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Introduction: As one of the major health problems in the present century, the COVID-19 pandemic affected all parts of the global communities and the health of substance users are potentially at a greater risk of harm. This global study has been designed and conducted by the International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group (ISAM-PPIG) to understand better the health related issues of people with Substance Use Disorders (SUD) as well as responses of the relevant health care systems during the pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using convenient sampling. The data gathering was carried out with two follow-up stages each two months apart through an online conducted survey prepared using Google platform. The survey started by emergence of COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020 and respondents were followed till September 2020 when most of the initial lockdowns by most countries are supposed to be reopened. Ethics and Dissemination: The study was approved by the ethics committee of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The results will be published in relevant peer reviewing journals and communicated with different international stakeholders.

Background and Aims: COVID-19 has infected more than 77 million people worldwide and impacted the lives of many more, with a particularly devastating impact on vulnerable populations, including people with substance use disorders (SUDs). Quarantines, travel bans, regulatory changes, social distancing, and “lockdown” measures have affected drug and alcohol supply chains and subsequently their availability, price, and use patterns, with possible downstream effects on presentations of SUDs and demand for treatment. Given the lack of multicentric epidemiologic studies, we conducted a rapid global survey within the International Society of Addiction Medicine (ISAM) network in order to understand the status of substance-use patterns during the current pandemic.Design: Cross-sectional survey.Setting: Worldwide.Participants: Starting on April 4, 2020 during a 5-week period, the survey received 185 responses from 77 countries.Measurements: To assess addiction medicine professionals' perceived changes in drug and alcohol supply, price, use pattern, and related complications during the COVID-19 pandemic.Findings: Participants reported (among who answered “decreased” or “increased”) a decrease in drug supply (69.0%) and at the same time an increase in price (95.3%) globally. With respect to changes in use patterns, an increase in alcohol (71.7%), cannabis (63.0%), prescription opioids (70.9%), and sedative/hypnotics (84.6%) use was reported, while the use of amphetamines (59.7%), cocaine (67.5%), and opiates (58.2%) was reported to decrease overall.Conclusions: The global report on changes in the availability, use patterns, and complications of alcohol and drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic should be considered in making new policies and in developing mitigating measures and guidelines during the current pandemic (and probable future ones) in order to minimize risks to people with SUD.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted people with substance use disorders (SUDs) worldwide, and healthcare systems have reorganized their services in response to the pandemic.Methods: One week after the announcement of the COVID-19 as a pandemic, in a global survey, 177 addiction medicine professionals described COVID-19-related health responses in their own 77 countries in terms of SUD treatment and harm reduction services. The health responses were categorized around (1) managerial measures and systems, (2) logistics, (3) service providers, and (4) vulnerable groups.Results: Respondents from over 88% of countries reported that core medical and psychiatric care for SUDs had continued; however, only 56% of countries reported having had any business continuity plan, and 37.5% of countries reported shortages of methadone or buprenorphine supplies. Participants of 41% of countries reported partial discontinuation of harm-reduction services such as needle and syringe programs and condom distribution. Fifty-seven percent of overdose prevention interventions and 81% of outreach services were also negatively impacted.Conclusions: Participants reported that SUD treatment and harm-reduction services had been significantly impacted globally early during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our findings, we highlight several issues and complications resulting from the pandemic concerning people with SUDs that should be tackled more efficiently during the future waves or similar pandemics. The issues and potential strategies comprise the following: (1) helping policymakers to generate business continuity plans, (2) maintaining the use of evidence-based interventions for people with SUDs, (3) being prepared for adequate medication supplies, (4) integrating harm reduction programs with other treatment modalities, and (5) having specific considerations for vulnerable groups such as immigrants and refugees.

Justificación y objetivo: Analizar concordancia entre la prueba rápida Dengue Duo IgM & IgG® de la casa comercial PanBio®, aplicada en el nivel local de diferentes áreas del país y en el Centro Nacional de Referencia de Virología (CNRV), con resultados obtenidos por MACELISA del CNRV. Métodos: Resultados de 828 determinaciones de IgM dengue por Dengue Duo IgM & IgG® del nivel local y del CNRV se compararon por el índice kappa con los resultados del MAC-ELISA del CNRV. Para verificar el cumplimiento en procedimientos de la casa comercial, se realizó una visita de inspección a los laboratorios y se envió muestras incógnitas para evaluar el desempeño. Resultados: El índice kappa de la prueba rápida en el nivel local contra el MAC-ELISA fue 0,62 (IC 95% 0,55-0,69) y la concordancia de los positivos del 75% (IC 95% 71-79). El índice kappa de la prueba rápida en el CNRV fue 0,81 (IC 95% 0,88-1,74) y la concordancia de los positivos del 93% (IC 95% 90-95). El 100% de los laboratorios mostraron condiciones adecuadas para aplicar esta prueba; su personal fue capacitado, pero la atención de otros análisis dificultó la lectura en el tiempo establecido. La concordancia de las incógnitas fue del 100%. Conclusión: Se evidenció una diferencia significativa en el índice kappa y la concordancia de los positivos, al aplicar la prueba rápida en los laboratorios y en el CNRV, hallazgos que documentan que la descentralización de esta metodología requerirá un acompañamiento que identifique factores causales de discordancia para subsanarlos y promover la generación de resultados consistentes que orienten la toma de decisiones acertadas.Background and aim: To analyze concordance of results obtained using the Dengue Duo IgM &IgG® rapid test (Pan Bio®) applied at the local level in different areas across the country and the MAC ELISA used at National Reference Center for Virology (CNRV) Methodology: The results of 828 dengue tests carried out with the Duo IgM& IgG® (Pan Bio®) at local level and at the CNRV were compared by the kappa index with those obtained with a MAC ELISA test at the CNRV. An inspection visit to participating laboratories was made and unknown samples were sent to evaluate the performance of the participants and to check the fulfillment of the procedures used with the recommendations of the manufacturer. Results: The kappa index of the results of the rapid test used at local level in comparison with the MAC ELISA was 0.62 (CI 95% 90-95); the concordance of the positive samples was 75% (CI 95% 71-79). The kappa index of the rapid test used at the CNRV was 0.81 (CI 95% 0.88- 1.74) and the concordance of the positive samples was 93% (CI 95% 90-95). All laboratories showed ideal facilities to carry out the tests and the staff got the training required; however, the attention to other analyses affected the reading within the time recommended. The concordance of the unknown samples was 100%. Conclusion: A significant difference was demonstrated in the kappa index and the concordance of positive samples between the rapid tests carried out at the participant laboratories and at the CNRV. These results imply that decentralization of this methodology would require continuous support to identify correctable factors of disagreement and to promote the generation of consistent results to orient the decision-making process.

Two human rabies cases caused by a bat-associated virus variant were identified in September 2001 in Costa Rica, after a 31-year absence of the disease in persons. Both patients lived in a rural area where cattle had a high risk for bat bites, but neither person had a definitive history of being bitten by a rabid animal. Characterization of the rabies viruses from the patients showed that the reservoir was the hematophagous Vampire Bat, Desmodus rotundus, and that a sick cat was the vector.

Hospital wastewater (HWW) constitutes a potential risk to the ecosystems and human health due to the presence of toxic and genotoxic chemical compounds. In the present work we investigated toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewaters from the public hospital of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The effluent from the sewage treatment plant (STP) serving around 10 million inhabitants was also evaluated. The study was carried out between April and September 2012. Toxicity and genotoxicity assessment was performed using the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the Allium cepa test, respectively. Toxicity assay showed that 55% of the samples were toxic to the algae (%I of growth between 23.9 and 54.8). The A. cepa test showed that 40% of the samples were genotoxic. The analysis of chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) showed no significant differences between days and significant differences between months. The sample from the STP was not genotoxic to A. cepa but toxic to the algae (%I = 41%), showing that sewage treatment was not totally effective. This study highlights the need for environmental control programs and the establishment of advanced and effective effluent treatment plants in the hospitals, which are merely dumping the wastewaters in the municipal sewerage system.