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Background: The characteristic imaging findings of breast cancer in young women are not yet fully understood. It causes a delay in diagnosis by mixing with benign findings., Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the imaging and histopathological features of breast cancer in women aged under 40 years., Methods: In our center, 537 suspicious lesions were detected in a total of 15,223 adult female patients under 40 years who were evaluated by breast ultrasonography (US). As a result of the mammographic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analysis, 101 lesions meeting the study criteria were included in the sample., Results: The luminal subtypes of breast cancer mostly visualized as irregularly shaped spiculated lesions with calcification and architectural distortion mammography and presented as masses that were sometimes accompanied by increased echogenicity in the surrounding tissue on US. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) enriched subtypes mostly had microlobulated or indistinct margins with heterogeneous echoes accompanied by high calcification on mammography. The triple-negative (TN) subtypes generally appeared as microlobulated lesions with angular or indistinct margins, hypo echogenicity, posterior enhancement or shadowing, and vascularization., Conclusion: Some radiological features of breast cancer in young women were found to be associated with molecular subtypes similar to other age groups in the literature. However, unlike other age groups, the incidences of the HER2-enriched subtype presenting with only calcification, TN subtypes presenting with circumscribed masses, and calcification were found to be low among the young women in our study., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Purpose: The clinical management of high-risk lesions using image-guided biopsy is challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the rates at which such lesions were upgraded to malignancy and identify possible predictive factors for upgrading high-risk lesions., Methods: This retrospective multicenter analysis included 1.343 patients diagnosed with high-risk lesions using an image-guided core needle or vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB). Only patients managed using an excisional biopsy or with at least one year of documented radiological follow-up were included. For each, the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category, number of samples, needle thickness, and lesion size were correlated with malignancy upgrade rates in different histologic subtypes. Pearson's chi-squared test, the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, and Fisher's exact test were used for the statistical analyses., Results: The overall upgrade rate was 20.6%, with the highest rates in the subtypes of intraductal papilloma (IP) with atypia (44.7%; 55/123), followed by atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) (38.4%; 144/375), lobular neoplasia (LN) (12.7%; 7/55), papilloma without atypia (9.4%; 58/611), flat epithelial atypia (FEA) (8.7%; 10/114), and radial scars (RSs) (4.6%; 3/65). There was a significant relationship between the upgrade rate and BI-RADS category, number of samples, and lesion size Lesion size was the most predictive factor for an upgrade in all subtypes., Conclusion: ADH and atypical IP showed considerable upgrade rates to malignancy, requiring surgical excision. The LN, IP without atypia, pure FEA, and RS subtypes showed lower malignancy rates when the BI-RADS category was lower and in smaller lesions that had been adequately sampled using VAB. After being discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting, these cases could be managed with follow-up instead of excision.

Background: Currently, unilateral clinical and subclinical axillary adenopathy cases associated with the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are increasingly reported. However, only one study on axillary adenopathy due to the CoronaVac vaccine is published., Aims: To present the incidence, severity, and ultrasonographic findings of axillary adenopathy that developed in healthcare professionals in Turkey after they were vaccinated with CoronaVac against coronavirus disease-19., Study Design: A prospective study., Methods: In Turkey, the first dose of the CoronaVac vaccine for coronavirus disease-19 was administered to healthcare professionals on January 14, 2021, and the second dose on February 11, 2021. This study covered the period from January 21, 2021 (1 week after the first dose), and April 15, 2021 (9 weeks after the second dose). Individuals who had a history of COVID-19 more than 3 weeks after vaccine doses, systemic disease, and diagnosis and treatment history of breast cancer were excluded. The axillary lymph nodes of the vaccinated and contralateral arms were evaluated in 101 volunteer healthcare professionals using axillary ultrasonography., Results: A significant difference was found in the cortical thicknesses of the lymph nodes between the vaccinated and contralateral axilla after both the first (* p < 0.01) and second (* p < 0.01) doses. Accordingly, the rates of subclinical lymphatic hyperplasia on the vaccinated side were 25.7% (n = 26/101) after the first and 31.1% (n = 28/90) after the second dose. Lymph nodes with pathological appearance based on a reduced echogenic hilum with marked cortical thickening were found only in 2.2%. Among the 39 cases in which antibodies (immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M) were measured, the antibody level was classified as <10 and ≥10. No statistically significant difference was found in the cortical thickness of the axillary lymph nodes between patients with high antibody levels (≥10) and those with low antibody levels (<10) ( p > 0.05)., Conclusion: In this study, clinical signs of axillary lymph node hyperplasia were not detected after vaccination with CoronaVac. Mild and diffuse thickening of the CoronaVac vaccine-induced lymph nodes was more common than pathological and palpable lymph nodes.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between core stability and dynamic balance in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis., Patients and Methods: A total of 100 females (mean age 59.9±7.5 years; range, 42 to 73 years) with postmenopausal osteoporosis between January 2016 and June 2016 were included in this study. All patients were evaluated for dynamic balance with the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and for core stability with trunk flexion, extension, and Side Bridge Test (SBT)., Results: There was a significant correlation between age and the reach directions of anterior (A), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) of the right limb (p<0.001, p=0.009, p=0.012) and the reach directions of A and PM of the left limb (p<0.001, p=0.004). There was no correlation between the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and the reach directions of SEBT (p>0.05). There was a significant correlation between the trunk flexion test results and the reach directions of A, PM, and PL of the right limb (p=0.005, p=0.001, p=0.002), (r=0.277, r=0.333, r=0.308) and the reach directions of A, PM, and PL of the left limb (p=0.008, p=0.016, p=0.005), (r=0.265, r=0.239, r=0.276). There was a significant correlation between the SBT results and the reach directions of A, PM, and PL of the right limb (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.005), (r=0.423, r=0.366, r=0.281) and the reach directions of A, PM, and PL of the left limb (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.001), (r=0.418, r=0.356, r=0.316). There was a significant correlation between the trunk extension test results and the reach directions of A, PM, and PL of the right limb (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.006), (r=0.383, r=0.471, r=0.276) and the reach directions of A, PM, and PL of the left limb (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.003) (r=0.407, r=0.401, r=0.297)., Conclusion: Our study results showed that age and core stability were associated with dynamic balance in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Objective: To determine the relationship between breast cancer and known risk factors in patients who had mammography (MG) for breast cancer screening or ultrasonography and/or MG for diagnostic purposes., Materials and Methods: In the period of January-December, 2011, a questionnaire composed of 17 questions was applied to 2862 female patients and MG and/or US examination was performed afterwards. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis., Results: The mean age was 51.05±8.98, age at menarche was 13.0±1.6 and age at menopause was 47±5.2. The first pregnancy was at 20±4.6. Out of 2862 cases, 242 had breast cancer diagnosis and 32 were newly diagnosed. There was no correlation between menarche age, age at menopause or first pregnancy and breast cancer. There was no relationship between breast cancer risk and hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptive use. In patients with the diagnosis of breast cancer (242 cases), 61 had (25%) a positive family history. There was a significant correlation between the presence of a positive family history and having breast cancer (p=0.003)., Conclusion: The presence of breast cancer in the family has the strongest relationship among all risk factors. It is important to have regular followup of these patients and to raise the awareness of patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in differentiating endometrial cancer from benign endometrial lesions in postmenopausal patients with vaginal bleeding and endometrial thickening and to predict the depth of myometrial invasion in endometrial cancer., Materials and Methods: Postmenopausal patients with vaginal bleeding and endometrial thickening were enrolled in this prospective study. T2-weighted, pre- and postcontrast T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted images were obtained. The ADC values of all the patients with endometrial pathologies were recorded. The staging accuracies of DWI and postcontrast T1-weighted images in the assessment of myometrial invasion were evaluated in histopathologically proven endometrial cancer patients., Results: Fifty-two patients (mean age: 57 ± 10, range: 41-79) were enrolled in the study. Thirty-eight of the lesions were benign (27 as hyperplasia and endometritis; 11 as polyps). Fourteen of the 52 endometrial lesions were pathologically proven as cancers and underwent hysterectomy, and all the specimens were reported as endometrioid adenocarcinomas. The mean ADC value (10 -3 mm 2 /second) of cancer (0.88 ± 0.10) was significantly lower than that of benign lesions (1.78 ± 0.27, p = 0,001). There was no significant difference between ADC values of endometrial tissue in patients with FIGO stage 1A (0.87 ± 0.11, n = 9) and FIGO stage 1B (0.91 ± 0.07, n = 5). The staging accuracy was 92.9 per cent (13/14) for DWI and 85.7 per cent (12/14) for postcontrast T1-weighted images., Conclusion: ADC values allow benign endometrial lesions to be differentiated from endometrial cancer in postmenopausal patients but do not correlate with the depth of myometrial invasion and histological tumor grading., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate ultrasonography (US) findings for Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 4 lesions using BI-RADS US lexicon and determine the positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of US with respect to biopsy results., Methods: Sonograms of 186 BI-RADS 4 nonpalpable breast lesions with a known diagnosis were reviewed retrospectively. The morphologic features of all lesions were described using BI-RADS lexicon and the lesions were subcategorized into 4A, 4B, and 4C on the basis of the physician's level of suspicion. Lesion descriptors and biopsy results were correlated. Pathologic results were compared with US features. PPVs of BI-RADS subcategories 4A, 4B, and 4C were calculated., Results: Of 186 lesions, 38.7% were malignant and 61.2% were benign. PPVs according to subcategories 4A, 4B, and 4C were 19.5%, 41.5%, and 74.3%, respectively. Microlobulated, indistinct, and angular margins, posterior acoustic features, and echo pattern were nonspecific signs for nonpalpable BI-RADS 4 lesions. Typical signs of malignancy were irregular shape (PPV, 66%), spiculated margin (PPV, 80%) and nonparallel orientation (PPV, 58.9%). Typical signs of benign lesions were oval shape (NPV, 77.1%), circumscribed margin (NPV, 67.5%), parallel orientation (NPV, 70%), and abrupt interface (NPV, 67.6%)., Conclusion: BI-RADS criteria are not sufficient for discriminating between malignant and benign lesions, and biopsy is required. Subcategories 4A, 4B, and 4C are useful in predicting the likelihood of malignancy. However, objective and clear subclassification rules are needed.

Objective: Breast arterial calcification (BAC), medial calcific sclerosis of small to medium-sized muscular arteries, is a benign finding of mammographic evaluation. Previous studies have shown the relationships between BAC and systemic disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the association between reduced bone mineral density and BAC., Methods: The study population consisted of 567 women who had both mammography and bone mineral density evaluation. BAC (+) and BAC (-) women were compared for age, body mass index, postmenopausal duration, number of deliveries, breastfeeding duration, DM, HT, lipid treatment, osteopenia, and osteoporosis., Results: BAC was seen in mammographic evaluation of 179 women and 388 subjects without BAC accepted as the control group. There was a statistically significant relationship between age, postmenopausal duration, number of deliveries, history of DM, HT, lipid treatment and BAC. While the prevalence of osteopenia was higher in control group (52.8%), the rate of osteoporosis (48.7%) was higher in group with BAC., Conclusion: There was statistically significant relationship between BAC and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Determination of BAC in routine screening mammography might be helpful in both identifying women with risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.

Arterial thrombosis is extremely rare in patients with factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation. Recent advances in multislice computed tomography (MSCT) technology facilitated diagnosis of thromboembolic events accurately without delay. We report a patient with FVL mutation and acute bilateral lower extremity deep venous thromboses, pulmonary thromboembolism, and acute left anterior descending artery thrombosis, all diagnosed by MSCT. MSCT has been utilized for prompt diagnosis of the concomitant thrombotic pathologies simultaneously.

Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis (GH) is a rare inflammatory disease of the pituitary gland. A 48-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with an irregular menstrual cycle. MRI showed pituitary cystic lesion with sellar enlargement. The patient underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgical excision. A histopathological assessment revealed non-necrotizing granulomatous lesions and a diagnosis of GH was made. The rarity of GH and cystic form of the disease make it difficult to confirm the diagnosis until surgery. We herein report this rare case and provide a discussion of the MRI findings and relevant literature of GH.

Sciatic hernia is a rare condition and its clinical diagnosis is uneasy. Herniation of pelvic organs as well as of retroperitoneal neoplasm has been reported in the literature. Sciatica occurs as a result of compression of the sciatic nerve by the herniated sac. We present a case of retroperitoneal lipoma in a patient who had lower leg complaint and describe the imaging findings.

Most of the spinal cord lipomas reported in the literature are intradural extramedullary, and true intramedullary lipomas are very rare. We present a case of intramedullary spinal cord lipoma of the cervico-thoracic region with extensions over many spinal segments. Magnetic resonance (MR) examination showed an intramedullary lipoma of the cervico-thoracic spinal cord of both high T1 and T2-weighted signal intensity and suppression on fat saturation sequence. MR imaging assessment is critical in the detection of intramedullary lipomas which may present without any neurological deficit at an early stage. Early diagnosis may lead to prevention of the irreversible deterioration of neurological functions.

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign, non-neoplastic, expansile, vascular, locally destructive lesions. The lesion may arise de novo (65%) or secondarily (35%) in pre-existing benign or malignant lesions (giant cell tumor, osteoblastoma, chondroblastoma, angioma, and others). The calcaneus is a rare localization for ABC, comprising only 1.6% of the cases. In this paper, we present a case of a female patient with a 3-month history of heel pain that got worse and was accompanied by swelling and difficulty in walking. The magnetic resonance images of the postero-lateral calcaneus showed a contrast-enhanced cystic lesion located in the medullary cavity; exophytic portion of the tumor extended into the soft tissue causing distinctive cortical thinning. Heterogeneous hyperintense septae formations and blood level components were also detected. After correlation with pathology results, the lesion was diagnosed as an ABC. Since an ABC of the calcaneus is a rarely seen phenomenon, we present the radiologic findings in this case and a review of the literature.

Background: BI-RADS was first developed in 1993 for mammography and in 2003 it was redesigned for ultrasonography (US). If the observer agreement is high, the method used in the classification of lesion would be reproducible., Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the inter- and intraobserver agreement of sonographic BI-RADS lexicon in the categorization and feature characterization of nonpalpable breast lesions., Patients and Methods: We included 223 patients with 245 nonpalpable breast lesions who underwent ultrasound-guided wire needle localization. Two radiologists retrospectively described each lesion using sonographic BI-RADS descriptors and final assessment. The observers were blinded to mammographic images, medical history and pathologic results. Inter- and intraobserver agreement was assessed using Kappa (κ) agreement coefficient., Results: The interobserver agreement for sonographic descriptors changed between fair and substantial. The highest agreement was detected for mass orientation (κ=0.66). The lowest agreement was found in the margin (κ=0.33). The interobserver agreement for BI-RADS final category was found as fair (κ=0.35). The intraobserver agreement for sonographic descriptors changed between substantial and almost perfect. The intraobserver agreement of BI-RADS result category was found as substantial for observer 1 (κ=0.64) and excellent for observer 2 (κ=0.83)., Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that each observer was self-consistent in interpreting US BI-RADS classification, while interobserver agreement was relatively poor. Although it has been ten years since the description of sonographic BI-RADS lexicon, further training and periodic performance evaluations would probably help to achieve better agreement among radiologists.

Breast involvement of the hydatid cyst is very rare, and it accounts for 0.27% of all cases. Cases reported in the literature are generally about various cystic and calcified forms, but the solid form of hydatid cyst in the breast is quite rare. It is difficult to differentiate the breast's malignant and benign lesions from this form of hydatid cyst by imaging methods. Therefore, we aimed to present the mammographical and sonographic findings of a 50-year-old woman patient consulted to our mammography unit of whom we determined a Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System class 4 solid lesion in the right breast and come out as hydatid cyst pathologically., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The objective of the present study was to compare two radiographic scoring methods (the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index-spine (BASRI-spine)) in terms of reliability, construct validity, and feasibility in Turkish ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. The study involved seventy-four patients. The patients were evaluated with 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, global assessment of patient, and global assessment of doctor. The laboratory evaluations of patients comprised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum C-reactive protein. Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI), and Bath AS Radiology Index (BASRI) were calculated. Bilateral cervical, lumbar spine, and anteroposterior pelvis radiographs of all patients were obtained and evaluated by two radiologists. Each radiograph was scored by two scoring methods, mSASSS and BASRI-spine, and these methods were tested according to the aspects of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials filter: reliability, construct validity, and feasibility. The BASRI-spine reached intra- and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.726 and 0.689, respectively. The mSASSS scores more reliable, with ICC of 0.831 and 0.840, respectively. The BASMI and BASFI correlated significantly with the two scoring systems, respectively (mSASSS r: 0.557, r: 0.319; BASRI-spine r: 0.605, r: 0.285). For the two methods, the magnitude of the correlation with disease duration was similar (mSASSS p < 0.01 and BASRI p < 0.01), but no significant correlation was observed when compared to the BASDAI. It is known that the BASRI-spine is a feasible method that reliably detects damage in patients with AS. However, the present authors believe that, in AS patients, mSASSS should be the radiological scoring method to choose because of less radiation exposure, along with excellent intra- and interobserver reliability.

The effect of the serum lipid levels on vertebral fractures and bone mineral density is not clear. A total of 107 postmenopausal women aged 45-79 examined by lumbar spine, hip and radius bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, lateral dorsal and lumbar spine radiographies, routine blood tests and serum lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C]. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected. Eighty-nine radiographies with good technical properties were scored by the Kleerekoper method. Patients with vertebrae fractures had lower levels of TC, TG, LDL-C than the patients without vertebrae fractures. Total cholesterol level was the most prominent factor affecting the vertebral fracture existence. An increase of 1 mg/dl total cholesterol decreases the risk of vertebrae fracture by 2.2%. The existence of osteoporosis due to T score was not influencing the lipid values. TC and LDL-C were weakly associated with BMD at the forearm UD region after the adjustment for the possible confounders. This study shows that the serum lipids have impact on vertebrae fracture existence rather than BMD alterations.

Objective: The diagnosis of a recurrent tear can be more difficult in the postoperative meniscus. The purpose of our study was to determine the accuracy of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI with intraarticular contrast material [magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography] for detecting recurrent meniscal tears after surgery., Materials and Methods: Seventy-two patients who had arthroscopic surgery for meniscal tear and still got complaints were selected prospectively for MR arthrography and conventional MRI. Routine knee protocols with appropriate surface coil were used on 0.5 T MRI system. A 1:100 gadolinium-saline solution 30-40 ml was injected intraarticulary for MR arthrography. Of 72 patients, 45 had repeated arthroscopy for comparison of the results. The morphology of the meniscus as seen on MR images was characterized according to meniscal repair an the degree of meniscal resection into three groups. (1) less than 25% of the meniscal resection, (2) more than 25% meniscal resection, (3) meniscal repair. With routine conventional MR images, we grouped patients according to the signal intensity of menisci as Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, and tear., Results: The prevalence of recurrent meniscal tears in our study group was [68% (37/72 tears)]. In the diagnosis of recurrent meniscal tear, conventional MRI and MR arthrography had sensitivities of 54.0% and 94.5%, respectively; specificities of 75.0% and 87.5%, respectively; and accuracy of 57.7% and 93.4%, respectively. The accuracy of the conventional MRI studies was significantly less than that of the MR arthrography group (P<.05)., Conclusion: Our study results indicate high overall accuracy for MR arthrography in the diagnosis of recurrent or residual meniscal tears. When meniscal resection is minimal, the right diagnosis could be obtained with conventional MRI. MR arthrography is necessary for patients with meniscal resection of more than 25% and who do not have sufficient joint effusion.

Papillary carcinoma, a rare malignant tumor of the breast, accounts for only 1-2% of breast tumors. It predominantly affects elderly women in the sixth decade to the eighth decade of life. The incidence of bilateral papillary carcinomas is very low, with only one case reported in the literature. However, there has been no report of a case of bilateral invasive papillary carcinoma. A case of bilateral invasive papillary carcinoma of the breasts, along with mammography and ultrasound findings, is reported here.

Cardiac hydatid cyst disease is uncommon, representing approximately 0.2% to 2% of all cyst-related cases. Cardiac hydatid cysts are found mostly within the myocardium. Most cardiac hydatid cysts are located in the interventricular septum or in the left ventricular wall. Only few cases of pericardial location have been reported; isolated pericardial hydatid cysts are especially extremely rare. Patients with a cardiac hydatid cyst are usually asymptomatic. We present the case of an asymptomatic patient with isolated pericardial hydatid cyst disease and discuss the role of chest X-rays in the incidental diagnosis of this condition.