevalence of pulmonary clinical presentation due to embolus at this level and detected postoperatively; however, unlike what is described in the literature, there was a higher incidence of symptomatic patients. In the reported cases, medical treatment consisted of the administration of anticoagulants, mainly heparin, so that the reported mortality figures were low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción: La embolia gaseosa cerebral es una afección inusual pero extremadamente grave que se produce cuando se introduce aire en la circulación arterial o venosa del cerebro. Aunque poco común, puede derivar en déficits neurológicos significativos e incluso la muerte del paciente. Caso Clínico: Paciente de 76 años con una enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa preexistente, que experimentó un ictus masivo debido a un neumomediastino espontáneo. Su presentación incluyó confusión, convulsiones y debilidad motora. Las pruebas de imagen revelaron burbujas de aire en los surcos cerebrales y áreas hipodensas en el cerebelo y parietooccipitales. Además, se observó neumotórax y aire en el mediastino superior en las radiografías de tórax y la tomografía torácica. A pesar de las medidas terapéuticas como el oxígeno hiperbárico, la paciente lamentablemente falleció debido al fallo multiorgánico. Discusión: El diagnóstico de embolia gaseosa cerebral generalmente implica la realización de una tomografía computarizada cerebral, que es altamente sensible para detectar la presencia de aire en los vasos cerebrales. El manejo incluye el control de las constantes vitales y neurológicas, así como medidas específicas como cierre de la entrada de aire, aspiración de catéteres venosos, posicionamiento de Trendelenburg y oxígeno hiperbárico. Conclusión: La embolia gaseosa cerebral es una afección potencialmente mortal que requiere una tomografía computarizada cerebral para el diagnóstico y de vital importancia conocer las medidas de prevención para evitar la aparición de esta complicación y así mismo conocer las medidas generales a adoptar cuando ésta se presenta.

The presentation of cardiac tumors is rare, and cardiac myxomas (CM) are the most common; it is estimated that they account for 70% of all primary benign cardiac tumors, and of these, more than 75% of myxomas originate in the left atrium. A 40-year-old woman presented with syncope reported by a witness, followed by bradyphrenia and hypoactivity, and a weight loss of 13 kg. On admission, she reported paresis in the hands and feet of the left half of the body, mild dysarthria, and decreased left facial mimicry. Brain MRI showed multiple foci of ischemic behavior, considering thromboembolic disease. Echocardiography revealed a mass with mobile images suggestive of myxoma as the primary option, with a high probability of tumor embolism. Given these findings, referral to cardiovascular surgery was requested due to an intracardiac mass with a very high embolic risk, where histopathological study confirmed that the mass corresponded to an atrial myxoma. The presence of intracardiac masses is rare, with a low overall prevalence. The prevalence of myxomas is 58.14% [95% CI = 51.95; 64.09%], concluding myxoma as the most common. The clinical triad it may generate consists of syncopal episodes, thromboembolisms, and constitutional symptoms. Imaging studies are the first-line approach for identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pilephlebitis is the septic thrombophlebitis of the portal venous system ranging from asymptomatic to severe complications. Diagnosed based on imaging tests, and their treatment is based on antibiotics and anticoagulant therapy. Clinic case: 24 years male, appendectomy 12 days before. Readmission for 3 days with fever, jaundice and choluria; hyperbilirrubinemia. Intravenous contrast CT is performed, showed thrombus in portal, splenic and mesenteric vein system. Diagnosis of pylephlebitis is established, initiating managed with antibiotics and anticoagulant, with favorable clinical outcome. The pylephlebitis has an estimated incidence of 2.7 cases per year, with an unspecified clinical picture ranging from asymptomatic to severe cases with septic shock and hepatic failure. There may be accompanying fever and abdominal pain in more than 80% of the cases and presenting in some cases with leukocytosis and hyperbilirrubinemia. Intravenous contrast CT is the gold standard. The treatment is based on 4 points: Septic focus control, antibiotics, early anticoagulant and resolution of complications. Conclusions: The pylephlebitis should be taken into consideration as a possible secondary complication of intraabdominal infections. A timely diagnosis with a imaging tests and apply treatment reduce their morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Myxomas are the most common benign primary cardiac tumors in adults, occurring in 95% of cases in the atria, typically in the left atrium. Very rarely its presentation is extracardiac, its incidence is currently unknown due to the few reported cases. We present the case of a 53-year-old man who was admitted with chronic ischemia of the left upper limb, due to a dependent lesion of the aorta, imaging studies were performed that made a presumptive diagnosis of myxoma of the aortic arch, he underwent tumor resection. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação ou flutter atrial (FFA) é a arritmia cardíaca sustentada mais comum. Existem poucos dados sobre a epidemiologia da FFA na América do Sul. Objetivo: O presente estudo procurou descrever a epidemiologia clínica da FFA e o uso de anticoagulantes na avaliação da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos: Foram analisados dados de 13.260 participantes do ELSA-Brasil. A FFA foi definida pelo eletrocardiograma ou por autorrelato. Modelos de regressão logística foram construídos para analisar fatores associados à FFA. Este estudo também analisou se idade e sexo estavam associados ao uso de anticoagulantes para evitar acidente vascular cerebral. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: A idade mediana foi de 51 anos, e 7.213 (54,4%) participantes eram mulheres. A FFA foi detectada em 333 (2,5%) participantes. O aumento da idade (razão de chances [RC]:1,05; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,04-1,07), hipertensão (RC:1,44; IC95%:1,14-1,81) coronariopatia (RC: 5,11; IC95%:3,85–6,79), insuficiência cardíaca (RC:7,37; IC95%:5,00–10,87) e febre reumática (RC:3,38; IC95%:2,28–5,02) foram associadas à FFA. Dos 185 participantes com FFA e pontuação no CHA2DS2-VASc≥2, apenas 20 (10,8%) usavam anticoagulantes (50,0% entre aqueles com FFA no eletrocardiograma de linha de base). O uso de anticoagulantes nesse grupo foi associado a maior idade (1,8% vs 17,7% naqueles com idade ≤ 54 e ≥ 65 anos, respectivamente; p=0,013). Observou-se uma tendência ao menor uso de anticoagulantes em mulheres (7,1% vs. 16,4% em mulheres e homens, respectivamente; p=0,055). Conclusões: No recrutamento do ELSA-Brasil, 2,5% dos participantes tinham FFA. O baixo uso de anticoagulantes era comum, o que representa um desafio para os cuidados de saúde nesse cenário.

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Introduction: pulmonary thromboembolism is a clinical situation triggered by the obstruction of the pulmonary arteries by a thrombus in situ or from the venous system.Objective: to characterize deceased patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism treated at the "Dr. Leon Cuervo Rubio” Teaching Surgical Clinical Hospital.Method: observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of deceased patients diagnosed with pulmonary thromboembolism, treated at the “Dr. León Cuervo Rubio” Teaching Surgical Clinical Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. The universe consisted of 63 patients with a pathological diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism, working with all the patients.Results: There was a predominance of male patients (63,49 %) and age groups between 71 and 80 years (36,51 %), with age over 65 years (80,95 %) and immobility due to more than 72 hours (49,21 %) as the most common risk factors. Predominance of patients with tachycardia (98,41 %) and tachypnea (96,82 %) as clinical manifestations was found. 65,7 % of the patients presented occlusion of large caliber branches, and pulmonary infarction in 89% of the patients.Conclusions: It is concluded that male patients, past the sixth decade of life and immobilized for several days, are likely to die in the event of pulmonary thromboembolism; presenting tachycardia and tachypnea as clinical manifestations. Occlusion of large caliber branches, as well as pulmonary infarction, occur to a great extent in patients.

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Objective: We studied patients who had experienced a stroke in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, aiming to analyse their progression and determine the factors that may influence prognosis and treatment. Methods: We established a protocol for early detection of stroke after cardiac surgery and collected data on stroke onset and a number of clinical, surgical, and prognostic variables in order to perform a descriptive analysis. Results: Over the 15-month study period we recorded 16 strokes, which represent 2.5% of the patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Mean age in our sample was 69 ± 8 years; 63% of patients were men. The incidence of stroke in patients aged 80 and older was 5.1%. Five patients (31%) underwent emergency surgery. By type of cardiac surgery, 7% of patients underwent mitral valve surgery, 6.5% combined surgery, 3% aortic valve surgery, and 2.24% coronary surgery. Most cases of stroke (44%) were due to embolism, followed by hypoperfusion (25%). Stroke occurred within 2 days of surgery in 69% of cases. The mean NIHSS score in our sample of stroke patients was 9; code stroke was activated in 10 cases (62%); one patient (14%) underwent thrombectomy. Most patients progressed favourably: 13 (80%) scored ≤ 2 on the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months. None of the patients died during the postoperative hospital stay. Conclusion: In our setting, strokes occurring after cardiac surgery are usually small and have a good long-term prognosis. Most of them occur within 2 days, and they are mostly embolic in origin. The incidence of stroke in patients aged 80 and older and undergoing cardiac surgery is twice as high as that of the general population. Resumen: Objetivo: Estudiar a los pacientes que tuvieron un ictus en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca, para ver la evolución y determinar los factores que influyen en su pronóstico y tratamiento. Métodos: Establecimos un protocolo para la detección precoz de ictus en los pacientes tras cirugía cardiaca. Recogimos la aparición de ictus y datos clínicos, quirúrgicos y pronósticos; posteriormente realizamos un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: Durante los 15 meses del estudio hubo 16 ictus, un 2,5% de los pacientes operados. Edad media 69 ± 8 años, 63% varones. La incidencia de ictus en pacientes octogenarios fue del 5,1%. Cinco (31%) fueron cirugías urgentes. Por enfermedad cardiaca intervenida: un 7% recibió cirugía mitral, 6,5% cirugía combinada, un 3% cirugía valvular aórtica y un 2,24% cirugía coronaria. La mayoría de los ictus (44%) fueron por embolia, seguida por hipoperfusión (25%). El 69% de los ictus ocurrieron en los 2 primeros días de postoperatorio. La media de la puntuación en la escala NIHSS en el ictus fue 9, se activó código ictus en 10 (62%), y se realizó trombectomía en uno de ellos (14%). La evolución fue favourable en la mayoría, con una escala de Rankin a los 3 meses ≤ 2 en 13 (80%). No hubo muertes hospitalarias entre estos pacientes. Conclusión: En nuestro medio, los ictus tras cirugía cardiaca son de pequeño tamaño y tienen una buena evolución a largo plazo. La mayoría ocurren en los primeros 2 días de postoperatorio y su mecanismo es principalmente embólico. La incidencia de ictus en los pacientes octogenarios intervenidos fue del doble que en la población general.

Sesión del 31 de Agosto de 1938.

Resumo A embolia paradoxal é a transposição de um trombo originário da circulação sistêmica venosa para a arterial através de um defeito cardíaco, mais comumente o forame oval pérvio (FOP). A manifestação mais comum é o acidente cerebrovascular. A oclusão arterial aguda (OAA) é rara, requer alta suspeição diagnóstica e corresponde a menos de 2% de todos casos de embolia arterial. O tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) é a causa mais comum de elevação temporária do shunt direita-esquerda em pacientes com FOP e ocorre em pelo menos 60% dos casos de embolia paradoxal. Em 2019, um homem de 27 anos, sem fator para hipercoagulabilidade, deu entrada no Hospital Universitário do ABC, com quadro de OAA grau I Rutherford em membros inferiores secundária a tromboembolismo através de FOP prévio não diagnosticado, associado a trombose venosa profunda de membro inferior direito e TEP bilateral. O manejo incluiu anticoagulação plena e encaminhamento para cirurgia cardíaca.

BACKGROUND: The application of a central venous catheter is an indispensable measure in neonatal intensive care units. Its use is associated with risk of thrombosis, which is the main cause of this complication in neonates. OBJECTIVE: To perform a narrative review of the current evidence and information available on this complication, and to identify possible sources of information for future research. METHODOLOGY: Search in different databases with the descriptors: blood coagulation, thrombosis, embolism and catheters published in Spanish and English. Thirty-six articles were selected. RESULTS: Central venous catheter-associated thrombosis is a complication associated with the placement of a catheter in the vascular lumen. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of this complication in neonates has been little studied due, in part, to the difficulty in estimating the severity of the problem. In general, signs and symptoms depend on the location of the thrombus, despite the variability in the clinical picture and the fact that most thrombi associated with a central venous catheter are silent. Fibrinolytics (urokinase and alteplase) are indicated for treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Complications arising from the application of central venous catheters, despite being a common technique, have not been fully studied and therefore their treatment in neonates is not standardized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albeit massive fish mortality has an extraordinary visual impact and is certainly a fatality, we still have rudimentary understanding on how addressing this problem in the Neotropical region. The processes that lead to fish die-off events are complex and sometimes ephemeral, which can lead to incorrect diagnosis. In this review, we discuss these events in Neotropical freshwaters, both in areas impacted by dams and natural environment, with a focus on deaths mediated by the lack of oxygen (anoxia) or the excess of dissolved gases (gas supersaturation). We examine the available knowledge about the related mechanisms, lethal thresholds for dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved gases (TDG) for fish, and the sequelae of gas bubble disease (GBD). An assessment of the main mortality events in Brazil in the last 10 years is also presented, as well as the best practices for monitoring, prevention, and mitigation. Finally, it is concluded that the proliferation of hydroelectric plants in the Neotropical region might contribute to the expansion of these events and, consequently, increasing of impacts on fish conservation. We consider urgent the inclusion of this topic in the licensing processes for new hydropower projects by the environmental agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presentado en sesión de 7 de octubre de 1953

Resumo A forma arterial da síndrome do desfiladeiro torácico é rara e está associada a uma anomalia anatômica, geralmente uma costela cervical. Suas manifestações são muito variadas. Este artigo tem como proposta relatar dois casos de apresentações clínicas distintas: microembolização e aneurisma. Em ambos, uma costela cervical estava presente. O diagnóstico foi realizado através da história, do exame físico, das manobras posturais e das radiografias. A angiotomografia computadorizada proporcionou o detalhe anatômico necessário para o planejamento operatório. O tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado pela abordagem supraclavicular, com sucesso em ambos casos.

A COVID-19, causador da pandemia global, pelo novo Coronavírus, SARS-CoV2, é uma infecção viral respiratória que na maioria das vezes os infectados são assintomáticos. Porém, a infecção pode cursar com resfriados comuns até doenças mais graves como a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda (SARS), falência múltipla de órgãos e choque séptico. A gravidade da doença depende da faixa etária atingida e de fatores de risco associados. Contudo, pacientes sintomáticos podem apresentar também coagulopatias, como trombose venosa profunda, trombose arterial e embolia pulmonar devido ao excessivo processo inflamatório, disfunção endotelial, estase e ativação plaquetária. A alteração mais frequente pela infecção é a plaquetopenia e a elevação do D-dímero e ambas se relacionam com o aumento da necessidade de ventilação mecânica, cuidados intensivos e morte. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o perfil epidemiológico de embolia e trombose arterial no período da pandemia do COVID-19 na região do Paraná, do mês de março até agosto de 2020. A fonte de dados utilizada foi o registro do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Este estudo compreendeu como estratégias metodológicas a análise de informações, tais como: internações no período, variáveis demográficas como sexo e idade, etnia, tempo de internação e taxa de mortalidade. O presente estudo evidenciou que os homens foram mais acometidos por eventos tromboembólicos durante a pandemia do COVID-19. No total, do período de março a agosto de 2020 no Paraná, foram identificados 830 pacientes internados por coagulopatias, sendo que 56,9% eram homens. Além disso, em agosto houve o maior número de casos de internamento de ambos os sexos, com prevalência maior para o sexo masculino, cerca de 91 casos. Entretanto, o estudo mostrou que houve uma taxa de mortalidade maior entre as mulheres (12,04%) do que os homens (6,77%), sendo a maioria das mulheres na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos e de cor/raça preta. Na Região Metropolitana do Paraná houve o maior número de casos de internações, cerca de 27,2%, porém, a maior taxa de mortalidade foi na cidade de Ivaiporã, com 17,65% dos casos. Segundo os dados obtidos nesse estudo, o COVID-19 tem grande relação com as coagulopatias, visto que os pacientes com a infecção estão sujeitos à um excessivo processo inflamatório que leva a alterações na coagulação. Então, no período da pandemia do COVID-19, foi constatado que o tromboembolismo e a trombose arterial estão mais prevalentes em homens. Este fato que pode estar relacionado à má aderência do tratamento estipulado por médicos e devido ao maior número de homens com doenças crônicas como diabetes e hipertensão.

The arterial form of thoracic outlet syndrome is rare and is associated with anatomic anomalies, generally a cervical rib. It has a varied range of manifestations. The aim of this article is to describe two cases with different clinical presentations: microembolization and aneurysm. A cervical rib was present in both cases. Diagnosis was made on the basis of history, physical examination, postural maneuvers, and X-rays. Computed tomography angiography provided the anatomic detail necessary to plan surgery. Surgical treatment was performed via supraclavicular access, successfully, in both cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) exceeds 70% in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT), even in cases of distal deep vein thrombosis. We report the case of a patient with a diagnosis of DVT in the lower left limb associated with asymptomatic PE who presented late symptoms due to this same PE. The absence of acute symptoms and the late onset of symptoms could have provoked doubts about the most appropriate treatment, resulting in unnecessary interventions, if pulmonary embolism had not already been diagnosed with tomography. In the present case, we demonstrate that computed tomography angiography conducted at the time of DVT diagnosis accurately diagnosed PE and prevented any misinterpretation of recurrent DVT in a patient already being medicated, which could have been mistakenly interpreted as demonstrating failure of anticoagulant therapy. Such a situation could lead to unnecessary intervention to fit an inferior vena cava filter. We cannot suggest that a classic medical conduct should be reformulated simply on the basis of a case report. However, we would be remiss not to suggest that well-designed studies should be carried out in the future to assess the need for this examination in the acute phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La enfermedad aterosclerótica de la aorta constituye una de las causas cardiovasculares de embolia. La prevalencia de ésta patología constituye un indicador de peor pronóstico, en particular, en caso de debrís aórtico. El debrís aórtico está constituido por una placa ateromatosa complicada con un trombo móvil adherido. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 58 años que presentó episodios reiterados de accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos.

Introducción. La embolia pulmonar por herida con arma de fuego es potencialmente fatal y una complicación rara que puede presentarse en los servicios de urgencias. En los últimos años, se ha presentado una mayor incidencia por la violencia social civil (85 %) que por las guerras (15 %). Los principales síntomas de los pacientes son dolor torácico, disnea y hemoptisis por la erosión vascular y el infarto pulmonar asociado. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 18 años de edad que ingresó por múltiples heridas por proyectiles de arma de fuego, una de ellas con un proyectil alojado en la arteria pulmonar del lóbulo inferior derecho y embolia pulmonar aguda en las ramas arteriales distales al proyectil. Se optó por un tratamiento conservador y la evolución fue adecuada. Discusión. La sintomatología de esta condición depende de la localización, la trombosis asociada, los fenómenos de isquemia y las complicaciones hemorrágicas. Entre las complicaciones de un proyectil de fuego alojado en una arteria pulmonar, están la isquemia, la trombosis, los pseudoaneurismas, la hemorragia, el derrame pleural, la insuficiencia vascular y la endocarditis. La mayoría de los pacientes deben someterse a una intervención quirúrgica cuando el proyectil se aloja en las arterias pulmonares principales o lobares y las compromete; cuando se localiza en las arterias segmentarias y subsegmentarias, tienden a presentar fístulas con el bronquio y vasoespasmo compensatorio, lo que permitiría el manejo conservador.

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Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a silent and potentially lethal disease that affects a considerable proportion of hospitalized patients. It has high morbidity and mortality and is responsible for a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. However, VTE can be prevented using prophylaxis measures that have been established in the literature. Nonetheless, in the real world, mean rates of appropriately administered VTE prophylaxis are lower than 50%. Objectives: To define the epidemiological profile of patients with VTE in a University Hospital and the rate of appropriately administered VTE prophylaxis at that service and to identify measures to improve the rate. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted with data collected from the medical records of patients who met the inclusion criteria. The rates of correct VTE prophylaxis prescribed to clinical and surgical patients were compared, assessed according to guidelines published by the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (SBACV), based on VTE risk classification. Results: The overall rate of correctly-prescribed VTE prophylaxis was 42.1%, while 57.9% of patients were not managed correctly in this respect. Clinical patients had a 52.9% rate of appropriate prophylaxis, while the equivalent rate for surgical patients was 37.5%. Conclusions: Rates of correctly-prescribed VTE prophylaxis are still lower than they should be. Ongoing education, measures to encourage bedside risk stratification, and improvements to the electronic prescription system could increase appropriate VTE prophylaxis rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: Estudios recientes han demostrado la eficacia y la seguridad de los nuevos anticoagulantes orales (NACO) en la prevención de tromboembolias en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV). Nuestro objetivo es evaluar qué factores influyen en los médicos para elegir entre dicumarínicos o NACO. Diseño: Se analizaron distintas variables, que fueron discutidas y puntuadas siguiendo una metodología Workmat®. Emplazamiento: Se realizaron 6 reuniones regionales en España (Levante, Cataluña, Andalucía-Extremadura, Madrid, Noroeste y Norte de España). Participantes: Participaron 39 especialistas (cardiólogos, neurólogos, hematólogos, internistas y médicos de urgencias y atención primaria). Mediciones: Cada participante puntuó de 1 a 10 (de menor a mayor) el grado de acuerdo con cada variable analizada. Resultados: Se elegiría preferiblemente un NACO en pacientes con fracaso previo del tratamiento dicumarínico (9,7 ± 0,5), riesgo hemorrágico elevado (8,7 ± 1), antecedentes de hemorragia (7,8 ± 1,5) y riesgo trombótico alto (7,7 ± 1,2). Se decantarían por un dicumarínico en casos de disfunción renal grave (1,2 ± 0,4) o moderada (4,2 ± 2,5), buen control con dicumarínicos (2,3 ± 1,5), deterioro cognitivo (3,2 ± 3) y riesgo hemorrágico bajo (4,3 ± 3). La edad, el sexo, el peso, el coste del fármaco, la polimedicación y la existencia de un riesgo trombótico bajo obtuvieron puntuaciones intermedias. Conclusiones: El riesgo trombótico y hemorrágico elevado y el fracaso del tratamiento previo con dicumarínicos predisponen a elegir un NACO. La insuficiencia renal, el deterioro cognitivo, el buen control con dicumarínicos y un riesgo hemorrágico bajo inclinan a decantarse por un dicumarínico clásico.

ABSTRACT Acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APTE) is a highly prevalent condition (104-183 cases per 100,000 person-years) and is potentially fatal. Approximately 20% of patients with APTE are hypotensive, being considered at high risk of death. In such patients, immediate lung reperfusion is necessary in order to reduce right ventricular afterload and to restore hemodynamic stability. To reduce pulmonary vascular resistance in APTE and, consequently, to improve right ventricular function, lung reperfusion strategies have been developed over time and widely studied in recent years. In this review, we focus on advances in the indication and use of systemic thrombolytic agents, as well as lung reperfusion via endovascular and classical surgical approaches, in APTE.

ResumoCom o uso crescente do dispositivo Amplatzer® para diversos procedimentos endovasculares, dentre os quais a comunicação interatrial, complicações decorrentes de seu uso vêm sendo descritas. Relatamos um caso em que o dispositivo foi empregado para correção de comunicação interatrial e, seis meses depois, migrou para a bifurcação da aorta abdominal. A retirada do corpo estranho foi realizada por cirurgia convencional, após insucesso de tentativa por via endovascular.

AbstractObjective:The clinical features of cardiac myxoma stroke have not been sufficiently described. Debates remain concerning the options and timing of treatment and the clinical outcomes are unknown. This article aims to highlight the pertinent aspects of this rare condition.Methods:Data source of the present study came from a comprehensive literature collection of cardiac myxoma stroke in PubMed, Google search engine and Highwire Press for the year range 2000-2014.Results:Young adults, female predominance, single cerebral vessel (mostly the middle cerebral artery), multiple territory involvements and solitary left atrial myxoma constituted the outstanding characteristics of this patient setting. The most common affected cerebral vessel (the middle cerebral artery) and areas (the basal ganglion, cerebellum and parietal and temporal regions) corresponded well to the common manifestations of this patient setting, such as conscious alteration, ataxia, hemiparesis and hemiplegia, aphasia and dysarthria. Initial computed tomography scan carried a higher false negative rate for the diagnosis of cerebral infarction than magnetic resonance imaging did. A delayed surgical resection of cardiac myxoma was associated with an increased risk of potential consequences in particular otherwise arterial embolism. The mortality rate of this patient population was 15.3%.Conclusion:Cardiac myxoma stroke is rare. Often does it affect young females. For an improved diagnostic accuracy, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and echocardiography are imperative for young stroke patients in identifying the cerebral infarct and determining the stroke of a cardiac origin. Immediate thrombolytic therapy may completely resolve the cerebral stroke and improve the neurologic function of the patients. An early surgical resection of cardiac myxoma is recommended in patients with not large territory cerebral infarct.

Introduction: Cardiac myxomas account for 50% of all benign cardiac tumors. Their clinical presentation varies from embolisms to fever. Our objective was to describe the surgical experience in the resection of cardiac myxomas during an 8-year period., Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive study of a series of cases with cardiac myxomas diagnosed from 2014 to 2022 at a tertiary care center. Descriptive statistics were used to define the populational and surgical characteristics. We used Pearson's correlation to study the relationship between postoperative complications and age, tumor size and affected cardiac chamber., Results: 31 patients were included, with a predominance of females (1:2 ratio). The prevalence was 0.44%, which was calculated based on the number of cardiac surgeries performed in our unit over the 8-year period. The main clinical manifestation was dyspnea (85%, n = 23), followed by cerebrovascular event (CVE) (18%, n = 5). Atriotomy and resection of the pedicle were performed with preservation of the interatrial septum. Mortality was 3.2%. The postoperative evolution was uneventful in 77%. Tumor recurrence occurred in 2 patients (7%), both debuting with embolic phenomena. No association was observed between postoperative complications or recurrence and tumor size, nor aortic clamping and extracorporeal circulation times with regard to age., Conclusions: Four atrial myxoma resections are performed in our unit per year, with an estimated prevalence of 0.44%. The tumor characteristics described coincide with the previous literature. A relationship between embolisms and recurrences cannot be ruled out. Wide surgical resection of the pedicle and base of tumor implantation may influence tumor recurrence, although further studies are needed., (Copyright © 2023 AEC. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Bullet embolization of the arterial or venous systems is a rare complication of penetrating gunshot injuries. A 29-year-old man presented at the emergency department with a gunshot wound to the left arm, which had transfixed the arm and entered the thorax, with no exit wound. Initial radiographies showed a projectile in the upper left thigh. Contrast-enhanced tomography showed a pseudo-aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta and the bullet inside the proximal left superficial femoral artery. Physical examination found diminished left pedal pulses, and the patient complained of left toe numbness. Endovascular thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysm repair was performed, sealing the descending aortic orifice with an endograft, and thromboembolectomy/bullet retrieval was carried out via a left femoral incision, both successfully. Considering that diagnosis of missile emboli depends on a high degree of suspicion, physicians who manage gunshot wound patients must be acutely aware of the possibility of intravascular bullet embolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology / Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bullet embolism is a rare complication of penetrating gunshots. We present a case of a 24-year-old man with a gunshot wound in the left scapular area, with no exit wound. Abdominal X-rays and a computed tomography (CT) scan suggested that the bullet was located within the intra-abdominal topography (intrahepatic), but laparotomy revealed no intra-abdominal injuries. After surgery, a sequential CT scan showed that the bullet had migrated to the right internal iliac vein (IIV). Venography confirmed the diagnosis of right IIV embolism and the decision was taken to attempt snare retrieval of the bullet, which was unsuccessful. It was therefore decided to leave the missile impacted inside the right IIV and the patient was put on oral anticoagulation. The patient recovered and was event free at 6 months' follow up.

Pinch-off syndrome is a rare complication of central venous catheter insertion through the subclavian approach. It is secondary to external compression of the catheter in the costoclavicular angle, which can lead to obstruction, rupture and embolization of its distal fragment. It is usually associated with premonitory radiological and clinical signs. Due to the severe complications of this syndrome, a proper prophylaxis should be done from the moment of insertion until the end of treatment. We present the case of a patient undergoing chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the colon, who developed pinch-off syndrome, with rupture and embolization of the distal fragment of the catheter to the right pulmonary artery. Treatment was successful by means of catheterization through the femoral vein.