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3. Condom Use to Prevent Incident STDs

Author

WEIR, SHARON S., FELDBLUM, PAUL J., GALAVOTTI, CHRISTINE, CABRAL, REBECCA, BEEKER, CAROLYN, ZENILMAN, JONATHAN M., ELLISH, NANCY, ROMPALO, ANNE, WEISMAN, CAROL, HOOK, EDWARD W., and CELENTANO, DAVID

Published
1996

6. Condom use to prevent incident STDs: the validity of self-reported condom use

Author

Zenilman, Jonathan M., Weisman, Carol S., Rompalo, Anne M., Ellish, Nancy, Upchurch, Dawn M., Hook, Edward W., III, and Celentano, David

Subjects
Condoms -- Usage, Interviews -- Evaluation, Health
Abstract

Background: Studies of sexual behavior and of interventions designed to reduce human immunodeficiency virus risk usually depend on self-report. Validation of self-reported condom use measures has not been previously reported in an urban population at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed in subjects recruited from sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore. At enrollment, a questionnaire was administered that assessed human immunodeficiency virus risk factors and sexually transmitted disease history, and used a retrospective calendar to assess sexual events and condom use over the previous 30 days. Clinical evaluation was performed for sexually transmitted diseases. At follow-up 3 months later, the same procedures were repeated. Incident sexually transmitted diseases at follow-up were defined as new culture or serologically documented diagnoses of gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, or trichomoniasis. Results: In the 323 male and 275 female (total = 598) subjects who completed a follow-up visit, 21% reported using condoms for every act of sexual intercourse over the previous 30 days, 21% reported occasionally using condoms, and 59% reported not using condoms. At follow-up, 21% of subjects had new incident gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, or trichomoniasis. Fifteen percent of the men who were 'always' condom users had incident sexually transmitted diseases compared with 15.3% of 'never users;' 23.5% of women who were 'always' users had incident sexually transmitted diseases compared with 26.8% of 'never' users. Conclusions: In this high-risk population, self-reported condom use is not associated with lower sexually transmitted disease incidence. This finding suggests that selfreported condom use measures, even in a research setting, may be subject to substantial reporting bias., Self-reported use of condoms may not be a reliable measure of condom use among populations at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A group of 323 men and 275 women attending STD clinics in Baltimore were interviewed about their sexual habits and STD history. All participants were examined and treated for gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, or trichomoniasis, if present and given an appointment for a follow-up visit. Three months later, the interview and examination were repeated. Among the men who reported using condoms for every act of intercourse, the incidence of new infection was 15% compared with 15.3% of men who reported never using condoms. Among women who reported using condoms for every act of intercourse, 23.5% had a new infection versus 26.8% who reported that they never used condoms. Since condoms protect against STDs, this strongly suggests inaccurate reporting.

Published
1995

17. Blindness and Eye Disease in Cambodia.

Author

Rutzen, Allan R., Ellish, Nancy J., Schwab, Larry, Graham, Peter J., Pizzarello, Louis D., Hemady, Ramzi K., and Maldonado, Miguel J.

Subjects
*BLINDNESS, *LOW vision, *VISION disorders, *EYE diseases
Abstract

Purpose: To assess the prevalence and etiology of blindness and low vision and to assess the prevalence of common eye diseases in central Cambodia. Methods: In this cross-sectional, population-based study, 6,558 residents of Kandal Province, Cambodia were registered, and 5,803 (88.5%) were interviewed and examined. This house-to-house survey was conducted by a team consisting of a senior ophthalmologist, a Cambodian eye doctor, and eight Cambodian eyecare workers. Results: The prevalence of bilateral blindness (visual acuity <3/60) is 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-1.4), and an additional 4.4% (95% CI, 3.9-5.0) have low vision (visual acuity < 6/18, ≥3/60 in the better eye). The major causes of bilateral blindness are cataract (67.4%), phthisis (6.1%), uncorrected refractive error (6.1%), corneal scar (5.3%), uncorrected aphakia (3.0%), trachoma corneal scar (3.0%), optic atrophy (3.0%), and others (6.1%). The major causes of low vision are uncorrected refractive error (49.8%) and cataract (42.7%). The prevalence of unilateral blindness is 1.2% (95% CI, 0.9-1.4), often caused by cataract, corneal scar, or phthisis. Trauma due to landmine explosions and war-related injuries was frequently the underlying etiology in subjects with phthisis, corneal scarring, or other pathology.Conclusions: The prevalence of blindness and low vision in Cambodia is relatively high compared to other developing countries. Most of the causes of blindness and low vision are treatable or preventable. Landmines and other war-related injuries are an important cause of ocular injury. These results will assist in developing a national plan for the prevention of blindness in Cambodia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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18. Differences between screening sites in a glaucoma screening program.

Author

Ellish, Nancy J. and Higginbotham, Eve J.

Subjects
*GLAUCOMA, *VISUAL acuity, *DISEASE risk factors
Abstract

OBJECTIVE To determine the differences in demographic variables, glaucoma risk factors, and visual acuity by type of screening site. METHODS We conducted glaucoma screenings throughout the city of Baltimore. A questionnaire collected information about age, race, and risk factors: having a relative with glaucoma, having diabetes, having a past eye injury or surgery, and not having an eye examination within two years. We also tested visual acuity and visual fields. We categorized screening sites into work places, senior centers, health fairs, and church groups, and created age-race groups by combining age and race categories. RESULTS This study is based on 1,366 people screened at 42 different sites. The majority of people screened were African-American (65%) and female (58%), with a mean age of 48 years. We found significant age and race differences between the screening sites. After stratifying by age-race groups, we found statistically significant associations between screening sites and not having a recent eye examination (P = .009) and visual acuity (P = .001). Health fairs had the largest percentage of people not having a recent eye examination, and senior centers had the largest percentage of people with poor visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed differences in age and race between screening sites. After conducting stratified analysis, differences between screening sites and recent eye examinations and visual acuity persisted. These differences in screening sites, as well as objectives of the vision screening, should be considered when planning a screening program to help focus the program on appropriate high-risk subgroups of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2002
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20. Glaucoma risk differs according to screening site.

Author

Guttman, Cheryl and Ellish, Nancy J.

Subjects
*GLAUCOMA diagnosis, DIAGNOSIS of eye diseases
Abstract

Provides information on a study which screened people who had glaucoma. Factors that were analyzed in comparing the site classes; Differences that showed among sites; Analysis of the findings.

Published
2000

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