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Fishing and fish processing are central to Iceland’s heritage and cultural identity, as well as its economic prosperity. However, a series of events, including the 2008 banking crash and the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption, saw this small island nation facing a calamitous financial position. Information Research undertaken by Jackie Ellis © Jackie Ellis 2020

The Blue Ridge Music Trails is an initiative led by the Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Partnership and the North Carolina Arts Council, a division of the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. It is a multi-partner initiative: stakeholders include the arts councils and tourism agencies as facilitators and the music venues, event organizers, musicians and dancers on the front lines. It aims to create a thriving environment for the rich music heritage and traditions of the region to support musicians and residents and share traditional music experiences with visitors to raise interest in the authentic music of the region. In October 2018, Jackie Ellis spoke to Angie Chandler, Executive Director of the Blue Ridge National Heritage Area, and Laura Boosinger, Executive Director of the Madison County Arts Council and the case recounts their insight on this initiative. Information Adapted from ‘Chapter 2 Routes, Culture and Human Experience’. In: Ward-Perkins D. et al., Tourism Routes and Trails: Theory and Practice . CABI, p. 16-30. © CAB International 2020

Context: Cough is a common distressing symptom in lung cancer patients. Its assessment is hampered by the lack of a validated scale to measure the complex cough experience in this population. Objectives: To describe the development and preliminary validation of a scale to measure cough in lung cancer patients. Methods: In the first phase, collection of qualitative data from patient interviews, a review of literature, and identification of noncancer cough scales resulted in the development of a pool of 30 items. This item pool was tested for appropriateness of content and breadth of coverage with 18 patients with lung cancer and 25 health care professionals. The second phase was the operationalization/phrasing of items. The final phase was the scale's field testing with 139 patients, 49 of whom repeated the assessment after one week. Results: The first phase led to the deletion of several items and the addition of four, resulting in a final scale for field testing of 21 items. In the field testing, the scale was decreased to 10 items, eliminating items on psychometric grounds. The final scale's Cronbach alpha (internal consistency) was 0.86, item to total correlations ranged from 0.40 to 0.76, and test-retest reliability was high (intraclass correlation = 0.83). Conclusion: We have developed a promising tool to assess cough in lung cancer, but this needs validation, and future studies should determine whether this is a sensitive and responsive tool. A fully validated tool can be used in the clinical assessment of cough in cancer patients, and as a unidimensional impact scale in the measurement of cough as an outcome in intervention studies. © 2013 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee.