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Abstract Background The WHO-5 Wellbeing Index is a widely used tool for assessing psychological well-being. Despite its global application, its adaptation and validation for the Azerbaijani population had not been previously explored. This study aims to fill this gap by adapting the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index for Azerbaijani adults and examining its relationship with psychological distress, resilience, and life satisfaction. Methods A sample of 875 Azerbaijani adults aged 18 to 89 (mean age = 29.13, SD = 10.98) participated in this study. The adaptation process included confirmatory factor analysis to test the original 5-item structure of the index in the Azerbaijani context. Additionally, item response theory analysis was employed to evaluate the discriminative values of the items. Reliability was assessed through various methods, including Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, and Guttmann’s lambda. Results Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original 5-item structure of the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index for the Azerbaijani sample, demonstrating alignment with the index’s original version. All items showed acceptable discriminative values in item response theory analysis. The index also exhibited sufficient reliability, as evidenced by Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, and Guttmann’s lambda. Correlation and network analyses indicated significant associations of the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index with psychological distress, resilience, and life satisfaction. Specifically, the index was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress, and positively correlated with resilience and life satisfaction. Conclusion The findings suggest that the WHO-5 Wellbeing Index is a valid and reliable tool for assessing psychological well-being in the Azerbaijani population. Its significant associations with psychological distress, resilience, and life satisfaction further affirm its utility in this cultural context.

Especially women, due to cultural and societal expectations, are less responsive toward erotic stimuli when they are engaged with neutral and distractive thoughts and emotions. Focusing on a task-irrelevant context during sex adversely affects functioning. Therefore, this study aims to explore the pathway from body appreciation to sexual self-consciousness in women in Turkey and Azerbaijan. In addition, the mediating role of self-compassion on this path was also explored in the study. A total of 643 women agreed to participate in the study, which included 343 women from Turkey (Age M = 32.30, SD = 8.67, range 18-58) and 300 women from Azerbaijan (Age M = 30.96, SD = .93, range 18-58). Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediating relationship between the variables. The results demonstrated that body appreciation predicts self-compassion and sexual self-consciousness in both samples and self-compassion predicts sexual self-consciousness. Furthermore, self-compassion has a mediating role in the relationship between body appreciation and sexual self-consciousness. Body satisfaction can increase women’s self-acceptance and self-compassion despite their shortcomings. The higher the self-compassion, the more women can focus on sex without being distracted.

Abstract Social connectedness can have a significant impact on improving individuals' mental well-being by serving as a pathway through which psychological resilience is enhanced. The objective of this study was to investigate the mediating influence of psychological resilience on the association between social connectedness and mental wellbeing among adults in Azerbaijan. A total of 519 adults, ranging from 18 to 66 years old and representing various regions in Azerbaijan, participated in the research. They completed measures including the Social Connectedness Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, and the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings from the SEM demonstrated that psychological resilience played a significant mediating role in the relationship between social connectedness and mental wellbeing among Azerbaijani adults. Specifically, when accounting for age and gender, it was observed that psychological resilience partially mediated the link between social connectedness and mental wellbeing. Thus, social connectedness emerges as a crucial factor in promoting individuals' mental well-being by fostering psychological resilience.

Examining the academic locus of control, procrastination, and school satisfaction is crucial for understanding student well-being and educational outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential mediating role of academic procrastination in the association between academic locus of control and school satisfaction in a sample of adolescents (N = 628; M[subscript age] = 13.30, SD = 1.74) residing in various regions of Azerbaijan. The results revealed that higher levels of internal locus of control were positively related to school satisfaction, while increased levels of external locus of control were negatively associated with school satisfaction. The analysis using structural equation modeling showed that school satisfaction was partially influenced by academic procrastination, which acted as a mediator in the relationship between internal locus of control and school satisfaction. Additionally, academic procrastination fully mediated the relationship between external locus of control and school satisfaction. These findings were further discussed in the context of existing literature, and recommendations were provided for future research in this area.

This study aimed to explore the mediation effects of bullying on the connection between aggression and resilience among Azerbaijani adolescents. The research involved 623 participant from various regions in Azerbaijan, and data were collected using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Illinois Bully Scale, and the Brief Resilience Scale. To analyze the data, correlations and a bootstrapping procedure were employed. The results from bootstrapping indicated that the mediating role of bullying (bullying, victim, and fighter) was statistically significant. This implies that bullying, victim, and fighter partially mediated the relationship aggression and resilience among Azerbaijani adolescents. As a conclusion, to enhance adolescents' resilience, it is crucial to address aggression and bullying. By focusing on these aspects, adolescents' overall resilience can be negatively impacted, leading to improved well-being and performance in the school setting.

School experience holds significant importance in the realm of educational environments in the 21st century. Thus, the aim of this study was to adapt the Perceived School Experience Scale for application among Azerbaijani adolescents and examine the interconnections between school experience, psychological distress, and school satisfaction. Data were collected from 1095 Azerbaijani adolescents (635 female and 456 male). Throughout the adaptation process, confirmatory factor analysis, assessments of criterion-related validity, and reliability were conducted. Additionally, the associations between school experience, psychological distress, and school satisfaction were explored through mediational analysis. The results from the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the questionnaire encompassed 14 items, featured three school-related protective factors, and displayed an acceptable fit. The scale has been found to have satisfactory reliability coefficients for both its factors and the overall score. Furthermore, the findings established that school experience exhibited positive correlations with school satisfaction while demonstrating negative associations with psychological distress. Finally, the results unveiled that psychological distress played a mediating role in influencing school satisfaction through the pathways of school experience. These findings collectively suggest that the Azerbaijani version of the Perceived School Experience Scale boasts commendable psychometric properties.