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Background Despite the bourgeoning of digital tools for bioethics research, education, and engagement, little research has empirically investigated the impact of interactive visualizations as a way to translate ethical frameworks and guidelines. To date, most frameworks take the format of text-only documents that outline and offer ethical guidance on specific contexts. This study’s goal was to determine whether an interactive-visual format supports frameworks in transferring ethical knowledge by improving learning, deliberation, and user experience. Methods An experimental comparative study was conducted with a pre-, mid-, and post-test design using the online survey platform Qualtrics. Participants were university based early-stage health researchers who were randomly assigned to either the control condition (text-only document) or the experimental condition (interactive-visual). The primary outcome variables were learning, (measured using a questionnaire), deliberation (using cases studies) and user experience (measured using the SED/UD Scale). Analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and mixed-effects linear regression. Results Of the 80 participants, 44 (55%) used the text-only document and 36 (45%) used the interactive-visual. Results of the knowledge-test scores showed a statistically significant difference between participants’ post-test scores, indicating that the interactive-visual format better supported understanding, acquisition, and application of the framework’s knowledge. Findings from the case studies showed both formats supported ethical deliberation. Results further indicated the interactive-visual provided an overall better episodic and remembered user experience compared with the text-only document. Conclusions Our findings show that ethical frameworks formatted with interactive and visual qualities provide a more pleasing user experience and are effective formats for ethics learning and deliberation. These findings have implications for practitioners developing and deploying ethical frameworks and guidelines (e.g., in educational or employee-onboarding settings), in that the knowledge generated can lead to more effective dissemination practices of normative guidelines and health data ethics concepts., AJOB Empirical Bioethics, ISSN:2329-4515, ISSN:2329-4523

Teacher-directed and self-directed learning have been compared across various contexts. Depending on the settings and the presentation of material, mixed benefits are found; the specific circumstances under which either condition is advantageous are unclear. We combined and reanalyzed data from two experimental studies investigating the effects of contrasted versus sequential presentation of materials on learning the principles of algebraic addition and multiplication in sixth-grade classrooms. In both studies, students were presented the same structured materials that differed only in whether the principles were explained by the teacher (n = 154) or inferred by the students (n = 91). We found short- and medium-term advantages of combining teacher-direction with contrasted presentation of algebra principles. An examination of aptitude-treatment interactions shows that particularly students with lower reasoning abilities benefited from teacher-direction in the demanding contrasted condition. Based on these findings, we discuss the particular circumstances under which teacher-directed instruction reveals its advantages.

This study examined how working memory (WM) and mathematics performance are related among students entering mathematics-intensive undergraduate STEM programs (N = 317). Among students of mechanical engineering and math-physics, we addressed two questions: (1) Do verbal and visuospatial WM differ in their relation with three measures of mathematics performance: numerical reasoning ability, prior knowledge in mathematics, and achievements in mathematics-intensive courses? (2) To what extent are the effects of WM on achievements in mathematics-intensive courses mediated by numerical reasoning ability and prior knowledge in mathematics? A latent correlational analysis revealed that verbal WM was at least as strongly associated with the three mathematics measures as visuospatial WM. A latent mediation model revealed that numerical reasoning fully mediated the effects of WM on achievements in math-intensive courses, both directly and in a doubly mediated effect via prior knowledge in mathematics. We conclude that WM across modalities contributes significantly to mathematics performance of mathematically competent students. The effect of verbal WM emerges as being more pronounced than has been assumed in prior literature., Intelligence, 92, ISSN:0160-2896

In a quasi-experimental classroom study, we longitudinally investigated whether inquiry-based, content-focused physics instruction improves students’ ability to apply the control-of-variables strategy, a domain-general experimentation skill. Twelve third grade elementary school classes (Mdnage = 9 years, N = 189) were randomly assigned to receive either four different physics curriculum units (intervention) or traditional instruction (control). Experiments were frequent elements in the physics units; however, there was no explicit instruction of the control-of-variables strategy or other experimentation skills. As intended, students in the intervention classes strongly increased their conceptual physics knowledge. More importantly, students in the intervention classes also showed stronger gains in their ability to apply the control-of-variables strategy correctly in novel situations compared to students in the control classes. Thus, a high dose of experimentation had the collateral benefit of improving the transfer of the control-of-variables strategy. The study complements lab-based studies with convergent findings obtained in real classrooms.

Representational competence is essential for the acquisition of conceptual understanding in physics. It enables the interpretation of diagrams, graphs, and mathematical equations, and relating these to one another as well as to observations and experimental outcomes. In this study, we present the initial validation of a newly developed cross-contextual assessment of students’ competence in representing vector-field plots and field lines, the most common visualization of the concept of vector fields. The Representational Competence of Fields Inventory (RCFI) consists of ten single choice items and two items that each contain three true or false questions. The tool can be easily implemented within an online assessment. It assesses the understanding of the conventions of interpreting field lines and vector-field plots, as well as the translation between these. The intended use of the tool is both to scale students’ representational competences in respect to representations of vector fields and to reveal related misconceptions (areas of difficulty). The tool was administered at three German-speaking universities in Switzerland and Germany to a total of 515 first- and third-semester students from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics subjects. In these first steps of the validation of the RCFI, we evaluated its psychometric quality via classical test theory in combination with Rasch scaling and examined its construct validity by conducting student interviews. The RCFI exhibits a good internal consistency of ω=0.86, and the results of the Rasch analysis revealed that the items discriminate well among students from lower to medium-high competence levels. The RCFI revealed several misunderstandings and shortcomings, such as the confusion of the conventions for representing field lines and vector-field plots. Moreover, it showed that many students believed that field lines must not exhibit a curvature, that the lengths of field lines matter, and that field lines may have sharp corners. In its current version, the RCFI allows assessing students’ competence to interpret field representations, a necessary prerequisite for learning the widespread concept of vector fields. We report on planned future adaptations of the tool, such as optimizing some of the current distractors., Physical Review Physics Education Research, 17 (2), ISSN:2469-9896

Physics educators today face two major challenges: supporting the acquisition of a solid base of conceptual knowledge and reducing the persisting gender gap. In the present quasi-experimental study, we investigated the potential of physics instruction that is enriched with evidence-based cognitively activating methods, such as inventing with contrasting cases or metacognitive questions, to overcome both of these challenges. Four physics teachers in charge of two parallel classes each applied our cognitively activating instruction in one of their classes (CogAct classes). The other classes received regular physics lessons (regular classes) on the same content. The sample consisted of 172 individuals from the advanced track of Swiss secondary school. Controlling for several individual student variables, CogAct classes (N = 87) outperformed regular classes (N = 85) in conceptual understanding at posttest (p 75) particularly benefited from CogAct instruction, as indicated by descriptive statistics and the interaction between intelligence and condition in the group of the female students for posttest conceptual understanding (p < .05, β = 0.88, 95% CI [0.06, 1.69]). We conclude that teachers can successfully be supported in implementing cognitively activating methods that improve their students’ conceptual understanding and reduce the gender gap in physics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)

Knowledge representations that result from practicing problem solving can be expected to differ from knowledge representations that emerge from explicit verbalizing of principles and rules. We examined the degree to which the two types of learning improve problem-solving knowledge and verbal explanation knowledge in classroom instruction. We presented algebraic addition and multiplication problems to 153 sixth graders randomly assigned to two conditions. Students in the explicit learning condition had to verbally compare contrasted algebra problems. Students in the implicit learning condition had to generate and solve new problems. On three follow-up tests over 10 weeks, students in the explicit learning condition exhibited better problem-solving knowledge than students in the implicit learning condition, as well as some advantages in verbal concept knowledge. Implicit learning showed some advantages on not directly taught but incidentally learned aspects. Overall, this outcome favors the explicit learning of concepts. Explicit comparison fostered student performance on non-verbal and verbal measures, indicating that verbalization facilitates effective comparison.

The relative importance of different factors in the development of human skills has been extensively discussed. Research on expertise indicates that focused practice may be the sole determinant of skill, while intelligence researchers underline the relative importance of abilities at even the highest level of skill. There is indeed a large body of research that acknowledges the role of both factors in skill development and retention. It is, however, unknown how intelligence and practice come together to enable the acquisition and retention of complex skills across the life span. Instead of focusing on the 2 factors, intelligence and practice, in isolation, here we look at their interplay throughout development. In a longitudinal study that tracked chess players throughout their careers, we show that both intelligence and practice positively affect the acquisition and retention of chess skill. Importantly, the nonlinear interaction between the 2 factors revealed that more intelligent individuals benefited more from practice. With the same amount of practice, they acquired chess skill more quickly than less intelligent players, reached a higher peak performance, and arrested decline in older age. Our research demonstrates the futility of scrutinizing the relative importance of highly intertwined factors in human development.

The present study examined gender-specific physics underachievement to identify highly intelligent students who perform below their intellectual potential in physics. The sample consisted of 316 students (182 girls) from higher secondary school (Gymnasium) in Switzerland (age M = 16.25 years, SD = 1.12 years). In a multiple group latent profile analysis, intellectual potential and physics grades were used to determine gender-specific student profiles. In accordance with prior expectations, a problematic profile of female physics underachievers with high intellectual potential but below-average physics grades was identified. Their math grades and GPA (Grade Point Average), by contrast, were within the normal range, suggesting domain-specific underachievement. The female physics underachievers, moreover, showed a low interest and self-concept in physics compared with the other students, complementing the picture. An independent sample was used to validate the student profiles. In concluding, we discuss implications for physics classrooms and future research.

Contrasted comparisons are an effective means of concept learning. Many studies have investigated the effects of comparisons in self-learning settings. However, because direct instruction remains a widespread instructional method, we adapted self-learning materials from a previous experiment that demonstrated the benefits of a contrasted introduction of algebraic addition and multiplication for direct instruction at the blackboard. Ninety-eight sixth-graders were randomly assigned to two groups: in the contrast group, addition and multiplication were simultaneously introduced and compared at the blackboard, whereas in the sequential group, addition was taught for two days followed by two days of multiplication training. The contrast learners clearly outperformed the sequential learners in differentiating superficially similar algebraic concepts on three follow-up measures. Furthermore, similar to our previous results, the benefits of contrasted comparison only appeared with delay. Our results extend the applicability of contrasted comparison to the direct instruction method.

Die Lernforschung hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten kognitiv aktivierende Methoden entwickelt und evaluiert, die das sinnstiftende Lernen im Unterricht fordern. Diese haben sich insbesondere in den MINT-Fachern als wirksam erwiesen, weil hier das konzeptuelle Verstandnis eine grosse Hurde darstellt. Im ersten Teil des Artikels werden funf Lernformen zusammen mit der wissenschaftlichen Evaluation vorgestellt. Im zweiten Teil wird am Beispiel der Unterrichtseinheit „Geothermie und die Prinzipien der Thermodynamik“ gezeigt, wie man diese Lernformen bei einem technischen Thema so einsetzen kann, dass auch physikalische Prinzipien verstanden werden.

A wide-spread stereotype that influences women’s paths into STEM (or non-STEM) fields is the implicit association of science and mathematics with “male” and with requiring high levels of male-associated “brilliance.” Recent research on such “field-specific ability beliefs” has shown that a high emphasis on brilliance in a specific field goes along with a low share of female students among its graduates. A possible mediating mechanisms between cultural expectations and stereotypes on the one hand, and women’s underrepresentation in math-intensive STEM fields on the other hand, is that women may be more likely than men to feel that they do not belong in these fields. In the present study, we investigated field-specific ability beliefs as well as belonging uncertainty in a sample of n = 1294 male and female university students from five STEM fields (Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering) at a prestigious technical university in Switzerland. Field-specific ability beliefs of both men and women emphasized brilliance more in more math-intensive fields (Mathematics, Physics) than in less math-intensive fields (Engineering). Women showed higher beliefs in brilliance than men did, and also reported higher levels of belonging uncertainty. For both genders, there was a small, positive correlation (r = 0.19) of belief in brilliance and belonging uncertainty. A relatively small, but significant portion of the effect of gender on belonging uncertainty was mediated by women’s higher belief in brilliance.

Previous research has shown that psychometrically assessed cognitive abilities are predictive of achievements in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) even in highly selected samples. Spatial ability, in particular, has been found to be crucial for success in STEM, though its role relative to other abilities has been shown mostly when assessed years before entering higher STEM education. Furthermore, the role of spatial ability for mathematics in higher STEM education has been markedly understudied, although math is central across STEM domains. We investigated whether ability differences among students who entered higher STEM education were predictive of achievements during the first undergraduate year. We assessed 317 undergraduate students in Switzerland (150 from mechanical engineering and 167 from math-physics) on multiple measures of spatial, verbal and numerical abilities. In a structural equation model, we estimated the effects of latent ability factors on students&rsquo, achievements on a range of first year courses. Although ability-test scores were mostly at the upper scale range, differential effects on achievements were found: spatial ability accounted for achievements in an engineering design course beyond numerical, verbal and general reasoning abilities, but not for math and physics achievements. Math and physics achievements were best predicted by numerical, verbal and general reasoning abilities. Broadly, the results provide evidence for the predictive power of individual differences in cognitive abilities even within highly competent groups. More specifically, the results suggest that spatial ability&rsquo, s role in advanced STEM learning, at least in math-intensive subjects, is less critical than numerical and verbal reasoning abilities.

Zusammenfassung. Das Konzept der psychometrischen Intelligenz ist in der Öffentlichkeit sowie auch in Teilen der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie umstritten. Warum Intelligenz so große Abwehrreaktionen auslöst und wie die Begründungen für diese zum Stand der Intelligenzforschung stehen, wird in diesem Artikel behandelt. Dabei behandeln wir drei weit verbreitete Vorurteile: 1) Das Definitionsproblem: Es gibt viele Intelligenzen, und Psychologen können sich sowieso nicht auf eine einheitliche Definition einigen; 2) Die Abseitigkeitsannahme: Die Leistung in Intelligenztests hat nichts mit Kompetenzen im wahren Leben zu tun; 3) Die Ursachenverwirrung: Wenn Intelligenz ein in den Genen verankertes Merkmal ist, bleiben Umwelteinflüsse unwirksam. Auf Basis der aktuellen Intelligenzforschung entkräften wir alle drei Einwände: 1) Intelligenz wird heute vom Großteil der Intelligenzforscher präzise und einheitlich definiert; das Fehlen einer einheitlichen Definition ist kein aktuelles Problem der Intelligenzforschung mehr. 2) Eine Reihe von jüngeren Meta-Analysen hat überzeugend die hohen und stabilen Validitäten von Intelligenztests demonstriert: Intelligenz ist einer der besten Prädiktoren von Lern- und Berufserfolg. 3) Die moderne Verhaltensgenetik hat verdeutlicht, dass Intelligenz in den Genen verankert ist, diese aber nur in einer geistig anregenden Umwelt ihr Potenzial entfalten können. Mit diesem Artikel möchten wir Psychologen Argumente an die Hand geben, mit denen sie eine skeptische Öffentlichkeit von der Wichtigkeit der psychometrischen Intelligenzforschung überzeugen können.

Studies of human intelligence provide strong evidence for the neural efficiency hypothesis, which suggests more efficient brain functioning (i.e., less or more focused activation) in more intelligent individuals. Recent studies have specified the scope of the neural efficiency hypothesis by suggesting that the relationship between brain activation and intelligence only holds true for problems of moderate difficulty and can be altered through training and is only found in frontal brain regions. We investigated the moderating roles of task difficulty and training on the neural efficiency phenomenon in the context of working memory (WM) training. In two studies of 54 participants (study 1) and 29 participants (study 2), cortical activation was assessed by means of electroencephalography (EEG), or more precisely by means of event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the upper alpha band. ERD was assessed during the performance of WM tasks in a pre-test – training – post-test design, comparing groups of lower and higher intelligence. We found supportive evidence for the neural efficiency hypothesis only in moderately difficult WM tasks in frontal brain regions, even in the absence of performance differences. There was no effect of intelligence on the simple or highly demanding, adaptive WM tasks. In the latter task, however, an intelligence-related difference emerged at the behavioral level, but training did not modulate the relationship between intelligence and brain activation. These results corroborate the moderating role of task difficulty in the neural efficiency hypothesis in the context of WM demands and suggest that training does not impact the neural efficiency phenomenon in the context of WM demands.

The kinematics concept test (KCT) is a multiple-choice test designed to evaluate students’ conceptual understanding of kinematics at the high school level. The test comprises 49 multiple-choice items about velocity and acceleration, which are based on seven kinematic concepts and which make use of three different representations. In the first part of this article we describe the development and the validation process of the KCT. We applied the KCT to 338 Swiss high school students who attended traditional teaching in kinematics. We analyzed the response data to provide the psychometric properties of the test. In the second part we present the results of a structural analysis of the test. An exploratory factor analysis of 664 student answers finally uncovered the seven kinematics concepts as factors. However, the analysis revealed a hierarchical structure of concepts. At the higher level, mathematical concepts group together, and then split up into physics concepts at the lower level. Furthermore, students who seem to understand a concept in one representation have difficulties transferring the concept to similar problems in another representation. Both results have implications for teaching kinematics. First, teaching mathematical concepts beforehand might be beneficial for learning kinematics. Second, instructions have to be designed to teach students the change between different representations., Physical Review. Special Topics. Physics Education Research, 13 (1), ISSN:1554-9178

Students studying algebra often make mistakes because of superficial similarities between addition and multiplication problems. In two experiments, we investigated whether these errors can be prevented by presenting addition and multiplication problems in such a way that students are encouraged to compare the problems at a deeper level. In Experiment 1, 72 sixth graders were assigned to two self-learning programs. In the contrast program, addition and multiplication were mixed and juxtaposed. In the sequential program, students first received only addition problems followed by multiplication problems. The results revealed that during the training, students performed worse under the contrast condition. However, in the follow-up tests (1-day, 1-week, 3-months), these findings were reversed: the contrast group clearly outperformed the sequential group. The findings were replicated under improved methodological conditions in Experiment 2 with 154 sixth graders. These experiments show that contrasted comparison of superficially similar but conceptually different material results in improved long-term learning.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to probe electrophysiological effects of nonsymbolic numerical processing in 20 children with mathematical learning disabilities (mean age = 99.2 months) compared to a group of 20 typically developing matched controls (mean age = 98.4 months). Methods: EEG data were obtained while children were tested with a standard non-symbolic numerical comparison paradigm that allowed us to investigate the effects of numerical distance manipulations for different set sizes, i.e. the classical subitizing, counting and estimation ranges. Effects of numerical distance manipulations on ERP amplitudes as well as activation patterns of underlying current sources were analyzed. Results: In typically developing children, the amplitudes of a late parietal positive-going ERP component showed systematic numerical distance effects that did not depend on set size. For the group of children with mathematical learning disabilities, ERP distance effects were found only for stimuli within the subitizing range. Current source density analysis of distance-related group effects suggested that areas in right inferior parietal regions are involved in the generation of the parietal ERP amplitude differences. Conclusion: Our results suggest that right inferior parietal regions are recruited differentially by controls compared to children with mathematical learning disabilities in response to non-symbolic numerical magnitude processing tasks, but only for stimuli with set sizes that exceed the subitizing range. ispartof: Cortex vol:49 issue:8 pages:2162-2177 ispartof: location:Italy status: published