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Capybaras have been victims of collisions against vehicles, which can result in fractures of the teeth and mandible. Then, a local anaesthetic block of the inferior alveolar and mental nerves is important for performing therapeutic procedures in the oral cavity of these rodents. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the mandibular morphometry of the capybara with emphasis on the establishment of anatomic references for anaesthetic block of the inferior alveolar and mental nerves. For this, mandibles from eight young and adult capybaras were used. Radiography and morphometry of the capybara hemimandible were performed. The mandibular foramen had a dorsoventral diameter of 2.1 mm in young and 2.2 mm in adult capybaras, and it was situated ventrally to the third molar tooth. For extraoral block of the inferior alveolar nerve, the needle should be introduced obliquely 63.5 and 77.4 mm from the angular process in young and adult capybaras, respectively. In another extraoral approach, the needle should be introduced perpendicularly 20.8 mm in young and 26.3 mm in adult animals from the ventral margin of the capybara mandible. For blocking only the mental nerve, the needle should be inserted perpendicularly from the interalveolar margin, 10.7 and 11.5 mm in the young and adult capybaras, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that the age group should be taken into account when performing the anaesthetic block of the inferior alveolar and mental nerves in capybaras.

Background: The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest rodent in the world. They are territorial animals, and live in social groups, commonly occurring in anthropized area, what has attracted the attention of researchers in relation to this animal species, since it is the host of the Amblyomma cajennese tick that transmits spotted-fever to humans and are responsible for severe impact on livestock and public health. The skull is a part of the axial skeleton that enclosing the brain, sensory organs and digestive and respiratory structures. Moreover, the phenotypic appearance of the capybara head depends on the shape of the skull. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the reference values of cranial measurements of capybaras. The knowledge of morphometric parameters of skull is pivotal for veterinary treatment of pathological conditions and taxonomic affiliation. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) skulls were used in this study, irrespective of age and sex. The skulls belonging to the anatomical collection of the Laboratory of Wildlife Anatomy and Anatomical Museum, Department of Anatomy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo. A total of 35 morphometric parameters were performed using a digital caliper and 6 cranial indices were calculated. All investigated features were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Anatomically, capybara skull were elongated, rectangle-like and consisted of cranial and facial bones. The morphometric parameters were used to calculate the following craniometrics indices: skull index (57.86 ± 3.62), cranial index (50.49 ± 2.08), facial index (49.22 ± 3.82), basal index (33.98 ± 0.86), nasal index (26.73 ± 3.1), and the foramen magnum index (149.61 ± 1.07). Moreover, the facial part length (mean 137.90 mm) and cranium part length (mean 87.76 mm) also were calculated. The facial part length was a distance from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the rostral edge of the incisive bone and, the cranium part length was a distance from the external occipital protuberance to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Discussion: This study established morphometric parameters in the capybara skull. The craniometric measurements showed in this study are compatible with reported in other studies in the capybara skull, although the most parameters measured in this study were not calculated in previous studies of the capybara skull. Moreover, none of the cranial indices calculated in this study were previously calculated. Based on some cranial measurements, the 8 capybaras used in this study could be classified into subadult (4) and adults (4). The foramen magnum showed a dorsal triangular notch in the capybara skull differently from described in the Cavia spp., and similar to reported to other rodent as Gambian rat and other mammals species such as maned wolf, four-toed hedgehog, and dromedaries. The rectangular shape of the capybara skull is different from that found in other caviids rodents such as Brazilian guinea pig. The capybara skull showed greater development of the facial part in relation to the cranial part, which allows to relate the skull shape with the skull shape presented by dolichocephalics dogs. This feature is commonly reported in large caviomorph rodents. Probably, this morphology is compatible with the ecology and phylogeny of the species. Keywords: capybaras, craniometry, cranium, veterinary anatomy, wildlife.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:53:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-01 This study aimed to assess radiographic and tomographic cardiac parameters, including width and length of the heart, and the ratio of heart width to coelom width of blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) with varying body condition scores. Thirty-five captive birds were included in the study and were allocated into one of three groups according to their respective body condition score: lean, ideal and obese. No differences were observed among the groups with regard to radiographic and tomographic measurements. Computed tomography enabled better identification of the structures of the cardiovascular system without interference from the overlying structures of the celomatic cavity observed in radiographic images. However, radiographic examinations should still be considered the standard screening method to identify cardiac alterations, such as increased or reduced organ dimensions. Standardizing the techniques and measurements performed in this study may serve as a basis for further research in the field. Graduate Program in Wild Animals School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Clinic School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Graduate Program in Wild Animals School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Clinic School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp)

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Background: Phoenicopterus chilensis is a South American wild bird classified as a near threatened specie in the List of Endangered Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. With the increase of the contact between human population and wild animals, this species’ habitat is becoming increasingly vulnerable, with a declining population. Due to the importance of its conservation, the knowledge of abnormalities that affect this species becomes essential. This report aims to describe the first diagnosed case of unilateral renal agenesis in chilean-flamingo. Case: A captive male chilean-flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) was found dead in its enclosure and then was referred at necropsy. The cause of death was the presence of tracheal fungal granuloma, caused by Aspergillus sp. Macroscopically, during the examination of the body cavity, the absence of the right kidney was noted, also evidencing the absence of the caudal renal vein. Emerging from the caudal division of the kidney was noted a blind-end renal vessel. For the histopathological examination, the remaining kidney was fixed in 10% formalin, processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). When analyzing the left kidney parenchyma, preserved histological architecture was noted, without any changes in the tissue structures of the organ. Thus, no hypertrophy by compensatory mechanisms of the remaining kidney was observed. Discussion: Unilateral renal agenesis is a very rare congenital defect in dogs, cats and also in birds. It occurs in the complete absence of one of the kidneys, a situation with which the animal can live satisfactorily if there is a normal kidney to assume the functions. In association, ipsilateral ureteral agenesis and compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney may occur. At the time of necropsy, due to the remaining kidney has normal size and within topographic limits, dorsally in contact with the pelvis and sinsacrum, the absence of compensatory hypertrophy was suspected, which was confirmed by histopathological examination. Clinical signs of unilateral renal agenesis, when present, are related to renal failure. The signs develop when the remaining kidney fails to fully absorb the other’s functions and fails to maintain the organism’s homeostasis. In the case of this report, the specimen showed no clinical signs related to renal agenesis, probably because was no functional compensation for the single kidney. This condition was only noticed after flamingo necropsy, who death because tracheal fungal granuloma, caused by Aspergillus sp. Other reported ways of diagnosing this malformation in animals while alive were imaging and abdominal cavity surgery. The etiopathogenesis of unilateral renal agenesis in animals is uncertain, however, the hereditary cause is commonly described in rats and small animals. It cannot be concluded that the same happened with the animal of this study due to the fact of lack of data regarding the parents and history of animal. It is concluded that in unilateral renal agenesis, the compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney and any clinical symptoms may not be present. Necroscopic and complementary exams are essential to obtain the diagnosis of unilateral renal agenesis. Knowing that the chilean-flamingo is considered as a species near threatened of extinction, it is important to know the abnormalities that affect this species, because this information may be essential for conservation programs. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Animais Selvagens Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Residência em Clínica e Cirurgia de Animais Selvagens Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Veterinária Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP M.V. - Zoológico Quinzinho de Barros M.V. - Soronemer Pathology Lab. Residência em Clínica e Cirurgia de Animais Selvagens Zoológico Quinzinho de Barros UNESP Departamento de Anatomia UNESP Programa de Pós-Graduação em Animais Selvagens Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Residência em Clínica e Cirurgia de Animais Selvagens Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clínica Veterinária Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Residência em Clínica e Cirurgia de Animais Selvagens Zoológico Quinzinho de Barros UNESP Departamento de Anatomia UNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:58:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Universidade Estadual Paulista In human neonates, when the umbilical cord is kept intact postpartum, blood continues to flow to the neonate, but this procedure might be difficult in dogs owing to a shorter umbilical cord and several neonates in a litter. However, it might be possible to detach the placenta and keep the umbilical cord intact, allowing residual blood to flow to the puppies. This study compared the effects of clamping versus no clamping of the umbilical cord in dogs born by cesarean section on neonatal vitality. The puppies were assessed by Apgar and reflex scores. Fifty puppies delivered from 16 bitches were randomly allocated to receive immediate umbilical cord clamping (n=25) or no clamping for at least 3 min after the onset of breathing (n=25). The puppies were assessed during the first 5 min of life and 10 min after the first assessment. The no clamping group showed significantly higher Apgar scores (second assessment, P

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 The aim of this study was to compare the arterial vascularization of the pelvic limb between southern caracara (Caracara plancus) and great egret (Ardea alba) by dissection and radiographic examinations. Five specimens of caracaras (three males and two females), and seven great egrets (five males and two females) were used. Barium sulphate and latex suspension were injected into the left ventricle of the birds. The radiographs were taken with the pelvic limbs in the ventrodorsal, dorsoplantar, mediolateral and lateromedial recumbency. Thereafter, the material was fixed in a 10% solution of formaldehyde and dissected. The pelvic limb received its arterial supply from two main vessels, the ischiatic and external iliac arteries. The ischiatic artery presented to be the principal artery of pelvic limb in the caracara and great egret. Several branches arised from the ischiatic and external iliac arteries were described. No gender differences were observed in both species. The caracara and great egret showed arteries similar to those reported for the ostrich and domestic fowl. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that the caracara has a pelvic limb with more arterial branches and larger arterial diameter than the great egret, which is probably related to the specific behaviour of these birds, since the caracara is a bird that exercise more their pelvic limbs to capture its prey when compared with the great egret. Graduate Program in Wild Animals School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Center of Medicine and Research in Wild Animals School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Graduate Program in Wild Animals School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Center of Medicine and Research in Wild Animals School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:43:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Canine congenital malformations are structural or functional abnormalities of organs present at birth that possibly interfere with the viability of newborns, thus contributing to neonatal mortality. This study evaluated and described the incidence of congenital malformations in neonatal dogs and determined the mortality rates among those affected. Of the 178 litters and 803 newborns included in the study, 24.7% (44/178) of the litters presented neonates with congenital malformations. The total rate of neonates that presented malformations was 6.7% (64/803). The total mortality rate in newborns with congenital defects was 5.4% (44/803), representing 68.7% (44/64) of the deaths observed among those affected. The early (0–2 days old) and late (3–30 days old) mortality rates among the affected neonates were 61.4% (27/44) and 38.6% (17/44), respectively. In total, 27 malformations were recorded, and the most common congenital defects were cleft palate 2.8% (23/803) and hydrocephaly 1.5% (12/803), either alone or associated with other malformations. The malformations were recorded in 15 breeds: Pug, Miniature Pinscher, Rottweiler, Pitbull, French Bulldog, English Bulldog, Dachshund, Labrador Retriever, Lhasa Apso, Poodle, German Spitz, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih-tzu, Brazilian Terrier and mixed breed. One case of exposure to a teratogenic agent was reported, but no maternal exposure to teratogens during gestation was reported with the other litters. The occurrence of congenital defects may be related to genetic factors since the highest incidence of malformations (84.4%) was observed in purebred dogs. Department of Veterinary Clinics School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Veterinary Anesthesiology and Surgery School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Veterinary Clinics School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Veterinary Anesthesiology and Surgery School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)

This study aims at determining the echocardiographic, radiographic and tomographic parameters of blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) with varying body condition scores. Thirty-five birds grown in captivity were included in the study and allocated into groups according to their respective body condition scores: Lean, Ideal and Obese. The echocardiographic evaluation revealed that obese parrots presented lower right ventricle dimensions in diastole than lean parrots. The fractional shortening was considerably lower in obese parrots than in parrots with lean and ideal body condition scores, but without statistical significance. The flow rate and the aortic pressure gradient were lower in the lean group than in the ideal group. No differences were observed between the groups when comparing the radiographic and tomographic measurements. Therefore, as is the case in mammals, we can conclude that alterations in the nutritional state of blue-fronted amazon parrots lead to cardiovascular dysfunctions detected only through an echocardiographic evaluation, which represents an important diagnostic tool for these animals. Computed tomography scans allowed a better identification of the structures of the cardiovascular system without the overlaying structures of the celomatic cavity observed in radiographic images. However, radiographic examinations should still be considered the standard screening examination to identify cardiac alterations such as increased or reduced organ dimensions. Standardizing the technique and describing the measurements obtained in this study may serve as a basis for further research.

Os cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) são canídeos silvestres adaptados ao ambiente antropizado, atingindo o sucesso reprodutivo nesse novo habitat. Fator primordial para não constar na lista de ameaçados de extinção, como o lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) e o cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus). A complexidade do diagnóstico de doenças metabólicas em animais selvagens ainda é um desafio, tanto em vista a grande quantidade de estudos e a evolução da medicina de cães e gatos. Em cativeiro, os animais selvagens estão mais propícios a desenvolver obesidade, por isso, medidas de padrão da espécie fundamentados na conformação e biometria do indivíduo são necessários para se obter maior controle, não se baseando em dados subjetivos que podem diferir de acordo com o profissional O método mais fidedigno para avaliação da condição de escore corporal dos cachorros-do-mato (C. thous) desse estudo foi o método aplicado em gatos domésticos, no qual é necessário a medida da caixa torácica e o comprimento do meio da patela para a ponta dorsal do calcâneo.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:53:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Background: Chrysocyon brachyurus is a South American wild canid considered a species near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and is classified as vulnerable in the National List of Endangered Species. With the increase of the contact between domestic animals, human population and wild animals, there was a greater exposure of the maned wolf to pathogens. Due to the importance of its conservation, the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases that affect this species becomes essential. This report aims to describe the first diagnosed case of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a maned wolf. Case: A free-living female maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), approximately 60 days old, was rescued with presence of alopecia, non-pruritic lesions, one of circular shape located in the nasal plane and the other with signs of scaling and crusts in the region of the left pina. The animal was active, in good general condition and without other significant changes to clinical examination. Skin scraping was performed for mycological culture of both lesions. Fungal growth on Sabouraud's agar identified Microsporum canis. Topical therapy with ketoconazole ointment and cleaning of lesions with 0.2% chlorhexidine was instituted. After 20 days of treatment, remission of clinical signs and repilation of affected areas were observed. New mycological cultures of both areas were carried out, which were negative for Microsporum canis. Discussion: Although Microsporum canis is described as causing dermatophytosis in several animal species, it has apparently not yet been reported in maned wolves. Microsporum canis is one of the most isolated zoophilic dermatophytes in domestic cats and is also cited in reports of symptomatic wild felids, such as tigers, in which it has been identified as either the only agent of infection or in association with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The occurrence is also high in domestic dogs. In the wild canids, Microsporum gypseum has been described in the gray wolf, Trichophyton mentagrophytes in wild foxes, and Microsporum canis in red fox, among others. The finding of zoophilic and geophilic dermatophyte fungi in healthy, free-living and captive wild animals confirms their role as carriers, probable reservoirs and disseminators of these organisms in the environment, and the potential risk they represent as causes of zoonoses. Zoophilic dermatophytes are usually transmitted by contact between individuals and contaminated fomites. In the case of M. canis in the red fox the contact was an asymptomatic domestic cat. In the present case the transmission was not determined, since the animal was rescued from the wild. Regarding the age group, young animals are more susceptible to dermatophytes than adults, probably related to the greater immunity of adults due to previous contacts or even the immaturity of the immune system of the young. The dermatophytosis diagnosis is generally based on anamnesis, physical examination of the lesion, Wood's lamp examination, microscopic skin scraping, fungal culture, or even histology and PCR tests. In the present case, the final diagnosis was based upon by fungal culture in Sabouraud agar, which allowed to identify the dermatophyte species and, thus, the possible source of infection. Dermatophyte infections can be treated with systemic or topical antifungal medications. Because it was a young animal, it was chosen in the present case only for topical use, which proved to be adequate, probably due to the action of the drug in the areas of alopecia skin and the improvement of the systemic condition of the animal. Knowing that the maned wolf is considered as a vulnerable species, it is important to know the diseases that affect this species, in order to carry out, when necessary, disease monitoring programs, preventive and therapies, which is essential for its preservation. Programa de pós-graduação em Clínica Veterinária Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP, Rubião Júnior s/n. Residência em Clínica e Cirurgia de Animais Selvagens Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP M.V. do Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro (RioZoo) Departamento de Cirurgia Veterinária e Anestesiologia Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Programa de pós-graduação em Clínica Veterinária Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP, Rubião Júnior s/n. Residência em Clínica e Cirurgia de Animais Selvagens Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Departamento de Cirurgia Veterinária e Anestesiologia Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP

Congenital defects can cause changes in the normal function or morphology of organs, thus contributing to neonatal mortality. Malformations in dogs occur as a result of genetic factors or by the action of teratogenic agents during pregnancy. Genetic defects can be inherited from one or both parents. These defects are more common in purebred puppies or can even be the result of consanguinity. Teratogenic agents, such as toxins, drugs, infectious diseases, mechanical influences, and irradiation, may affect the litters during gestational development. Hypoplasia of ribs has been described in human newborns. It is a rare and lethal malformation of autosomal recessive inheritance that prevents thoracic expansion and reduces pulmonary compliance, causing respiratory failure. A pregnant bitch of undefined breed was submitted to caesarean section. At birth, a neonate exhibited respiratory distress, and the palpation of the thorax indicated absence of ribs. In addition, the newborn had cleft palate and cleft lip, which led to perform the euthanasia of the animal. Post-mortem examination indicated hypoplasia of ribs and unilateral renal agenesis. As in the canine neonate, hypoplasia of ribs in human newborns is also associated with other malformations, such as cleft lip, cleft palate, and urogenital defects. The present report describes the first case of hypoplasia of ribs associated with other malformations in a canine neonate, the cause being possibly related to a genetic hereditary factor.