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Jamur tiram (Pleurotus sp.) merupakan salah satu jenis jamur yang digemari masyarakat. Jamur tiram merupakan komoditi yang mempunyai prospek sangat baik untuk dikembangkan. Salah satu varietas jamur tiram yang layak untuk dibudidayakan adalah jamur tiram merah muda (Pleurotus flabellatus). Usaha budidaya jamur tiram (Pleurotus sp.) yang dilakukan oleh petani sering menemui kendala dalam hal penyediaan bibit . Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui persentase tumbuh dan laju pertumbuhan miselium P. flabellatus yang ditumbuhkan pada media PDA dan media campuran jagung dan dedak. Prosedur biakan murni (FO): penyiapan media PDA dan media campuran jagung dan dedak, sterilisasi, inokulasi, inkubasi, pengumpulan dan perhitungan data. Hasil penelitian: (1) Persentase tumbuh miselium P. flabellatus dengan media PDA adalah 60% sedangkan pada media campuran jagung dan dedak sebesar 80%. (2) Laju pertumbuhan miselium P. flabellatus pada media campuran jagung dan dedak lebih tinggi dari media PDA. Kesimpulan: Dari data persentase tumbuh dan laju pertumbuhan miselium P. flabellatus pada media campuran jagung dan dedak diketahui miselium P. flabellatus berhasil tumbuh 80% dan menunjukan laju pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dari media PDA, hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa tahapan pembuatan bibit biakan murni (F0) dapat dilakukan langsung pada media biji-bijian (jagung dan dedak) tanpa melalui media PDA yang seringkali tingkat kegagalannya tinggi. Kata kunci: Jamur tiram merah muda, Pleurotus flabellatus, Media PDA, Media campuran jagung dan dedak, Laju pertumbuhan miselium

Taman Satwa Taru Jurug (TSTJ) adalah suatu kebun binatang yang berlokasi di kota Surakarta yang secara spesifik membidangi konservasi flora dan fauna, edukasi, dan rekreasi. TSTJ ditopang oleh 67 spesies satwa yang terdiri dari 331 ekor satwa serta ribuan pohon. Dengan keberadaan satwa, dihasilkan limbah berupa kotoran hewan (feses). Feses TSTJ belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan berpotensi mencemari lingkungan terutama dari feses gajah. Oleh karena itu pengadian ini bertujuan melakukan pengolahan feses gajah TSTJ menjadi pupuk organik untuk mengatasi pencemaran lingkungan. Metode pengolahan feses gajah menjadi pupuk organik dilakukan dengan cara fermentasi menggunakan bioaktivator EM4. Feses gajah yang digunakan adalah feses yang telah kering. Feses dicampur sekam padi dan kapur tohor dengan perbandingan 5:2:1. EM4 dilarutkan dalam air dan molase kemudian disemprotkan pada campuran bahan pupuk sampai lembab dan dimasukkan dalam wadah tertutup. Proses pembuatan pupuk dilakukan selama 3 bulan. Di akhir kegiatan diselenggarakan acara FGD (forum group discussion) untuk mensosialisasikan teknologi pengolahan feses ini kepada perwakilan pengelola TSTJ. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah pupuk organik padat dengan konsistensi kasar berserabut berwarna hitam kecoklatan dengan kondisi lembab dan pH cenderung asam (5,6). Dari kegiatan FGD diperoleh beberapa masukan sebagai bahan evaluasi dalam proses pengolahan feses dan keberlanjutan program ini.

Jamur merupakan organisme heterotrop yang artinya untuk keperluan metabolisme hidupnya membutuhkan zat-zat organik yang berasal dari organisme lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pertumbuhan miselium jamur kuping (Auricularia auricula) dengan menggunakan media tumbuh serbuk gergaji kayu jati (Tectona grandis) tanpa perlakuan khusus sebelumnya. Domestikasi dilakukan dengan prosedur pencampuran media, pengomposan, pasteurisasi, pembuatan baglog, inokulasi dan inkubasi. Hasil penelitian ini: (1) Baglog yang berhasil tumbuh miselium sebanyak 19 baglog atau 63.33% dari 30 baglog yang diteliti (2) Rata-rata tinggi pertumbuhan miselium pada baglog adalah 7,73 cm. Kesimpulan: Serbuk gergaji kayu jati (Tectona grandis) dapat dijadikan media alternatif dalam domestikasi jamur kuping (A. auricula), namun agar hasilnya maksimal harus melalui perlakuan tertentu untuk menghilangkan zat ekstraktifnya.

Pabongan Orchid adalah unit usaha mikro dibidang florikultur khususnya budidaya anggrek yang terletak di Kabupaten Karanganyar. Melalui jalinan kemitraan dengan Prodi Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Pabongan Orchid memperoleh teknologi pembibitan anggrek melalui teknik kultur jaringan selama dua tahun terakhir. Keberhasilan ini menjadikan Pabongan Orchid mandiri dari sisi pembibitan, serta mampu mengembangkan pemasarannya melalui diversifikasi produk. Konsekuensi dari kemajuan ini adalah, 1) kebutuhan akan kapasitas ruang penanaman anggrek yang lebih besar untuk mengimbangi laju produksi bibit, 2) kualitas ruang penanaman juga membutuhkan update teknologi agar bisa menghasilkan produk yang terkontrol dan seragam. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan menerapkan teknologi berbasis internet, yang diberikan istilah smart greenhouse dan virtual garden, untuk produksi dan pemasaran anggrek. Satu unit rumah penanaman anggrek dibangun seluas 10×12 m2 dengan teknologi yang mampu menjalankan fungsi monitoring dan otomatisasi. Smart greenhouse menambah kapasitas produksi bibit sebanyak 50%. Adapun virtual garden adalah halaman website yang menampilkan suasana kebun anggrek sedekat mungkin dengan kondisi aslinya serta bisa mengakomodasi penjualan online. Strategi pemasaran dengan teknologi nirsentuh sangat adaptif untuk menyikapi kondisi pandemi dimana kontak fisik sangat dibatasi. Dengan pendekatan teknologi tepat guna di atas, diharapkan kapasitas produksi dan pemasaran anggrek terus meningkat.

Congenital hypothyroidism is inadequate production of thyroid hormone in infants from birth. Treatment of hypothyroidism often involves an iodine-rich diet since iodine is a vital precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis. Red snapper fish is a saltwater fish that contain a high amount of iodine and other beneficial macro/micronutrients, yet no report was found on the effect of this fish consumption on hypothyroidism. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of red snapper (Lutjanus sp.) fish on thyroid gland activity, manifested by low FT4 level and high TSH level, two diagnostic indicators of hypothyroidism. This study used a post-test and controlled group design. Pregnant female rats were given propylthiouracil orally for four weeks to induce hypothyroidism in their offspring. All hypothyroid offspring were divided into five treatment groups, i.e., negative control, positive control (thyroxin therapy), red snapper enriched diet at 25% and 50% dosage, also a combination of levothyroxine and red snapper. The thyroid gland activity was detected by measuring blood serum FT4 and TSH and histological examination of the thyroid gland using HE staining. The level of FT4 and TSH in each treatment group were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that the group that received a 50% red snapper diet has a normal level of FT4 and TSH, whereas the FT4 level increased two-fold; the TSH level decreased significantly. The organization of the thyroid gland showed a remarkable change of the lumen diameter, indicating a higher amount of hormone production by the gland.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the duties of spraying employees at work starting from the daily routine during work and then to analyze the respondents based on their respective characteristics starting from education, age, height, weight and work experience.The method used in observing the activity and working time of spraying employees is a census by observing all of the spraying employees as many as 18 people.The results of the calculations carried out are calculating the distribution of productive, unproductive and personal time of spraying employees for 8 hours of work so that the average productive working time of 18 samples within 8 hours of work is 85.1% and 11.5%. for unproductive time and 3.4% for employee personal time. In addition, the result of the average time for completing tasks in 1 year is 136,320 minutes divided by the working time in a year that has been determined by the company, which is 114,380 minutes and multiplied by the number of respondents as many as 18 people which results in 15.10 or the same as 15 people .The results of this study are expected to be useful for those who read or for those who want to develop existing methods into better and more effective methods and can be used as an evaluation in planning and determining the needs of spraying employees as a consideration and evaluation in the future.

The study is supported by the growing scale of land or land that is used for palm plants, both inindustrial sectors and in communities that strive to farm on private land, which is used to providesustainable income.The aim of the researchers is to know the welfare rates of farmers based on theincomes of the palm farm, the method used is proportionate random sampling to the number of 35people in the village bendang group and then analyze each of the respondents from gender, age andeducation, as well as to identify the farmers from the standpoint of jobs before attempting the palmfarm before attempting the palm farm, Income after the existence of the small farm, expenses for theliving and expenses left over from the revenues used for living expenses. As a result of the studyconducted, 28 people (80%) of farmers in the small and prosperous tilapia made enough profit tomeet their daily needsIncome ranges between $4,000,000-rp 10,000,000 and there are also 7 Thepeople (20%) who feel that they are not making ends meet in terms of the income from the non-oiltankers they are working on because some things such as unachievable harvests are affectingunusually low income. The result of research being done is level The welfare of palm plant farmers inthe village is a big sprout The southeast is in the welfare category judging by the income from thebusiness Just start the palm.

Parasitic disease in aquaculture brings a great challenge to fish production. Appropriate control measure and treatment can be carried out if farmers are equipped with sufficient information on the existence of infection and its consequences on fish health. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of endoparasites in the intestine of Nile tilapia (Oreochrois niloticus) and any histological changes associated with the infection. Forty fishes were collected using purposive sampling technique at two location of aquaculture ponds in Janti village from September to December 2019. Each sampling size consisted of 10% of the total fish population in the pond. Identification of parasites was performed based on their morphology according to the standard method. Three genera of nematodes were found from fishes cultured at aquaculture ponds from local farmers, but not from that of PBIAT (Hatchery and Freshwater Fish Aquaculture). The endoparasites were identified as Cichlidogyrus sp., Acanthocephalus sp., and Ceratomyxa sp. with prevalence of 25% and intensity of 1.2%. Histological sections of the intestine of fish infected with these parasites showed alteration in the mucosa layers, such as edema and extension of the mucosa. Information on the presence of endoparasites and its effect on nile tilapia culture is important for fish farmers because it can be used as reference to control fish parasites effectively.

Berjo adalah sebuah desa di lereng Gunung Lawu, tepatnya di Kecamatan Ngargoyoso, Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah. Pembudidaya anggrek di daerah tersebut telah memulai usaha pembesaran anggrek sejak empat tahun yang lalu. Pengusaha mikro ini mampu menghasilkan dan menjual produk berupa tanaman anggrek remaja dan dewasa meskipun dalam kapasitas terbatas. Upaya meningkatkan kapasitas produksi terkendala oleh kemampuan memperoleh bibit secara mandiri. Kebutuhan bibit masih mengandalkan pasokan dari luar. Program kemitraan masyarakat ini dirancang untuk memberikan solusi permasalahan mitra melalui penerapan kultur jaringan. Biji anggrek sulit dikecambahkan karena tidak memiliki cadangan makanan bagi embrio untuk tumbuh dan berkembang. Teknik kultur jaringan adalah cara paling efisien mengecambahkan biji anggrek dengan memberi asupan nutrisi secara aseptis. Kegiatan pengabdian meliputi aktivitas edukasi (transfer knowledge), instalasi peralatan dengan penyediaan enkas dan autoklaf sederhana, serta pendampingan praktek kultur jaringan dengan teknik aseptik untuk memperoleh bibit anggrek. Hasil kegiatan yang telah diperoleh yaitu petani sudah mampu membuat media kultur jaringan secara mandiri; melakukan kegiatan penanaman biji anggrek di dalam botol kultur dengan teknik aseptik dengan bantuan enkas. Enkas adalah suatu ruang penanaman steril yang membatasi udara keluar masuk. Biji anggrek yang dikulturkan sudah berhasil tumbuh meskipun masih ada kotaminasi pada beberapa botol kultur.

Teknik kultur jaringan mamalia telah menjadi bagian tak terpisahkan dari bioteknologi modern yang diaplikasikan secara luas di lingkup biologi, kedokteran, dan farmasi. Di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Surakarta, siswa jurusan IPA mendapatkan pengenalan bioteknologi secara teori di dalam mata pelajaran biologi, termasuk mengenai sejarah perkembangan dan aplikasi kultur jaringan. Karena kendala fasilitas dan sumber daya manusia yang terbatas, pembelajaran konsep-konsep kultur jaringan tidak pernah diimbangi dengan pengalaman praktek di laboratorium. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah: (i) meningkatkan wawasan umum mengenai bioteknologi, (ii) membantu pemahaman mengenai kultur jaringan mamalia yang tercakup dalam materi pembelajaran di sekolah. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan adalah teori dan praktek di laboratorium Prodi Biologi UNS. Materi kultur jaringan difokuskan pada pengetahuan mengenai teknik aseptis, isolasi sel dari jaringan kulit, pemeliharaan kultur sel, dan pengamatan morfologi sel dengan mikroskop. Adapun selama KLB corona, praktek pengamatan jaringan hewan awetan dilakukan secara mandiri di rumah masing-masing menggunakan mikroskop kertas (foldscope). Dengan demikian, tiap siswa yang saat ini melaksanakan pembelajaran jarak jauh tetap mendapatkan kesempatan untuk praktikum. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini adalah tingkat pemahaman mengenai kultur sel dan jaringan yang lebih menyeluruh, serta pengalaman belajar yang lebih bervariasi untuk mengisi kekurangan pembelajaran jarak jauh yang minim praktek.

Wabah coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) yang disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) pertama dilaporkan di Indonesia pada bulan Maret 2020, diikuti dengan peningkatan jumlah penderita wabah. Masih rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat untuk mentaati protokol kesehatan menyebabkan penyebaran virus ini sulit dihentikan. Oleh karena itu Universitas Sebelas Maret menggerakkan mahasiswa untuk melakukan Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) Tematik Covid-19 di domisili masing-masing mahasiswa. Kegiatan KKN ini bertujuan mengedukasi masyarakat mengenai protokol kesehatan agar masyarakat semakin sadar dan mengerti bahaya Covid-19. KKN Covid-19 ini dilaksanakan di Desa Ngringo Kecamatan Jaten Kabupaten Karanganyar. Program yang dilakukan secara luring adalah pembagian dan edukasi pembuatan masker, pembuatan handsanitizer, ketahanan pangan, Chemistry Class, penyemprotan desinfektan, pendataan pemudik, edukasi cuci tangan dan beberapa kegiatan daring seperti pembagian informasi melalui sosial media. Peran nyata mahasiswa sangat dibutuhkan dalam rangka pemutusan mata rantai penyebaran Covid-19 ini sehingga dengan adanya KKN mampu memberikan dampak positif bagi masyarakat sekitar. Masyarakat sekitar menjadi paham akan pentingnya physical/social distancing, pentingnya stay at home, mencuci tangan, Pola Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS), dan memakai masker ketika keluar rumah sesuai dengan protokol kesehatan. Adanya kegiatan penanaman sayuran dan pemeliharaan lele di pekarangan dapat meningkatkan ketahanan pangan keluarga diera Covid-19.

Each division in the company has a different workload size so that a different workload calculation is needed in determining the effective and efficient time for workers in their field of work with predetermined targets. Workload analysis can provide information on the completion time of work that can be achieved by each workforce so that it can be seen how much optimal workforce is needed by the company to achieve the predetermined target. Equalindo Makmur Alam Sejahtera is engaged in the oil palm plantation industry with the main activity of the company is to develop, plant, care for and harvest oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB). In oil palm plantation companies, harvesting activities are one of the determinants of company productivity, therefore researchers try to identify the workload and calculate the optimal number of harvesting workers at PT. equalindo Makmur Alam Sejahtera division 1 part of harvesting. This study aims to determine the time for completing the work of the main tasks assigned, perform workload analysis to determine optimal labor requirements, and determine policies that need to be done to improve the performance of labor in harvesting so that moreeffective and efficient. The method used in this study was the observation of the work activities of 16 harvesting workers with the following research procedures; Calculating Effective Working Days per month, Calculating productive Working Time, Calculating Work Completion Time (WPK) and Calculating Labor Needs Optimal. The conclusion of this research is the number of WPK harvesting part is 108,772 minutes/year or 227 days/year and the optimal number of labor as a result of the calculation is 13 people.

With the existence of the oil palm company PT. Sawit Kaltim Lestari is intended to create jobs, expand job opportunities and business opportunities. Based on this, the oil palm company has a strategic meaning, which is expected to increase community income, support the balance of the economic structure and create and expand employment. Based on the explanation above, the problem in this study is how the impact of the establishment of the oil palm company PT. Sawit Kaltim Lestari towards community income in Sabintulung Village, Muara Kaman District. Then this study aims to determine the impact of the establishment of the oil palm company PT. Sawit Kaltim Lestari on community income in Sabintulung Village, Muara Kaman District

Herawati E, Ramadhan R, Ariyani F, Marjenah, Kusuma IW, Suwinarti W, Mardji D, Amirta R, Arung ET. 2021. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of wild mushrooms growing in tropical regions. Biodiversitas 22: 4716-4721. This study aims to determine the presence of secondary metabolites which generally have bioactivity that is antioxidant with phytochemical tests and antioxidant tests in Auricularia auricula, Schyzophyllum commune, Microporus xanthopus, and Trametes versicolor fungi that grow in the wild. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by testing color changes and modifications, while antioxidant tests were carried out by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and a DPPH solution (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). This research found that edible wood fungus that grows, wild such as A. auricula, contains secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins, but does not contain steroids, alkaloids, carotenoids, or coumarin, while S. commune contains secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and coumarin, but does not contain triterpenoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, or saponins and non-edible wood fungus, such as M. xanthopus, contains secondary metabolites, namely, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, coumarin, and steroids, but does not contain triterpenoids, alkaloids, or carotenoids, while T. versicolor contains compounds, secondary metabolites, flavonoids, saponin, tannins, coumarin, and triterpenoids, but does not contain steroids, alkaloids, or carotenoids. The antioxidant test results are based on IC50 calculations; it is known that the IC50 value of A. auricula is 499.25 g/mL, while S. commune is 121.37 g/mL, M. xanthopus is 251.20 g/mL, and T. versicolor is 493.04 g/mL. Based on the research results, edible and inedible wood mushroom extracts contain several phytochemicals and show potential for antioxidant activity.

The V-shaped arrangement of hair bundles on cochlear hair cells is critical for auditory sensing. However, regulation of hair bundle arrangements has not been fully understood. Recently, defects in hair bundle arrangement were reported in postnatal Dishevelled-associating protein (ccdc88c, alias Daple)-deficient mice. In the present study, we found that adult Daple−/− mice exhibited hearing disturbances over a broad frequency range through auditory brainstem response testing. Consistently, distorted patterns of hair bundles were detected in almost all regions, more typically in the basal region of the cochlear duct. In adult Daple−/− mice, apical microtubules were irregularly aggregated, and the number of microtubules attached to plasma membranes was decreased. Similar phenotypes were manifested upon nocodazole treatment in a wild type cochlea culture without affecting the microtubule structure of the kinocilium. These results indicate critical role of Daple in hair bundle arrangement through the orchestration of apical microtubule distribution, and thereby in hearing, especially at high frequencies.

Sutarno, Zahrah S, Astirin OP, Herawati E, Setyawan AD. 2019. Genetic diversity of Ongole Grade, Aceh, and Sumbawa cattle based on polymorphism on ND-5 fragment mitochondrial DNA using PCR-RFLP technique. Biodiversitas 20: 783-788. Genetic diversity is the basis of livestock breeding because it can be used as an initial improvement in livestock quality through artificial selection. This study aims to determine polymorphism in ND-5 fragment of mitochondrial DNA in Ongole Grade, Aceh, and Sumbawa cattle and their genetic diversity. The total DNA from the blood of the local cattle was extracted using the Wizard genomic DNA purification system from Promega and amplified using the PCR technique. The PCR product was then digested with HindIII enzyme using the RFLP technique to detect polymorphism. The genetic diversity of the Ongole Grade, Aceh, and Sumbawa cattle was analyzed using the formula from Nei and its genetic relationship was evaluated with the 2.02i NTSYSpc version program. Our findings showed there were polymorphisms in the ND-5 fragment of mitochondrial DNA. Digestion with HindIII restriction enzyme produces two types of haplotypes. Haplotype B is a 453 bp-sized DNA fragment that is not truncated by the HindIII enzyme, and haplotype A is a DNA fragment cut by HindIII enzyme into two with fragments of 336 bp and 117 bp. Polymorphism was found in Ongole Grade cattle, but not in Sumbawa and Aceh cattle. Haplotypes diversity in ND-5 fragments of mitochondrial DNA of Ongole Grade was 0.6250 while Sumbawa and Aceh cattle displayed no diversity of haplotypes. The genetic relationship shows that Sumbawa cattle belonged to the same cluster with Ongole Grade but separated from Aceh cattle.

Nakayama et al. show that Daple is responsible for the increased microtubule (MT) density on the Frizzled side of the apical junctional complex (AJC) in multiciliated cells via bundling and stabilizing MTs and mediating interactions between MTs and the AJC., Multiciliated cells (MCCs) in tracheas generate mucociliary clearance through coordinated ciliary beating. Apical microtubules (MTs) play a crucial role in this process by organizing the planar cell polarity (PCP)–dependent orientation of ciliary basal bodies (BBs), for which the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. Herein, we found that the deficiency of Daple, a dishevelled-associating protein, in tracheal MCCs impaired the planar polarized apical MTs without affecting the core PCP proteins, causing significant defects in the BB orientation at the cell level but not the tissue level. Using live-cell imaging and ultra-high voltage electron microscope tomography, we found that the apical MTs accumulated and were stabilized by side-by-side association with one side of the apical junctional complex, to which Daple was localized. In vitro binding and single-molecule imaging revealed that Daple directly bound to, bundled, and stabilized MTs through its dimerization. These features convey a PCP-related molecular basis for the polarization of apical MTs, which coordinate ciliary beating in tracheal MCCs.

Sutarno, Kurnianingrum N, Herawati E, Setyawan AD. 2018. Interspecies and intraspecies genetic diversity of Ongole Grade cattle and Madura cattle based on microsatellite DNA markers. Biodiversitas 19: 1593-1600. DNA microsatellite has been extensively employed for estimating the degree of kinship between genotypes and improving the quality of cattle products. Microsatellite markers are short-patterned DNA sequences and repeated tandem (sequentially) with 2-5 nucleotide units scattering the entire genome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic characteristics of inter and intraspecies of Ongole Grade cattle and Madura cattle using microsatellite DNA markers. Blood samples from 20 individuals of each species were extracted by the method referring to Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, USA) and PCR amplification was performed using 5 microsatellite loci, i.e., BM1824, ETH225, INRA005, MM12, and TGLA227. Results of the genetic characteristics of both species were calculated using the POPGENE program version 1.31. The data suggest that there is a genetic diversity of inter and intraspecies of Ongole Grade cattle and Madura cattle. The average value of Shannon's Information Index (I) at all microsatellite loci for Ongole Grade cattle was 0.76 and for Madura cattle was 1.12. Meanwhile, the average interspecies I value was 1.03. The mean intraspecies Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) of Ongole Grade and Madura cattle was 0.43, and 0.63, respectively, and the mean interspecies PIC value was 0.57. The data altogether suggest that all loci meet the standards as being informative markers in the assessment of genetic population because it has a PIC value> 0.5 especially for intraspecies of Madura cattle.

Epithelial cell sheets cover every compartment of the vertebrate body, from tiny capillaries to the entire body surface. We found that specific apical cytoskeletons are associated with the cell sheet’s apical membranes and tight junctions (TJs). Thus, we defined this set of structures as a system called the “TJ-apical complex.” These structures presumably determine the transcellular and paracellular barrier characteristics of the cell sheet, and thus its overall epithelial barrier function. We recently explored the specific function of the apical cytoskeletons in tracheal multiciliated cells. During the differentiation of these cells, the basal bodies are regularly aligned just beneath the apical membrane, which ultimately lead to cilia that beat in a coordinated manner to move the surrounding fluid. To examine the dynamic features of the basal bodies in these cells, we developed a novel high-resolution, long-term, live-imaging system. We also performed a biotheoretical analysis that revealed the role of the apical microtubules in aligning the basal bodies in the apical plane which also includes the TJs. Here we discuss the molecular composition and physiological roles of the TJ-associated apical cytoskeleton in both general and multiciliated epithelial cell sheets.

Produksi stroberi di Desa Gondosuli, Tawangmangu terkendala masalah masa simpan yang singkat dan buahnya yang mudah rusak (busuk) setelah dipanen. Kegiatan P2M ini secara umum betujuan untuk memberikan penyuluhan mengenai pemanfaatan stroberi pascapanen agar memiliki daya simpan yang lebih lama. Secara khusus, kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan alternatif produk olahan stroberi (makanan dan kosmetik) yang dapat dibuat dengan teknologi sederhana, maupun teknologi modern seperti freeze dry (kering beku) untuk memperpanjang usia penyimpanan buah stroberi setelah dipanen. Manfaat yang dapat diperoleh petani stroberi Gunung Lawu dengan mengikuti penyuluhan ini adalah bertambahnya wawasan mengenai metode pengolahan buah stroberi agar menjadi komoditas yang lebih tahan lama. Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan dengan format penyuluhan, dimana tim P2M memaparkan alternatif pemanfaatan/pengolahan buah stroberi menjadi produk makanan dan kosmetik yang daya simpannya lebih lama dibandingkan buah stroberi segar. Selain paparan mengenai derivatif produk stroberi yang diolah dengan teknik sederhana, tim P2M juga mengenalkan teknologi freeze dry (kering beku) dan aplikasinya untuk memproduksi komoditas lain berbahan dasar stroberi. Teknologi freeze dry dapat mengeringkan stroberi pada suhu rendah (-40°C), dengan tidak merubah warna buah dan nutrisi di dalamya. Proses freeze dry memungkinkan buah stroberi disimpan dalam waktu lama (bahkan sampai dengan 15 tahun) dan buah dapat dipasarkan dalam bentuk kemasan freezed dried strawberry, atau dipakai sebagai bahan dasar produk makanan (coklat) atau kosmetik (sabun, lulur mandi), dan lain-lain.Kata Kunci: stoberi, pasca panen, pengolahan

Batik Anatomi adalah kelompok wirausaha baru yang didirikan oleh alumni Program Studi Biologi FMIPA UNS. Produk Batik Anatomi ini pada mulanya merupakan hasil PKMK (Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa Kewirausahaan) tahun 2009-2010 dari 3 mahasiswa Program Studi Biologi FMIPA UNS yaitu M. Jafron Syah, Annisa Febti Suharsi dan Amirul Mukminin. Sampai saat ini kelompok usaha Batik Anatomi masih terus berjalan walaupun menghadapai berbagai macam permasalahan. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk memberikan solusi bagi permasalahan mitra yaitu: (i) memperbaiki proses produksi berupa penambahan alat stempel cap batik, (ii) memberikan pelatihan diversifikasi produk berbahan kain batik anatomi, (iii) memberikan penguatan usaha dengan pelatihan pengemasan produk, dan (iv) memberikan pelatihan pemasaran produk. Target kegiatan adalah perbaikan proses produksi melalui penambahan alat stempel cap batik, pelatihan diversifikasi produk berbahan kain batik anatomi, pelatihan pengemasan produk, dan pelatihan pemasaran produk. Metode yang akan digunakan guna mencapai tujuan adalah sebagai berikut: (i) merancang alat stempel cap batik oleh tim pengusul bersama mitra serta menguji coba dan menerapkan alat, (ii) pelatihan dan praktek diversifikasi produk berbahan kain batik anatomi sehingga produknya menjadi lebih beragam, (iii) pelatihan dilanjutkan praktek pengemasan produk dan pembuatan desain kemasan produk yang baik bersama dengan mitra sehingga produk menjadi lebih menarik dan memiliki nilai jual lebih tinggi, (iv) pelatihan pemasaran produk dengan berbagai alternatif metode pemasaran.Kata Kunci: Batik Anatomi, perbaikan produksi, diversifikasi produk, pengemasan, pemasaran

Congenital hypothyroidism in infants results from partial or complete loss of thyroid glands, resulting in thyroid hormone deficiency. The untreated low thyroid hormone levels induce impairment in the maturation of the developing brain by regulating neurogenesis. Proper treatment in the specific onset timing and duration have shown to increase the chances of brain recovery. In this study, we examined the effect of daily intake of red snapper fish to improve the profile of brain cerebrum on hypothyroidic rat model, particularly on the number and distribution of pyramidal cells. Hypothyroid pups were produced by propylthiouracil induced female rats during pregnancy from E14 until P21. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, which include negative (congenital hypothyroidism) and positive control (thyroxine therapy) as well as red snapper-enriched diet at dosage 25% and 50%. After four weeks treatments, the rats were dissected and brain sections were made using paraffin embedding and hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe pyramidal cell numbers and distribution in cell layer III of the cerebral cortex. The result showed that the consumption of 50% red snapper diet increased the number of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, parallel to the elevated thyroid hormone levels which was nearly equal to control.

The availability of in vitro cell culture derived from local breed provides an opportunity for tackling problems related to the preservation of its genetic materials and can potentially be applied for downstream in vitro-based studies. Here, we established primary fibroblast cell culture from Pelung chicken, then explored its growth characteristic and potential uses for wound healing assay and cytotoxicity tests of medicinal bioactive compounds. Fibroblast cells were isolated from embryonic skin tissue and maintained in DMEM-FBS media. Wound healing assay was performed by creating a “scratch” in the cell monolayer, followed by capturing periodic images of migrating cells. Cell viability was measured using trypan blue dye exclusion assay in various doses of Centella asiatica L. leaf extract. Cells outgrowth from the skin explant revealed a typical morphology of fibroblast-like cells that reached maximum growth at 7.95 × 104 cells/cm2 after 5 days. With continuous passage, the population of the cells became more homogeneous and population doubling time increased. In the wound healing assay, cells migrated towards the wound area within 24 hours, suggesting their ability to normally respond to chemical cues. In cytotoxicity test, cells’ viability corresponded in a dose-dependent manner with the amount of C. asiatica extract tested into the culture.

Herawati et al. developed a long-term and high-resolution live imaging system for cultured mouse tracheal multiciliated cells. Using both experimental and theoretical studies, they reveal the developmental principle of ciliary basal body alignment directed by apical cytoskeletons., Multiciliated cells (MCCs) promote fluid flow through coordinated ciliary beating, which requires properly organized basal bodies (BBs). Airway MCCs have large numbers of BBs, which are uniformly oriented and, as we show here, align linearly. The mechanism for BB alignment is unexplored. To study this mechanism, we developed a long-term and high-resolution live-imaging system and used it to observe green fluorescent protein–centrin2–labeled BBs in cultured mouse tracheal MCCs. During MCC differentiation, the BB array adopted four stereotypical patterns, from a clustering “floret” pattern to the linear “alignment.” This alignment process was correlated with BB orientations, revealed by double immunostaining for BBs and their asymmetrically associated basal feet (BF). The BB alignment was disrupted by disturbing apical microtubules with nocodazole and by a BF-depleting Odf2 mutation. We constructed a theoretical model, which indicated that the apical cytoskeleton, acting like a viscoelastic fluid, provides a self-organizing mechanism in tracheal MCCs to align BBs linearly for mucociliary transport.

Sari DS, Pangastuti A, Elisa Herawati E. 2013. Infection prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by providing ethyl acetate extract of temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) rhizome. Biofarmasi 11: 31-35. In tilapia aquaculture, some diseases can disturb the growth and production of fish. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the pathogenic bacteria that can cause a disease in tilapia. Aeromonas hydrophila uses a quorum sensing system and the virulence of organisms as a controller to other organisms. The one of infection prevention effort of A. hydrophila that efficient enough is to use a compound of natural ingredients, i.e. Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome that needed to prevent the infection of A. hydrophila bacterial in tilapia. The method used in this study was an immersion method. Tilapia was soaked in water mixed with A. hydrophila and the ethyl acetate extract of C. aeruginosa rhizome with the concentrations of 0 mL/L, 10 mL/L, 20 mL/L, 30 mL/L, 40 mL/L, 50 mL/L and control for 90 minutes. At the end of the study, it was observed for the fish behavior after immersion, the reaction of fish, the type and morphology of fish, and the number of bacteria in the water conservancy. The results showed that the A. hydrophila infection could be prevented by using the ethyl acetate extract of the C. aeruginosa rhizome with the concentration of 40 mL/L. During immersion, tilapia was get an experience stress, often to the surface of water, and then quietly at the bottom of aquarium. The response to eat of tilapia decreased by 50% after soaking, but after 2-3 days of immersion time, the fish feeding was normally again.

Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Streptomyces are industrially important microorganisms, producing >70% of commercially important antibiotics. The production of these compounds is often regulated by low-molecular-weight bacterial hormones called autoregulators. Although 60% of Streptomyces strains may use γ-butyrolactone–type molecules as autoregulators and some use furan-type molecules, little is known about the signaling molecules used to regulate antibiotic production in many other members of this genus. Here, we purified a signaling molecule (avenolide) from Streptomyces avermitilis —the producer of the important anthelmintic agent avermectin with annual world sales of $850 million—and determined its structure, including stereochemistry, by spectroscopic analysis and chemical synthesis as (4 S ,10 R )-10-hydroxy-10-methyl-9-oxo-dodec-2-en-1,4-olide, a class of Streptomyces autoregulator. Avenolide is essential for eliciting avermectin production and is effective at nanomolar concentrations with a minimum effective concentration of 4 nM. The aco gene of S. avermitilis, which encodes an acyl-CoA oxidase, is required for avenolide biosynthesis, and homologs are also present in Streptomyces fradiae , Streptomyces ghanaensis , and Streptomyces griseoauranticus , suggesting that butenolide-type autoregulators may represent a widespread and another class of Streptomyces autoregulator involved in regulating antibiotic production.

Domestication and nutrient analysis of Schizopyllum commune were studied to find out its function as an alternative source of natural food for the people in East Kalimantan. S. commune that commonly growth on surface of palm oil empty fruit bunch waste during the natural decomposition was artificial cultivated and domesticated to produce the high quality of mushroom using the simple and daily techniques that known by people. Cultivation was done using bag log model as well as we used on oyster mushroom cultivation. The results showed that the mushroom growth was very fast to achieve the first flush of fruit body production just after 16 days of inoculated and the total production of mushroom was 1,198.71 g. We also found that the biological efficiency ratio was 3.73%. Domestication was also increased size of fruit body and nutrient contents of mushroom such as rise of carbohydrate from 35.39% to 37.42%, respectively. Even, ash, fat, protein and fiber contentsof mushroom were not significantly different rather than the wild one.

Two-steps utilization of residual Shorea wood biomass (Meranti) from saw mill industry in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia was studied to point out its potential as the feedstock for the production of food and energy. For this purposes, oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on mixed sawdust of Shorea wood (major species; Shorea leprosula ), and then the residual wood obtained from mushroom production (spent waste) was subjected to methane fermentation by mixing with cow dung in two steps utilization process. The effects of the bio treatment on biogas production and correlation with compositional changes in the wood by mushroom cultivation were evaluated. P. ostreatus preferentially decomposed lignin in the tropical wood with high productivity of matured fruiting body. During 44 days, fruiting bodies were harvested and collected four times, and lignin and holocellulose in the Shorea wood decreased by 24.7% and 15.8%, respectively. Biological activity expressed as yields of the fruiting body was the maximum at the first flush, and decreased gradually. In methane fermentation, addition of pretreated wood waste increased production of biogas by 2-3 times higher than those without the bio-treated wood. The combination of mushroom and biogas production of residual Shorea wood biomass creates a new industrial application of unutilized wood biomass from tropical rainforests, with a great deal of advantages supplying value-added foodstuff and also renewable energy for the local community.