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1. Probing hadronic interactions using the latest data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

Caterina Trimarelli, Pedro Abreu, Marco Aglietta, Ingomar Allekotte, Kévin Almeida Cheminant, Alejandro Almela, Jaime Alvarez-Muniz, Juan Ammerman Yebra, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Belén Andrada, Sofia Andringa, Carla Aramo, Paulo Ricardo Araújo Ferreira, Enrico Arnone, Juan Carlos Arteaga Velazquez, Hernán Gonzalo Asorey, Pedro Assis, Gualberto Avila, Emanuele Avocone, Alina Mihaela Badescu, Alena Bakalova, Alexandru Balaceanu, Felicia Barbato, Jose A. Bellido, Corinne Berat, Mario Edoardo Bertaina, Gopal Bhatta, Peter L. Biermann, Virginia Binet, Kathrin Bismark, Teresa Bister, Jonathan Biteau, Jiri Blazek, Carla Bleve, Johannes Blümer, Martina Bohacova, Denise Boncioli, Carla Bonifazi, Luan Bonneau Arbeletche, Nataliia Borodai, Jeffrey Brack, Thomas Bretz, P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera, Florian Lukas Briechle, Peter Buchholz, Antonio Bueno, Stijn Buitink, Mario Buscemi, Max Büsken, Anthony Bwembya, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Lorenzo Caccianiga, Ioana Caracas, Rossella Caruso, Antonella Castellina, Fernando Catalani, Gabriella Cataldi, Lorenzo Cazon, Marcos Cerda, Jose Augusto Chinellato, Jiří Chudoba, Ladislav Chytka, Roger W Clay, Agustín Cobos Cerutti, Roberta Colalillo, Alan Coleman, Maria Rita Coluccia, Rúben Conceição, Antonio Condorelli, Giovanni Consolati, Fernando Contreras, Fabio Convenga, Diego Correia dos Santos, Corbin Covault, Markus Cristinziani, Sergio Dasso, Kai Daumiller, Bruce R. Dawson, Jarryd A. Day, Rogerio M. de Almeida, Joaquin de Jesus, Sijbrand J. de Jong, João de Mello Neto, Ivan De Mitri, Jaime de Oliveira, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, Francesco de Palma, Vitor de Souza, Emanuele De Vito, Antonino Del Popolo, Olivier Deligny, Luca Deval, Armando di Matteo, Madalina Dobre, Carola Dobrigkeit, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes, Rita Cassia dos Anjos, Maria Teresa Dova, Jan Ebr, Mohamed Eman, Ralph Engel, Italo Epicoco, Martin Erdmann, Carlos O. Escobar, Alberto Etchegoyen, Heino Falcke, John Farmer, Glennys R. Farrar, Anderson Campos Fauth, Norberto Fazzini, Fridtjof Feldbusch, Francesco Fenu, Brian Fick, Juan Manuel Figueira, Andrej Filipcic, Thomas Fitoussi, Tomáš Fodran, Toshihiro Fujii, Alan Fuster, Cristina Galea, Claudio Galelli, Beatriz García, Hartmut Gemmeke, Flavia Gesualdi, Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu, Piera Luisa Ghia, Ugo GIACCARI, Marco Giammarchi, Jonas Glombitza, Fabian Gobbi, Fernando Gollan, Geraldina Golup, Mariano Gómez Berisso, Primo F. Gómez Vitale, Juan Pablo Gongora, Juan Manuel González, Nicolas Martin Gonzalez, Isabel Goos, Dariusz Gora, Alessio Gorgi, Marvin Gottowik, Trent D. Grubb, Fausto Guarino, Germano Guedes, Eleonora Guido, Steffen Traugott Hahn, Petr Hamal, Matías Rolf Hampel, Patricia María Hansen, Diego Harari, Violet M. Harvey, Andreas Haungs, Thomas Hebbeker, Dieter Heck, Carlos Hojvat, Jörg R. Hörandel, Pavel Horvath, Miroslav Hrabovsky, Tim Huege, Antonio Insolia, Paula Gina Isar, Petr Janecek, Jeffrey A. Johnsen, Jakub Jurysek, Alex Kääpä, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Bianca Keilhauer, Abha Khakurdikar, Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam, Hans Klages, Matthias Kleifges, Jonny Kleinfeller, Felix Knapp, Norbert Kunka, Bruno L. Lago, Niklas Langner, Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira, Vladimir Lenok, Antoine Letessier-Selvon, Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon, Domenico Lo Presti, Luis LOPES, Rebeca López, Lu Lu, Quentin Luce, Jon Paul Lundquist, Allan Machado Payeras, Giovanni Mancarella, Dusan Mandat, Bradley C. Manning, Julien Manshanden, Paul Mantsch, Sullivan Marafico, Federico Maria Mariani, Analisa Mariazzi, Ioana Maris, Giovanni Marsella, Daniele Martello, Sara Martinelli, Oscar Martínez Bravo, Miguel Alexandre Martins, Massimo Mastrodicasa, Hermann-Josef Mathes, James Matthews, Giorgio Matthiae, Eric William Mayotte, Sonja Mayotte, Peter Mazur, Gustavo Medina-Tanco, Diego Melo, Alexander Menshikov, Stanislav Michal, Maria Isabel Micheletti, Lino Miramonti, Silvia Mollerach, François Montanet, Leonel Morejon, Carlo Morello, Ana L. Müller, Katharine Mulrey, Roberto Mussa, Marco Stein Muzio, Wilson M. Namasaka, Alina Nasr-Esfahani, Lukas Nellen, Gabriela Nicora, Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu, Marcus Niechciol, Dave Nitz, Ian Norwood, Dalibor Nosek, Vladimír Novotný, Libor Nozka, Achille Nucita, Luis A. Nunez, Cainã Oliveira, Miroslav Palatka, Juan Pallotta, Gonzalo Parente, Alejandra Parra, Jannis Pawlowsky, Miroslav Pech, Jan Pękala, Rodrigo Pelayo, Edyvania Emily Pereira Martins, Johnnier Perez Armand, Carmina Pérez Bertolli, Lorenzo Perrone, Sergio Petrera, Camilla Petrucci, Tanguy Pierog, Mário Pimenta, Manuel Platino, Bjarni Pont, Mart Pothast, Paolo Privitera, Michael Prouza, Andrew Puyleart, Sven Querchfeld, Julian Rautenberg, Diego Ravignani, Maximilian Reininghaus, Jan Ridky, Felix Riehn, Markus Risse, Vincenzo Rizi, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo, Matías J. Roncoroni, Simone Rossoni, Markus Roth, Esteban Roulet, Adrian Rovero, Philip Ruehl, Alexandra Saftoiu, Mohit Saharan, Francesco Salamida, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, Gaetano Salina, Jose Sanabria Gomez, Federico Andrés Sánchez, Edivaldo Moura Santos, Eva Santos, Fred Sarazin, Raul Sarmento, Ricardo Sato, Pierpaolo Savina, Christoph M. Schäfer, Viviana Scherini, Harald Schieler, Martin Schimassek, Michael Schimp, Felix Schlüter, David Schmidt, Olaf Scholten, Harm Schoorlemmer, Petr Schovanek, Frank G. Schröder, Josina Schulte, Tobias Schulz, Sergio J Sciutto, Marina Scornavacche, Alberto Segreto, Srijan Sehgal, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Guenter Sigl, Gaia Silli, Octavian Sima, Raluca Smau, Radomir Smida, Paul Sommers, Jorge F. Soriano, Ruben Squartini, Maximilian Stadelmaier, Denis Stanca, Samo Stanič, Jaroslaw Stasielak, Patrick Stassi, Maximilian Straub, Alexander Streich, Mauricio Suárez-Durán, Tristan Sudholz, Tiina Suomijarvi, A. Daniel Supanitsky, Zbigniew Szadkowski, Alex Tapia, Carla Taricco, Charles Timmermans, Olena Tkachenko, Petr Tobiska, Carlos J. Todero Peixoto, Bernardo Tomé, Zoé Torrès, Andres Travaini, Petr Travnicek, Matias Jorge Tueros, Ralf Ulrich, Michael Unger, Lukáš Vaclavek, Martin Vacula, Jose F. Valdés Galicia, Laura Valore, Enrique Varela, Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez, Darko Veberic, Cynthia Ventura, Indira D. Vergara Quispe, Valerio Verzi, Jakub Vicha, Jacco Vink, Serguei Vorobiov, Hernan Wahlberg, Clara Keiko Oliveira Watanabe, Alan Watson, Andreas Weindl, Lawrence Wiencke, Henryk Wilczyński, David Wittkowski, Brian Wundheiler, Alexey Yushkov, Orazio Zapparrata, Enrique Zas, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, and Lukas Zehrer

Published
2022

2. Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above 2.5×1018 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

Jaroslaw Stasielak, Ana Martina Botti, Marcus Niechciol, Alberto Daniel Supanitsky, Alexey Yushkov, Petr Schovánek, Pavel Horváth, Pedro Assis, Nataliia Borodai, Luis Lopes, Luis Nunez, Carla Bleve, Alberto Blanco, Katharine Mulrey, Antonella Castellina, Francesca Zuccarello, Felicia Carla Tiziana Barbato, Emanuele De Vito, Jose Alfredo Bellido Caceres, Fausto Guarino, Jeffrey Brack, Kai Daumiller, Dariusz Gora, Christian Sarmiento-Cano, Alessio Gorgi, Peter Biermann, Teresa Bister, LORENZO CACCIANIGA, Beatriz Garcia, Bruce Dawson, Alena Bakalova, MASSIMO MASTRODICASA, Edivaldo Moura Santos, Stijn Buitink, Bernardo Tomé, Ana Laura Müller, Mario BUSCEMI, Francesco Salamida, Johannes Hulsman, Henryk Wilczyński, Michael Unger, Ronald Cintra Shellard, Miguel Mostafa, Achille Nucita, Frederic Sarazin, Paul Mantsch, Ruben Conceição, Roger Clay, Lukáš Václavek, Giovanni Marsella, Markus Roth, Jakub Jurysek, Lorenzo Cazon, Eva Dos Santos, Corbin Covault, Francesco Fenu, Dalibor Nosek, Rossella Caruso, Alexandra Saftoiu, Tim Huege, Antonio CONDORELLI, Orazio Zapparrata, Jaime Alvarez-Muniz, Denise Boncioli, Guillermo Torralba Elipe, Martin Erdmann, Bruno Lazarotto Lago, Carlos José Todero Peixoto, Geraldina Golup, Jan Pękala, Maximilian Stadelmaier, Raul Sarmento, Enrique Varela, Antoine Letessier selvon, Vincenzo Rizi, Eleonora Guido, Pedro T. Abreu, Rafael Alves Batista, Arjen Van Vliet, and Jan Ebr

Subjects
Pierre Auger Observatory, Physics, Spectral index, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hadron, Flux, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Flattening, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Zenith
Abstract

We report a measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays for energies above 2.5×1018 eV based on 215,030 events recorded with zenith angles below 60°. A key feature of the work is that the estimates of the energies are independent of assumptions about the unknown hadronic physics or of the primary mass composition. The measurement is the most precise made hitherto with the accumulated exposure being so large that the measurements of the flux are dominated by systematic uncertainties except at energies above 5×1019 eV. The principal conclusions are(1) The flattening of the spectrum near 5×1018 eV, the so-called "ankle,"is confirmed.(2) The steepening of the spectrum at around 5×1019 eV is confirmed.(3) A new feature has been identified in the spectrum: in the region above the ankle the spectral index γ of the particle flux (∝E-γ) changes from 2.51±0.03 (stat)±0.05 (syst) to 3.05±0.05 (stat)±0.10 (syst) before changing sharply to 5.1±0.3 (stat)±0.1 (syst) above 5×1019 eV.(4) No evidence for any dependence of the spectrum on declination has been found other than a mild excess from the Southern Hemisphere that is consistent with the anisotropy observed above 8×1018 eV.

Published
2020

3. Features of the Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays above 2.5×1018 eV Using the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

Jaroslaw Stasielak, Ana Martina Botti, Marcus Niechciol, Alberto Daniel Supanitsky, Alexey Yushkov, Petr Schovánek, Toshihiro Fujii, Pavel Horváth, Pedro Assis, Nataliia Borodai, Luis Lopes, Luis Nunez, Carla Bleve, Alberto Blanco, Katharine Mulrey, Antonella Castellina, Francesca Zuccarello, Felicia Carla Tiziana Barbato, Emanuele De Vito, Jose Alfredo Bellido Caceres, Fausto Guarino, Jeffrey Brack, Kai Daumiller, Dariusz Gora, Christian Sarmiento-Cano, Carola Dobrigkeit Chinellato, Alessio Gorgi, Peter Biermann, Teresa Bister, LORENZO CACCIANIGA, Beatriz Garcia, Bruce Dawson, Alena Bakalova, MASSIMO MASTRODICASA, Edivaldo Moura Santos, Stijn Buitink, Bernardo Tomé, Ana Laura Müller, Mario BUSCEMI, Francesco Salamida, Johannes Hulsman, Henryk Wilczyński, Michael Unger, Ronald Cintra Shellard, Miguel Mostafa, Achille Nucita, Frederic Sarazin, Paul Mantsch, Ruben Conceição, Roger Clay, Lukáš Václavek, Giovanni Marsella, Markus Roth, Jakub Jurysek, Lorenzo Cazon, Eva Dos Santos, Corbin Covault, Francesco Fenu, Dalibor Nosek, Rossella Caruso, Alexandra Saftoiu, Tim Huege, Antonio CONDORELLI, Orazio Zapparrata, Jaime Alvarez-Muniz, Denise Boncioli, Guillermo Torralba Elipe, Martin Erdmann, Bruno Lazarotto Lago, Carlos José Todero Peixoto, Geraldina Golup, Jan Pękala, Maximilian Stadelmaier, Raul Sarmento, Enrique Varela, Antoine Letessier selvon, Vincenzo Rizi, Eleonora Guido, Pedro T. Abreu, Rafael Alves Batista, Arjen Van Vliet, and Jan Ebr

Subjects
010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences
Published
2020

4. Mate choice in the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus L.)

Author

Eugenia Natoli, Dominique Pontier, and Emanuele De Vito

Subjects
Estrous cycle, Communication, biology, business.industry, Felis, media_common.quotation_subject, biology.organism_classification, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Mate choice, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Mating, Reproduction, Felis catus, business, General Psychology, Urban environment, Demography, media_common
Abstract

The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus L.) has colonized different types of environments that differ in their spatial distribution of resources. Urban environments are characterized by highly clumped distributions of food and shelter, allowing domestic cats to live in large multimale-multifemale groups. In such a situation, questions arise about male and female mating strategies. In particular, do females exert active mate choice? We tested this question using behavioural records on acceptance and refusal of males by estrous females. Our results showed that most females copulated with several males during a single estrus period. The variability of female behaviour was high: six females copulated with all courting males whereas three others mated with most courting males; six others copulated with half or less of the courting males. Even if some females copulated with certain males more often than with others, the identity of the most successful males changed each time. These results show that most females did not choose mates among different males available. The results are discussed in terms of optimal reproductive strategies of males and females in an urban environment. Aggr. Behav. 26:455–465, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Published
2000

5. Biochemical systematics of some species in the genusTuber

Author

Pina Sallicandro, Sandra Urbanelli, Luciano Bullini, Emanuele De Vito, and Ettore Biocca

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Systematics, biology, Physiology, Zoology, Cell Biology, General Medicine, 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Basidium, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic distance, Tuber melanosporum, Chemotaxonomy, Phylogenetics, Tuber aestivum, Botany, Tuber brumale, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

We report results on a systematic study of the genus Tuber using isozyme analysis. Eighteen en- zyme loci were analyzed on numerous fruitbodies of various morphotaxa collected from different Spanish, French, Italian a -' lstrian locations. Fruitbodies were classified i-,to 20 electrophoretic types based on isozyme polyrmorphisms. Genetic distances were ana

Published
1998

6. Identification ofTubermycorrhizae using multilocus electrophoresis

Author

Anna Maria Ferrara, Sandra Urbanelli, Pina Sallicandro, Emanuele De Vito, Mario Palenzona, and Luciano Bullini

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Inoculation, Cell Biology, General Medicine, 030108 mycology & parasitology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Electrophoresis, Botany, Ectomycorrhizae, Genetics, Identification (biology), Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

This paper reports multilocus electropho- resis for identification of Tuber ectomycorrhizae. The commercial value of some species (e.g., T. magna- tum, T. melanosporum and T. aestivum) makes their identification particularly important at the ectomy- corrhizal stage, for inoculating practices as well as to track the environmental fate of the inoculated spe- cies. The electrophoretic ectomycorrhizal patterns at 4 enzymatic loci, obtained by modifying methods of enzymatic extraction as well as some staining proce- dures, allowed the identification of wild and nursery- inoculated ectomycorrhizal samples of Tuber spp. The results obtained indicate that the electrophoret- ic analysis of gene-enzyme systems is a reliable alter- native method to the conventional morphometric cri- teria of fungal identification. At the same time, it is an useful tool for a rapid and simple identification

Published
1998

7. Agonistic behaviour, dominance rank and copulatory success in a large multi-male feral cat, Felis catus L., colony in central Rome

Author

Emanuele De Vito and Eugenia Natoli

Subjects
Dominance hierarchy, Estrous cycle, Sexual behavior, Agonistic behaviour, Zoology, Feral cat, Animal Science and Zoology, Biology, Felis catus, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Dominance (genetics)
Abstract

The mating strategies of male and female feral cats living in a large urban colony were analysed. The distribution of males around the female being courted, the agonistic and copulatory behaviour patterns of 19 males belonging to the group studied and the copulatory behaviour of 15 females of the same group, were investigated. A linear dominance hierarchy based on the outcome of agonistic encounters was found among males. It did not correlate with copulatory success. Courting males did not fight around the female in oestrus. The optimal mating strategies of male and female cats conflict: females would do best to copulate with more than one male, whereas males should monopolize the female and guard her from other males. In this study, however, females mated polygamously but males did not attempt to monopolize females. Possible explanations for this obscure male behaviour are given.

Published
1991

8. Biochemical Systematics of Some Species in the Genus Tuber

Author

Sandra Urbanelli, Pina Sallicandro, Emanuele De Vito, Luciano Bullini, and Ettore Biocca

Subjects
mycorrhizal fungi, biochemical taxonomy, Physiology, genetic variation, Genetics, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Published
1998

9. Identification of Tuber Mycorrhizae Using Multilocus Electrophoresis

Author

Sandra Urbanelli, Pina Sallicandro, Emanuele De Vito, Luciano Bullini, Mario Palenzona, and Anna Maria Ferrara

Subjects
mycorrhizal fungi, biochemical analysis, ascomycetes, truffle, genetic identification, ectomycorrhizae, Physiology, Genetics, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Published
1998

10. Molecular reexamination of the taxonomy of Ochthebius (Calobius) (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) from the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions

Author

Emanuele De Vito, Enzo Colonnelli, Luciano Bullini, Sandra Urbanelli, and Pina Sallicandro

Subjects
education.field_of_study, biology, Population, Allopatric speciation, Zoology, Hydraenidae, Subspecies, biology.organism_classification, Taxon, Genetic distance, Sympatric speciation, Insect Science, Taxonomy (biology), education
Abstract

The classification of Ochthebius (Calobius) is revised using isozyme analysis combined with a preliminary morphological study of population samples from 69 Mediterranean and Macaronesian localities. Seven taxa are recognized, including 3 new taxa, provisionally designated as Ochthebius species A from Italy, O. heeri subspecies A from the western Canaries, and Ochthebius species B from Israel. Ochthebius heeri Wollaston, 1854 is raised from synonymy with O. quadricollis Mulsant, 1844. On the basis of the descriptors used, as well as on the absence of gene exchange in sympatric areas, specific rank is assigned to Ochthebius quadricollis, Ochthebius species A and O. brevicollis , whose ranges show overlapping areas. For the allopatric taxa Ochthebius heeri heeri and O. heeri A, Ochthebius species B, O. brevicollis brevicollis and O. brevicollis steinbuehleri , specific or subspecific ranks were assigned mainly on the basis of their degree of genetic differentiation. A biogeographical hypothesis on the origin of the 7 taxa is proposed.

11. Operations of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

Alexey Yushkov, Giorgio Matthiae, Francesco Fenu, Carla Bonifazi, Jose A. Bellido, Fabio Convenga, Giovanni Marsella, Gaia Silli, Claudio Galelli, Alessio Gorgi, Jeffrey A. Johnsen, Sven Querchfeld, Jan Ebr, Orazio Zapparrata, Julian Kemp, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Carla Taricco, Edivaldo Moura Santos, Ana L. Müller, Marc Weber, Matias Tueros, Luis A. Nunez, Carola Dobrigkeit, Gustavo Medina-Tanco, Lino Miramonti, Luca Deval, Miroslav Pech, Achille Nucita, Clara Keiko Oliveira Watanabe, Lukas Zehrer, Michael Schimp, Viviana Scherini, Olena Tkachenko, Giuseppe De Mauro, Julien Manshanden, Andres Travaini, Ladislav Chytka, Norberto Fazzini, Analisa Mariazzi, M. E. Bertaina, Martin Erdmann, Wilson M. Namasaka, Pavel Horvath, Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu, Jonny Kleinfeller, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, Beatriz García, Alexander Menshikov, Jacco Vink, Alex Kääpä, Emanuele De Vito, Dave Nitz, Gonzalo Parente, Bjarni Pont, Denise Boncioli, Marvin Gottowik, Maximilian Reininghaus, Alena Bakalova, G. C. Hill, Jorge F. Soriano, Ralph Engel, Roger W Clay, Flavia Gesualdi, Felix Riehn, Danilo Zavrtanik, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Italo Epicoco, Petr Travnicek, Rogerio M. de Almeida, Allan Machado Payeras, Andrej Filipcic, Jon Paul Lundquist, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Srijan Sehgal, Eric Mayotte, Carmina Pérez Bertolli, Christoph Schäfer, Bianca Keilhauer, Marcus Niechciol, Fernando Gollan, Sofia Andringa, Henryk Wilczyński, Trent D. Grubb, Luis Lopes, Quentin Luce, Octavian Sima, Maria Isabel Micheletti, Juan Manuel Figueira, Fred Sarazin, Frank G. Schröder, Roberta Colalillo, Andreas Weindl, Dusan Mandat, Michael Unger, Dariusz Gora, Dalibor Nosek, R. C. Shellard, Sergio Petrera, Zbigniew Szadkowski, Stijn Buitink, Denis Stanca, Juan Manuel González, Jan Ridky, Jose F. Valdés Galicia, Alejandra Parra, Lukas Nellen, Mario Buscemi, P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera, Max Büsken, Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Antonella Castellina, Andreas Haungs, Martin Vacula, Matthias Kleifges, Heino Falcke, Jannis Pawlowsky, Jan Pękala, Hans Klages, Alan Coleman, Mauricio Suárez-Durán, Antonio Insolia, Nataliia Borodai, Abha Khakurdikar, P. Abreu, Simone Rossoni, Florian Lukas Briechle, Diego Ravignani, Niklas Langner, Thomas Hebbeker, Sergio Dasso, Tristan Sudholz, Dieter Heck, Marcio Aparecido Muller, Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes, Gaetano Salina, Violet M. Harvey, Philipp Papenbreer, Ana Martina Botti, Peter Mazur, Jaime de Oliveira, Alejandro Almela, G. Cataldi, Alexander Streich, Alan Watson, S. J. Saffi, Juan Pallotta, Zoé Torrès, Diego Melo, Francisco Pedreira, Thomas Bretz, Mart Pothast, Radomir Smida, Germano Guedes, Olivier Deligny, Rodrigo Pelayo, Eva Santos, James Matthews, Philip Ruehl, Felicia Barbato, Joaquín de Jesús, Tomáš Fodran, Petr Janecek, Corbin Covault, João de Mello Neto, Matías Rolf Hampel, Geraldina Golup, Alina Mihaela Badescu, Cristina Galea, Rebeca López, Adrian Rovero, Xavier Bertou, Mariano Gómez Berisso, Alexandra Saftoiu, Ivan De Mitri, Pedro Assis, Diego Correia dos Santos, Marcel Köpke, Jarryd A. Day, Martín Miguel Freire, Francesco Salamida, Carlos J. Todero Peixoto, C. Morello, Hernán Gonzalo Asorey, David Wittkowski, Mariano del Río, Alexandru Balaceanu, Hernan Wahlberg, A. Daniel Supanitsky, Miroslav Hrabovsky, Federico Andrés Sánchez, Jiri Blazek, Hermann-Josef Mathes, Laura Valore, Markus Roth, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu, Tiina Suomijarvi, Lawrence Wiencke, Paul Sommers, Felix Schlüter, Miroslav Palatka, Fabian Gobbi, Carla Aramo, Vincenzo Rizi, Julien Souchard, Daniele Martello, Fausto Guarino, Alina Nasr-Esfahani, Ugo Giaccari, Lu Lu, Nikolaos Karastathis, Silvia Mollerach, Sullivan Marafico, Josina Schulte, Jeffrey Brack, Olaf Scholten, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, Harald Schieler, Domenico Lo Presti, Ricardo Jorge Barreira Luz, Antonio Condorelli, Jakub Vicha, Lukáš Vaclavek, Ruben Squartini, Marco Stein Muzio, Jesús Peña-Rodríguez, Nicolas Martin Gonzalez, Paolo Privitera, Edyvania Emily Pereira Martins, Peter L. Biermann, Sergio Sciutto, Tanguy Pierog, Armando di Matteo, Peter Buchholz, Fabrizia Canfora, Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon, Carlos Hojvat, Maria Rita Coluccia, Martin Schimassek, Bradley C. Manning, Terasa Bister, Toshihiro Fujii, Glennys R. Farrar, Bruno L. Lago, Rafael Alves Batista, Sonja Schröder, Massimo Mastrodicasa, Juan Miguel Carceller, Jose Chinellato, Ricardo Sato, Bernardo Tomé, Brian Fick, Samo Stanič, Ralf Ulrich, Marco Aglietta, Guenter Sigl, Indira D. Vergara Quispe, Markus Risse, Jakub Juryšek, Serguei Vorobiov, Marko Zavrtanik, Julian Rautenberg, Juan Carlos Arteaga Velazquez, Stanislav Michal, Rúben Conceição, Ioana Caracas, Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam, Petr Hamal, Anderson Fauth, Oscar Martínez Bravo, Luan Bonneau Arbeletche, Steffen Hahn, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, Justin M. Albury, Alex Tapia, Kai Daumiller, Roberto Mussa, Fridtjof Feldbusch, Lorenzo Caccianiga, Lorenzo Cazon, Enrique Zas, Mário Pimenta, Manuel Platino, Antoine Letessier-Selvon, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, Brian Wundheiler, Sijbrand J. de Jong, Thomas Fitoussi, David Schmidt, Piera Luisa Ghia, Fernando Contreras, Darko Veberic, Carla Bleve, Rodrigo Guedes Lang, Belén Andrada, Valerio Pirronello, Adrianna Luz García Vegas, Marcos Cerda, Giovanni Consolati, Alberto Segreto, François Montanet, Pierpaolo Savina, Francesco de Palma, Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira, Norbert Kunka, Miguel Mostafa, Jose Sanabria Gomez, Michael Prouza, Jonas Glombitza, Eleonora Guido, Vladimír Novotný, Petr Schovanek, Valerio Verzi, Matías J. Roncoroni, Lorenzo Perrone, Libor Nozka, Virginia Binet, Christian Sarmiento-Cano, Patrick Stassi, Isabel Goos, Alberto Etchegoyen, Enrique Varela, Charles Timmermans, Andrew Puyleart, Alan Fuster, Vladimir Lenok, Jiri Chudoba, Hartmut Gemmeke, Maximilian Stadelmaier, Katharine Mulrey, Carlos Escobar, Kevin-Druis Merenda, Marcus Wirtz, Kathrin Bismark, Rita dos Anjos, Martina Bohacova, Ioana Codrina Maris, Giovanni Mancarella, John Farmer, Juan Pablo Gongora, Jaroslaw Stasielak, Maria-Teresa Dova, Raul Sarmento, Karl-Heinz Becker, Diego dos Santos, Paul Mantsch, Rossella Caruso, Fernando Catalani, Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez, Caterina Trimarelli, Johnnier Perez Armand, Primo F. Gómez Vitale, Antonio Bueno, Petr Tobiska, Gualberto Avila, Ingomar Allekotte, Sara Martinelli, Agustín Cobos Cerutti, Paulo Ricardo Araújo Ferreira, Matías Perlin, Diego Harari, Vitor de Souza, Cynthia Ventura, Bruce R. Dawson, Tim Huege, Patricia María Hansen, Marco Giammarchi, Jörg R. Hörandel, Paula Gina Isar, Marina Scornavacche, Jonathan Biteau, Esteban Roulet, and Corinne Berat

Subjects
Pierre Auger Observatory, Upgrade, Observatory, Astronomy, Detector, Experimental High Energy Physics, Basic level, Cosmic ray, High Energy Physics, Geology, Remote sensing
Abstract

The construction of the first stage of the Pierre Auger Observatory, designed for research of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, began in 2001 with a prototype system. The Observatory has been collecting data since early 2004 and was completed in 2008. The Observatory is situated at 1400 m above sea level near Malargue, (Mendoza province) in western Argentina, covering a vast plain of 3000 squared km, known as the Pampa Amarillo. The Observatory consists of a hybrid detector, in which there are 1660 water-Cherenkov stations, forming the Surface Detector (SD) and 27 peripheral atmospheric fluorescence telescopes, comprising the Fluorescence Detector (FD).Over time, the Auger Observatory has been enhanced with different R&D prototypes and is recently being to an important upgrade called AugerPrime. In the present contribution, the general operations of the SD and FD will be described. In particular the FD shift procedure - executable locally in Malargue or remotely by teams in control rooms abroad within the Collaboration - and the newly SD shifts (operating since 2019) will be explained. Additionally, the SD and FD maintenance campaigns, as well as the data taking and data handling at a basic level, will be reported

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