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We investigated the pyrolysis of propyne and propene using aerosol mass spectrometry coupled with tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization. The results show that propyne forms particles at pyrolysis temperatures approximately 100 K below the lowest temperature at which propene produces particles. The aerosol mass spectra show that the carbon-to-hydrogen (C/H) ratios of the pyrolysis products from both reactants increase with temperature between the particle onset temperature and 1275 K. In this temperature range, the mass peaks corresponding to species with 18 or more carbon atoms are more saturated (i.e., have lower C/H ratios) than species predicted by the stabilomer grid. The observation of relatively high saturation (low C/H ratios) at temperatures near particle onset is consistent with the presence of aliphatically linked hydrocarbons during the preliminary stages of soot formation. The masses of the species presumed to be aliphatically linked suggest that these linked species are adducts of species smaller than chrysene (C18H12). We performed a comparative analysis of the initial PAH-growth pathways consistent with aerosol mass spectra and associated mass-specific photoionization-efficiency curves. The results from the comparative analysis indicate that the development of PAHs up to the size of acenaphthylene (C12H8) follow similar formation pathways for propyne and propene, but the isomeric composition of species larger than acenaphthylene diverges for the two reactants.

Objective: The present study evaluated an intervention designed to introduce University students as potential users of Johannesburg's cycle lanes. Participants: A total of 393 undergraduate and postgraduate students from the University of Johannesburg took part. Methods: Following cycling and safety training, participants undertook a 1.2 km supervised cycle ride between University of Johannesburg campuses using loaned bicycles. The evaluation of the intervention drew on quantitative and qualitative data collected using participant questionnaires; and fieldworkers' photographic and reflective accounts. Results: Perceived cycling competency improved following the intervention, though similar proportions of participants became more "and" less interested in bicycle ownership (7-8%). The physical effort entailed; and flaws in the design and maintenance of cycle lanes (that affected utility and safety) were the strongest themes emerging from the qualitative analyses. Conclusions: The supervised cycle rides improved perceived cycling competency, but also enabled participants to reappraise the potential benefits and desirability of bicycle ownership.

Objective: The present study examined potential barriers to cycle-based transport amongst undergraduate students, to inform the design of future cycling promotion interventions at the University of Johannesburg (UJ). Participants: A total of 606 first, second and third year UJ undergraduates took part. Methods: Sociodemographic and economic determinants of bicycle/car ownership, cycling competency and behavior were evaluated using data derived from a 9-item questionnaire, before and after adjustment for measured confounders. Results: While 70% of respondents knew how to cycle, only 26% owned/had access to a bicycle, and only 18% had last cycled for transport. Bicycle ownership and competency were far commoner amongst male and older participants, and those whose parents had the means to own a car. Conclusions: Interventions to promote cycle-based transport must address the many (predominantly female) students who: have limited cycling competency; do not own/have access to a bicycle; or have little/no experience of cycling for transport.

This article explores the impact of dental tourism on UK dentistry and the National Health Service (NHS). It acknowledges concerns about foreign nationals accessing free NHS care and British residents seeking medical treatment abroad. The article highlights the lack of data on the scale and cost of health tourism to the NHS and emphasizes the potential risks to patients and the healthcare system due to lower standards of care overseas. It also discusses the challenges faced by regulators in monitoring and enforcing standards for dental providers operating outside the UK. The article calls for better legislation, enforcement, and research to address the vulnerability of UK dentistry to dental tourists. [Extracted from the article]

The nascent steps in the pyrolysis of the lignin components salicylaldehyde ( o-HOC6H4CHO) and catechol ( o-HOC6H4OH) were studied in a set of heated microreactors. The microreactors are small (roughly 1 mm ID × 3 cm long); transit times through the reactors are about 100 μs. Temperatures in the microreactors can be as high as 1600 K, and pressures are typically a few hundred torr. The products of pyrolysis are identified by a combination of photoionization mass spectrometry, photoelectron photoion concidence mass spectroscopy, and matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. The main pathway by which salicylaldehyde decomposes is a concerted fragmentation: o-HOC6H4CHO (+ M) → H2 + CO + C5H4═C═O (fulveneketene). At temperatures above 1300 K, fulveneketene loses CO to yield a mixture of HC≡C-C≡C-CH3, HC≡C-CH2-C≡CH, and HC≡C-CH═C═CH2. These alkynes decompose to a mixture of radicals (HC≡C-C≡C-CH2 and HC≡C-CH-C≡CH) and H atoms. H-atom chain reactions convert salicylaldehyde to phenol: o-HOC6H4CHO + H → C6H5OH + CO + H. Catechol has similar chemistry to salicylaldehyde. Electrocyclic fragmentation produces water and fulveneketene: o-HOC6H4OH (+ M) → H2O + C5H4═C═O. These findings have implications for the pyrolysis of lignin itself.

Cycloheptatrienyl (tropyl) radical, C7H7, was cleanly produced in the gas-phase, entrained in He or Ne carrier gas, and subjected to a set of flash-pyrolysis micro-reactors. The pyrolysis products resulting from C7H7 were detected and identified by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Complementary product identification was provided by infrared absorption spectroscopy. Pyrolysis pressures in the micro-reactor were roughly 200 Torr and residence times were approximately 100 μs. Thermal cracking of tropyl radical begins at 1100 K and the products from pyrolysis of C7H7 are only acetylene and cyclopentadienyl radicals. Tropyl radicals do not isomerize to benzyl radicals at reactor temperatures up to 1600 K. Heating samples of either cycloheptatriene or norbornadiene never produced tropyl (C7H7) radicals but rather only benzyl (C6H5CH2). The thermal decomposition of benzyl radicals has been reconsidered without participation of tropyl radicals. There are at least three distinct pathways for pyrolysis of benzyl radical: the Benson fragmentation, the methyl-phenyl radical, and the bridgehead norbornadienyl radical. These three pathways account for the majority of the products detected following pyrolysis of all of the isotopomers: C6H5CH2, C6H5CD2, C6D5CH2, and C6H5 (13)CH2. Analysis of the temperature dependence for the pyrolysis of the isotopic species (C6H5CD2, C6D5CH2, and C6H5 (13)CH2) suggests the Benson fragmentation and the norbornadienyl pathways open at reactor temperatures of 1300 K while the methyl-phenyl radical channel becomes active at slightly higher temperatures (1500 K).

Both glycolaldehyde and glyoxal were pyrolyzed in a set of flash-pyrolysis microreactors. The pyrolysis products resulting from CHO-CH2OH and HCO-CHO were detected and identified by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry. Complementary product identification was provided by argon matrix infrared absorption spectroscopy. Pyrolysis pressures in the microreactor were about 100 Torr, and contact times with the microreactors were roughly 100 μs. At 1200 K, the products of glycolaldehyde pyrolysis are H atoms, CO, CH2═O, CH2═C═O, and HCO-CHO. Thermal decomposition of HCO-CHO was studied with pulsed 118.2 nm photoionization mass spectrometry and matrix infrared absorption. Under these conditions, glyoxal undergoes pyrolysis to H atoms and CO. Tunable VUV photoionization mass spectrometry provides a lower bound for the ionization energy (IE)(CHO-CH2OH) ≥ 9.95 ± 0.05 eV. The gas-phase heat of formation of glycolaldehyde was established by a sequence of calorimetric experiments. The experimental result is ΔfH298(CHO-CH2OH) = -75.8 ± 1.3 kcal mol(-1). Fully ab initio, coupled cluster calculations predict ΔfH0(CHO-CH2OH) of -73.1 ± 0.5 kcal mol(-1) and ΔfH298(CHO-CH2OH) of -76.1 ± 0.5 kcal mol(-1). The coupled-cluster singles doubles and noniterative triples correction calculations also lead to a revision of the geometry of CHO-CH2OH. We find that the O-H bond length differs substantially from earlier experimental estimates, due to unusual zero-point contributions to the moments of inertia.

The thermal decomposition of cyclohexanone (C6H10═O) has been studied in a set of flash-pyrolysis microreactors. Decomposition of the ketone was observed when dilute samples of C6H10═O were heated to 1200 K in a continuous flow microreactor. Pyrolysis products were detected and identified by tunable VUV photoionization mass spectroscopy and by photoionization appearance thresholds. Complementary product identification was provided by matrix infrared absorption spectroscopy. Pyrolysis pressures were roughly 100 Torr, and contact times with the microreactors were roughly 100 μs. Thermal cracking of cyclohexanone appeared to result from a variety of competing pathways, all of which open roughly simultaneously. Isomerization of cyclohexanone to the enol, cyclohexen-1-ol (C6H9OH), is followed by retro-Diels-Alder cleavage to CH2═CH2 and CH2═C(OH)-CH═CH2. Further isomerization of CH2═C(OH)-CH═CH2 to methyl vinyl ketone (CH3CO-CH═CH2, MVK) was also observed. Photoionization spectra identified both enols, C6H9OH and CH2═C(OH)-CH═CH2, and the ionization threshold of C6H9OH was measured to be 8.2 ± 0.1 eV. Coupled cluster electronic structure calculations were used to establish the energetics of MVK. The heats of formation of MVK and its enol were calculated to be ΔfH298(cis-CH3CO-CH═CH2) = -26.1 ± 0.5 kcal mol(-1) and ΔfH298(s-cis-1-CH2═C(OH)-CH═CH2) = -13.7 ± 0.5 kcal mol(-1). The reaction enthalpy ΔrxnH298(C6H10═O → CH2═CH2 + s-cis-1-CH2═C(OH)-CH═CH2) is 53 ± 1 kcal mol(-1) and ΔrxnH298(C6H10═O → CH2═CH2 + cis-CH3CO-CH═CH2) is 41 ± 1 kcal mol(-1). At 1200 K, the products of cyclohexanone pyrolysis were found to be C6H9OH, CH2═C(OH)-CH═CH2, MVK, CH2CHCH2, CO, CH2═C═O, CH3, CH2═C═CH2, CH2═CH-CH═CH2, CH2═CHCH2CH3, CH2═CH2, and HC≡CH.

Substituted furans, including furanic ethers, derived from nonedible biomass have been proposed as second-generation biofuels. In order to use these molecules as fuels, it is important to understand how they break apart thermally. In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to study the unimolecular and low-pressure bimolecular decomposition mechanisms of the smallest furanic ether, 2-methoxyfuran. Electronic structure (CBS-QB3) calculations indicate this substituted furan has an unusually weak O-CH3 bond, approximately 190 kJ mol(-1) (45 kcal mol(-1)); thus, the primary decomposition pathway is through bond scission resulting in CH3 and 2-furanyloxy (O-C4H3O) radicals. Final products from the ring opening of the furanyloxy radical include 2 CO, HC≡CH, and H. The decomposition of methoxyfuran is studied over a range of concentrations (0.0025-0.1%) in helium or argon in a heated silicon carbide (SiC) microtubular flow reactor (0.66-1 mm i.d., 2.5-3.5 cm long) with reactor wall temperatures from 300 to 1300 K. Inlet pressures to the reactor are 150-1500 Torr, and the gas mixture emerges as a skimmed molecular beam at a pressure of approximately 10 μTorr. Products formed at early pyrolysis times (100 μs) are detected by 118.2 nm (10.487 eV) photoionization mass spectrometry (PIMS), tunable synchrotron VUV PIMS, and matrix infrared absorption spectroscopy. Secondary products resulting from H or CH3 addition to the parent and reaction with 2-furanyloxy were also observed and include CH2═CH-CHO, CH3-CH═CH-CHO, CH3-CO-CH═CH2, and furanones; under the conditions in the reactor, we estimate these reactions contribute to at most 1-3% of total methoxyfuran decomposition. This work also includes observation and characterization of an allylic lactone radical, 2-furanyloxy (O-C4H3O), with the assignment of several intense vibrational bands in an Ar matrix, an estimate of the ionization threshold, and photoionization efficiency. A pressure-dependent kinetic mechanism is also developed to model the decomposition behavior of methoxyfuran and provide pathways for the minor bimolecular reaction channels that are observed experimentally.

High-level coupled cluster theory, in conjunction with Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) and E,J-resolved master equation calculations, was used in a study of the title reactions, which play an important role in the combustion of hydrocarbons. In the set of radical/radical reactions leading to soot formation in flames, the addition of H-atoms to alkenes is likely a common reaction, triggering the isomerization of complex hydrocarbons to aromatics. The heats of formation of C2H3, C2H4, and C2H5 are established to be 301.26 ± 0.30 at 0 K (297.22 ± 0.30 at 298 K), 60.89 ± 0.11 (52.38 ± 0.11), and 131.38 ± 0.22 (120.63 ± 0.22) kJ mol−1, respectively. The calculated rate constants from first principles agree well with experiments where they are available. Under conditions typical of high temperature combustion – where experimental work is very challenging with a consequent dearth of accurate data – we provide high-level theoretical results for kinetic modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study evaluated an intervention designed to introduce University students as potential users of Johannesburg's cycle lanes. Participants: A total of 393 undergraduate and postgraduate students from the University of Johannesburg took part. Methods: Following cycling and safety training, participants undertook a 1.2 km supervised cycle ride between University of Johannesburg campuses using loaned bicycles. The evaluation of the intervention drew on quantitative and qualitative data collected using participant questionnaires; and fieldworkers' photographic and reflective accounts. Results: Perceived cycling competency improved following the intervention, though similar proportions of participants became more and less interested in bicycle ownership (7-8%). The physical effort entailed; and flaws in the design and maintenance of cycle lanes (that affected utility and safety) were the strongest themes emerging from the qualitative analyses. Conclusions: The supervised cycle rides improved perceived cycling competency, but also enabled participants to reappraise the potential benefits and desirability of bicycle ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanes and alkenes with a thermal beam of OH radicals is studied. The OH radicals have initiated a radical-induced polymerization of the alkene film.

Nine of the twelve fundamental vibrational modes of the propargyl radical, Gamma(sub vib)(HCCCH2)=5a1 symmetry 3b1 symmetry 4b2 is detected in a cryogenic matrix. The results concluded that propargyl is a completely delocalized hydrocarbon radical and is best written as HC=C-CH2.

A new technique is described for the experimental study if ions with organic radicals. A study has been conducted on the following reactions: CH2CHCH2 +H3O(super +) -> C3H6(super +) + H2O, CH2CHCH2 +HO(super -) -> no product ions, o-C6H4 + H3O(super +) -> C6H5(super +) + H2O, and o-C6H4 + HO(super -) ->C6H3(super -) + H2O.

The production of clean samples of CH3OO radicals in cryogenic matrices is described using a tandom pair of supersonic nozzles. The polarization spectroscopy provides new information that makes many of the fundamental assignments of the CH3OO radical more definite.

The authors review publications on the electron affinity, the energy difference between the uncharged species and its negative ion. The topics of interest include experimental and theoretical determination of the atomic and molecular electron affinities, the experimental methods exploiting the photoeffect and examination of the experimental photoelectron affinities.

The polarized infrared absorption spectrum of the allyl radical, CH2CHCH2 (X) 2A2, is measured in an argon matrix at 10K. Considering the gas-to-matrix shifts and matrix in homogeneous line broadening made estimates of true gas-phase vibrational frequencies.

Issues concerning the prediction of the adiabatic electron affinities of C3O and C4O based on electronic structure calculations are discussed. There is strong evidence that the reported value for the electron affinity of C3O is rather high.