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Sepsis is an inevitable stage of bacterial invasion characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response resulting in a syndrome of multiorgan dysfunction. Most conventional antibiotics used to treat sepsis are efficacious, but they have undesirable side effects. The green synthesised Ag NPs were synthesized by 5 g of the earthworm extract dissolved in a volume of 500mL of distilled water and then added to 2,500 mL aqueous solution of 1mM silver nitrate at 40 °C. After 4 h, the mixture was then allowed to dry overnight at 60 °C. Later, Ag NPs were washed and collected. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Sepsis model as induced by feces-intraperitoneal injection method. Eighteen male mice were assigned into three main groups: the control group, the sepsis-model group, and the Ag NPs-treated group. The control group received a single oral dose of distilled water and, after two days, intraperitoneally injected with 30% glycerol in phosphate buffer saline. The Sepsis-model group received a single oral dose of distilled water. Ag NPs - The treated group received a single oral dose of 5.5 mg/kg of Ag NPs. After two days, the sepsis-model group and Ag NPs-treated group were intraperitoneally injected with 200 µL of faecal slurry. Ag NPs treatment in septic mice significantly decreased liver enzyme activities, total protein, and serum albumin. Moreover, Ag NPs significantly enhanced kidney function, as indicated by a significant decrease in the levels of creatinine, urea, and uric acid. In addition, Ag NPs showed a powerful antioxidant effect via the considerable reduction of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and the increase in antioxidant content. The histopathological investigation showed clear improvement in hepatic and kidney architecture. Our findings demonstrate the protective efficacy of biogenic Ag NPs against sepsis-induced liver and kidney damage., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of T2 DM among children and adolescents attending a paediatric and adolescent diabetic clinic in Khartoum -Sudan and to find out the etiological factors, clinical presentation, management and associated co morbidities. This was a retrospective, descriptive hospital based study. The records of all children attending the clinic at Jabir Abu Izz Diabetic Center from January 2006 to December 2009 were reviewed and those who were diagnosed as type 2 DM were identified. Out of 985 patients 38 (4%) were labeled as having type 2 DM. Out of these, 35 (92.1%) had onset between 11-18 years of age and were all pubertal. Three patients (7.9%) were under 10. Female to male ratio was 1.2: 1. Thirty two (84.2%) were from tribes of Arab origin. There were no cases from tribes of southern Sudan of African origin. Risk factors for obesity included: diabetes during pregnancy 15 (39.5%), large for dates 16 (43%) small for dates 12(32%), family history of obesity 10 (26.3%), lack of exercise 32 (87.6%), TV watching for long hours 32(84.3%) and consumption of fast foods. Almost 70% were symptomatic at presentation. Co morbidities included hypertension 22(57.9%), microalbuminuria 7 (18.4%), hyperlipidaemia 6(7%) and none had retinopathy. The mean HbA1C was 9.1% gm/dl. This data confirms that T2 DM is emerging as a health problem among children and adolescents in Sudan mostly as a result of obesity particularly among high socioeconomic group in urban areas and more prevalent in certain ethnic groups.