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Marine fisheries are in crisis, requiring twice the fishing effort of the 1950s to catch the same quantity of fish, and with many fleets operating beyond economic or ecological sustainability. A possible consequence of diminishing returns in this race to fish is serious labour abuses, including modern slavery, which exploit vulnerable workers to reduce costs. Here, we use the Global Slavery Index (GSI), a national-level indicator, as a proxy for modern slavery and labour abuses in fisheries. GSI estimates and fisheries governance are correlated at the national level among the major fishing countries. Furthermore, countries having documented labour abuses at sea share key features, including higher levels of subsidised distant-water fishing and poor catch reporting. Further research into modern slavery in the fisheries sector is needed to better understand how the issue relates to overfishing and fisheries policy, as well as measures to reduce risk in these labour markets., There have been growing concerns about the exploitation of workers in the fisheries sectors. Here, Tickler et al. use a country-level metric of slavery to determine the risk of fisheries-level slavery across 20 countries, and find it rises as unreported catch increases and mean value of catch decreases.

Objectives Little research has been done into the distance travelled by consumers to purchase alcohol, whether this is influenced by demographic characteristics or drinking levels of consumers, and the effect of price on purchase distance. This study aimed to explore distances drinkers were prepared to travel to purchase alcohol at on- and off-site outlets and how these decisions were affected by price discounting. Study design Online survey. Methods The study, including 831 alcohol consumers aged 18 years and older living in Australian capital cities, was undertaken in 2012. The survey was used to gather data on the distances which participants anticipated that they usually travelled to purchase alcohol. The data provided insight into which factors influence where participants would choose to purchase alcohol and the possible effects of price discounts on purchase distance. Results Most participants would choose to travel less than 10 km to purchase alcohol. Data indicated that price discounting might increase the purchase distance that most participants would be prepared to travel to purchase alcohol; this was more marked regarding off-site outlets and among high-risk drinking groups including young males and participants with risky drinking levels. Conclusions Price discounting affects hypothetical purchase distance choices, indicating the importance of price when implementing alcohol control policies. Purchase distance might be more affected by price discounting among consumers visiting off-site outlets, but less useful when exploring associations with on-site outlets.

Introduction: Few studies have undertaken to explore whether people who consume particular alcoholic beverages have a greater tendency to substitute with cheaper alcohol in response to price increases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of price increases on alcohol purchasing decisions, specifically the influence on brand and cross-beverage substitution across demographic, drinking level and socio-economic factors.Method: Data on participants’ alcohol purchasing habits and consumption were collected via an online survey, including their reactions to three price increases to alcoholic beverages types previously purchased. Data were analysed using logistic regression, with substitution behaviour the dependent variable, controlling for demographic and socio-economic factors.Results: Responses to different price increases varied by drinking level, which was consistently and significantly associated with likelihood of substitution behaviour across beverage types. For a 50% increase in...

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a specific tax increase on ready-to-drink beverages (the "alcopops" tax) on male injuries presenting to emergency departments during times likely to be highly alcohol related in two Australian states.Poisson regression was used to compare annual risk of Western Australian and Victorian male emergency department injuries occurring during high alcohol-related times before and after the implementation of the alcopops tax. A range of age groups was examined. Surrogate methodology was applied to identify numbers of emergency department injuries that occurred during high and low alcohol-related times.Risk of injury during high alcohol-related times (incident rate ratio [IRR]) was lower among Western Australian 12- to 15-year-olds beginning from the year of the tax increase and continued throughout. Lower IRRs were also apparent for 15- to 19-year-olds, although some delay was implicated. There was no change for 12- to 15-year-old Victorians, but immediate declines were evident for 15- to 19-year-olds. To a lesser extent, delayed effects were also indicated for 20- to 29-year-olds in both states. There was no evidence of a change in injury risk during high alcohol-related times among the oldest age group (35-39 years).Previous research on beverage-specific taxes has suggested that they may increase alcohol-related harms among the target group. This study found no evidence of increased injury during high alcohol-related times associated with the alcopops tax in two states. Evidence of reduced harm was apparent, however, and strongest for Western Australian males aged 19 years and younger. These outcomes are consistent with documented national reductions in alcopops sales.

UP toward the roof and almost hidden by a gray stone wallcertainly unsuspected by most of the visitors from the United States and other countries who throng into historic Westminster Abbey-is a quiet little chapel with a large stained glass window. The chapel is so small that its carved oak benches barely seat 16 people. Yet, it has much significance and is probably unique in the whole world. It is the Nurses War Memorial Chapel of the British Commonwealth, and it honors the British nurses and midwives who gave their lives in World War II. Their names, over 3000 in number, are inscribed on a roll of honor which lies in a gilt casket on the altar. At the bottom of the large, stained-glass window is their prototype-a nurse in uniform kneeling at the feet of Mary and her Child, with St. Luke, the patron saint of medicine, looking on benevolently. This group symbolizes the sacrifices A Memorial to British Nurses