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An innovative approach to this research is to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of biodiesel with premixed ammonia energy in a dual-fuel combustion engine and determine the best operating conditions for optimal engine responses. Experimental results of a 40% ammonia energy premixing fraction with direct injection of a biodiesel blend of 30% (40%AEPF + B30) at 80% load improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 8.42% while reducing brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 13.28%. It also reduces the hydrocarbon (HC) emission by 16.8%, the carbon monoxide (CO) emission by 15.06%, and the smoke opacity by 26.8%. As opposed to this, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are elevated by 21.5% and 16.54%, respectively, relative to the 40% ammonia energy premixing fraction with direct injection of diesel (40%AEPF + Diesel). Thereafter, the ANOVA technique is also utilized to analyze the impact of operational parameters, and the findings show that the responses are statistically significant. Additionally, the results are utilized in a grey relational analysis (GRA) based optimization process to determine the appropriate operational variables. According to optimization results, 40%AEPF + B30 at 80% load provides the most efficiency and fuel economy. It is capable of being used as an alternate fuel instead of conventional diesel.

Novel fuels for internal combustion engines are being tested due to increased energy demand and the presence of pollutants. Alternative energies can be produced from biowaste, plants and their seeds, which have become a crucial source. IC engines powered by petroleum have a significant impact on the environment, resulting in various environmental issues. Hence, incorporating an alternative fuel into an engine may require modifications to achieve comparable performance to traditional fuels. The performance of mahua biodiesel and diesel blends, including alumina nano additive, was examined in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The performance of mahua biodiesel and its diesel blends, with the addition of alumina nanoparticles, was evaluated in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The engine was tested using different fuels. The performance and emissions of mahua biodiesel blend with concentrations of 20%, 40% and 100% were assessed under different load conditions. The performance of a biodiesel blend consisting of 20% mahua biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20) was favourable compared to other biodiesel blends, showing minimal tailpipe emissions. A blend of biodiesel, comprising 80% diesel and 20% mahua biodiesel, was prepared with the addition of nano alumina at concentrations of 25 and 50 ppm. The biodiesel blend, containing 50 ppm of alumina nanoparticles, exhibits improved thermal efficiency and reduced emissions due to better fuel atomization caused by the presence of nanoparticles. The Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel blended with 50 ppm alumina nanoparticles increased by 2.85% and decreased by 14% respectively, compared to regular diesel fuel. The use of mahua biodiesel blended with regular biodiesel led to a significant reduction in HC and CO emissions by 20% and 14% respectively. Nano-blended mahua biodiesel proves to be a superior substitute energy source for unaltered compression ignition engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is modernizing the manufacturing industry by enabling the layer-by-layer deposition process to manufacture objects in nearly any form with minimum material waste. However, components developed utilizing the AM process have dimensional constraints. To address this issue, AM-produced metal materials can be coupled with various welding processes. This article focuses on the foundations, highlighting the distinguishing features, capabilities, and challenges of welding-based AM processes by categorizing them into two major groups; arc welding-based AM like Cold Metal Transfer (CMT), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), and high-energy density welding based AM like Laser Beam Welding (LBW) and Electron Beam Welding (EBW). The prior study findings of welding-based AM metal components on mechanical characteristics and microstructural characterization have been addressed. This work will aid researchers, academicians, and professional welders since it gathers vital information on welding-based AM processes. Furthermore, current research in the arena of welding-based AM and its future opportunities has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, an experimental investigation has been carried out with a single-cylinder four-stroke conventional engine using sardine oil methyl ester (SOME) and diesel with MnO2 nanoparticle at different load conditions. MnO2 nanoparticles of 25 ppm concentration were mixed with SOME and diesel with the aid of ultrasonication. Because of its long life and low heat conductivity, partly stabilized zirconium with a thickness of 0.5 mm is used as the coating material. Plasma spraying was used to coat the piston top face, as well as the inlet and outflow valves. MnO2 has a lot of promise, as well as good physical and chemical qualities, and it reduces emissions in diesel engines. The outcome of results showed that the performance was improved while using nanoadditive along with SOME. Break Thermal Efficiency, rate of heat release, and in-cylinder pressure of SOME with 25 ppm of MnO2 were increased by 7.5%, 9.2%, and 7.2%, respectively, as correlated with diesel, due to the oxygen particle available in the fuel and improved combustion process. The nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon, and CO of SOME with 25 ppm of MnO2 were decreased by 11.5%, 42.5%, and 7.4%, respectively, as compared to the baseline fuel, because of low ignition delay and proper atomization during combustion. Hence, it is concluded that 25 ppm of MnO2 with SOME has improved the performance and significantly reduced the emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]