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Background and aims Individuals living with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia and bipolar can have significant emotional, cognitive, physical and social challenges. Most people with severe mental illness in the United Kingdom do not receive specialist mental health care. Collaborative care is a system of support that combines clinical and organisational components to provide integrated and person-centred care. It has not been tested for severe mental illness in the United Kingdom. We aimed to develop and evaluate a primary care-based collaborative care model (PARTNERS) designed to improve quality of life for people with diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar or other psychoses when compared with usual care. Methods Phase 1 included studies to (1) understand context: an observational retrospective study of primary and secondary care medical records and an update of the Cochrane review ‘Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness’; (2) develop and formatively evaluate the PARTNERS intervention: a review of literature on collaborative care and recovery, interviews with key leaders in collaborative care and recovery, focus groups with service users and a formative evaluation of a prototype intervention model; and (3) develop trial science work in this area: a core outcome set for bipolar and recruitment methods. In phase 2 we conducted a cluster randomised controlled trial measuring quality of life using the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life and secondary outcomes including time use, recovery and mental well-being; a cost-effectiveness study; and a mixed-methods process evaluation. Public involvement underpinned all of the workstream activity through the study Lived Experience Advisory Panel and the employment of service user researchers in the project team. Results phase 1 The study of records showed that care for individuals under secondary care is variable and substantial and that people are seen every 2 weeks on average. The updated Cochrane review showed that collaborative care interventions were highly variable, and no reliable conclusions can be drawn about effectiveness. The PARTNERS model incorporated change at organisational, practitioner and individual levels. Coaching was selected as the main form of support for individuals’ personal goals. In the formative evaluation, we showed that more intensive supervision and ‘top-up’ training were needed to achieve the desired shifts in practice. A core outcome set was developed for bipolar, and measures were selected for the trial. We developed a stepped approach to recruitment including initial approach and appointment. Results phase 2 The trial was conducted in four areas. In total, 198 participants were recruited from 39 practices randomised. Participants received either the PARTNERS intervention or usual care. The follow-up rate was 86% at 9–12 months. The mean change in overall Manchester Short Assessment Quality of Life score did not differ between the groups [0.25 (standard deviation 0.73) for intervention vs. 0.21 (standard deviation 0.86) for control]. We also found no difference for any secondary measures. Safety outcomes (e.g. crises) did not differ between those receiving and those not receiving the intervention. Although the costs of intervention and usual care were similar, there is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about the overall cost-effectiveness of PARTNERS. The mixed-methods process evaluation demonstrated that a significant proportion of individuals did not receive the full intervention. This was partly due to care partner absence and participant choice. The in-depth realist informed case studies showed that participants generally appreciated the support, with some describing having a ‘professional friend’ as very important. For some people there was evidence that delivery of the intervention had led to specific personal changes. Strengths and limitations The phase 1 records study provided insights into usual care that had not been previously documented. The realist informed complex intervention development was both theoretical and pragmatic. The trial continued through the COVID-19 pandemic with high levels of follow-up. The process evaluation had the depth to explore individual changes in participants’ response to the intervention. Weaknesses in the trial methodology included suboptimal implementation, outcome measures that may not have been sensitive to changes patients most appreciated and difficulties collecting some outcomes. Conclusions While PARTNERS was not shown to be superior to usual care, the change to PARTNERS care was not shown to be unsafe. Full intervention implementation was challenging, but this is to be expected in studies of care that include those with psychosis. Some individuals responded well to the intervention when psychological support in the form of individualised goal setting was flexibly deployed, with evidence that having access to a ‘professional friend’ was experienced as particularly helpful for some individuals. Future work Key components of the PARTNERS model could be developed further and tested, along with improved supervision in the context of ongoing community mental health care change. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN95702682. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR200625) and is published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 12, No. 6. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Plain language summary Over 7 years, the PARTNERS2 research programme co-developed and evaluated a new way of working to support people with schizophrenia, bipolar or other psychoses in order to fill the gap in provision between primary care and secondary mental health services. The intervention involved a ‘care partner’ and followed a collaborative care approach. We completed several studies, including a full randomised controlled trial, in four sites: Birmingham, Cornwall, Plymouth and Somerset. We found the following: Analysis of secondary care records showed that many individuals received a lot of specialist care contacts that are not visible in primary care records. Our outcomes work for bipolar identified several themes, including personal recovery, connectedness, clinical recovery and mental health/well-being. These helped us choose quality of life as the primary outcome for the PARTNERS2 trial. Our preliminary work developing the ‘care partner’ collaborative care coaching approach was well received but showed problems with delivery, including supervision. The full trial was completed despite the COVID-19 pandemic but with fewer participants (a total of 198) than intended. No differences were found between those receiving and those not receiving PARTNERS care. Some participants received little or no intervention, partly due to care partner absences. The care partner approach was appreciated by some service users whom we interviewed for feedback. They described positive benefits of working with a ‘professional friend’ but only more limited examples of longer-term impact. Care partners sometimes appeared to take time to learn to put joined-up individualised care into practice. Although the PARTNERS2 trial produced a neutral result – meaning that people were no worse or no better as a result of receiving primary-care-based collaborative care – there are both practical and theoretical reasons that are likely to explain this. As the PARTNERS approach aligns well with current mental health policy, we are continuing to test the approach in practice. Scientific summary Background People with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar or other psychoses have a significantly reduced life expectancy; two-thirds of this mortality gap can be explained by physical health disparities. For many people with severe mental illness, about 1% of the population, their primary and secondary mental health care is delivered by separate teams, causing a negative impact on continuity of care. The PARTNERS1 study found that nearly one-third of people with severe mental illness in the UK were seen only in primary care, and other studies show that more than a half of individuals receive no specialist input. A significant policy shift in the UK prioritises the better integration of place-based mental health systems involving primary and secondary care, the voluntary sector and local authorities. Collaborative care is a system of care that includes clinicians from primary and secondary care working together, proactive review and psychological support. Previous studies have mostly included populations with depression and anxiety, who have different challenges from individuals with serious mental illness. Most of the work on collaborative care for serious mental illness has been in the USA, where the nature of service user populations and of service use differ from the way we fund, structure and use the NHS. Research into effectiveness is, so far, equivocal. Aims, objectives and summary of approach The aim of the PARTNERS2 research programme was to co-develop and evaluate a model of collaborative care for people diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar and other forms of psychosis in addition to usual care, in comparison with usual care alone. The programme was carried out between 2014 and 2021, adapting according to circumstances, and included: Phase 1: development work (2014–7) – describing the context of current care delivery by assessment of support provided to people with SMI in three areas of England, including investigation of collaborative care evidence (workstream 1) developing a theoretical model of the intervention (workstream 3) developing trial methodology (workstreams 2, 4 and 5). Phase 2: full trial and process evaluation (2017–21) (workstream 6) – a randomised controlled trial a health economics analysis a parallel process evaluation to examine fidelity, evaluate process of delivery and further develop the programme theory for implementation. The programme was co-produced with our patient and public involvement team, including the Lived Experience Advisory Panel. The originally planned external pilot trial was replaced with an internal pilot trial feeding into a fully powered randomised controlled trial. Phase 1 Understanding context Method An observational retrospective cohort study of primary and secondary care medical notes (2012–4). A total of 297 participants with serious mental illness under a specialist were selected from three participating mental health services (West Midlands, Lancashire and Devon). An update of our original Cochrane review ‘Collaborative care approaches for people with severe mental illness’. Results From the notes review activity, we found that for individuals with serious mental illness who are in contact with secondary mental health services, these services are centrally involved in their care. On average, three-quarters of all direct contacts were from secondary care, and individuals were seen on average every 2 weeks. These individuals were also seen on average every 6 weeks in primary care. However, a significant minority (12%) did not receive any specialist care. The Cochrane update comprised 8 randomised controlled trials, with a total of 1165 participants for review. The trials provided data for comparison between collaborative care and standard care. Collaborative care interventions varied a lot. There was no evidence that they are more effective than standard care; however, confidence in these findings is limited. Development of the intervention Method A realist informed approach was taken to identify underlying mechanisms and to integrate findings as an initial model from: a review of the literature on collaborative care for mental health (from workstream 1) and personal recovery literature interviews with key leaders in collaborative care and personal recovery to explore their perceptions about best practice (n = 11) focus groups with service users about their experiences of care (n = 33). The intervention was delivered by care partners at the three sites to those recruited for pilot work. A formative evaluation of this initial model used semistructured interviews with practitioners, service users, carers, general practitioners and secondary care practitioners along with recordings of interactions to adapt the intervention. Results Researchers extracted ‘explanatory statements’ representing candidate mechanisms that could make collaborative care effective. These were consolidated to 106 statements and used to develop the programme theory for the initial model. This was represented graphically and in a manual for practitioners and in guides for service users and carers. The PARTNERS intervention involves change at three levels: institutional level (secondary care trusts/Community Mental Health Teams and primary care), practitioner level (care partners, supervisors, other primary and secondary care staff, third-sector and community organisational staff) and service user level (service users and friends and family, where there was consent). The manual details how practitioners should work flexibly to provide person-centred care through a coaching approach. The formative evaluation found that some aspects of implementation were not always delivered as expected, particularly interaction with primary care teams, the use of coaching and the supervision of practitioners. The model was further refined based on these results, with added training and support for the care partners in the main trial. Development of trial methodology Method A core outcome set was developed for bipolar using three stages and with Lived Experience Advisory Panel input: A long list of outcomes was derived from focus groups with people with a bipolar diagnosis and their carers, interviews with healthcare professionals and a rapid review of outcomes used in trials. An expert panel with personal and/or professional experience of bipolar participated in a two-stage online Delphi survey, with 50 participants in round 1 and 33 in round 2. A consensus meeting was held to finalise the core outcome set. Outcomes and associated measures for the randomised controlled trial were selected using a further consensus meeting, which took into account the wider population and nature of intervention. The feasibility of trial processes was tested in the formative evaluation study. Different methods of approaching potentially suitable individuals using primary and secondary care databases, and involving practitioners, were tested. These took into account legal and research governance requirements while prioritising an ambition to include those individuals considered most likely to benefit from support. Results The Delphi survey included 66 outcomes, and participants were invited to add others. A consensus meeting generated the final core outcome set consisting of 11 outcome domains: personal recovery; connectedness; clinical recovery of bipolar symptoms; mental health; well-being; physical health; self-monitoring and management; medication effects; quality of life (QoL), service outcomes; service user experience of care; and use of coercion. Quality of life was selected as the most important outcome domain for the proposed PARTNERS2 trial. The Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA) was selected because it was clinically relevant to the target population and potentially amenable to change by the intervention. To test approach procedures, we recruited 37 participants across three sites. Those eligible from secondary care were approached by a clinician known to them. Those seen in primary care received an invitation letter with an expression of interest from the general practitioner practice. Two strategies were tested to improve recruitment among those who did not respond to initial contacts: a telephone call from a clinician or the research team to discuss the study an ‘appointment letter’ inviting them to a short meeting at the practice to discuss the study. Both approaches were acceptable to participants and added to recruitment. Phase 2 Internal pilot and randomised controlled trial Method The cluster randomised trial recruited in four areas (Birmingham and Solihull, Cornwall, Plymouth and Somerset), involving 39 general practices. In total 198 participants were recruited, and practices were randomised (1 : 1 allocation) so that individuals received either the PARTNERS intervention (20 practices, 116 participants) or usual care only (19 practices, 82 participants). The PARTNERS intervention involved a trained secondary mental healthcare worker in primary care (a ‘care partner’) working collaboratively with the participant, primary care, secondary care and other organisations, aiming to improve the participant’s QoL, mental health and physical health care. Participants received the intervention for up to 12 months, including a 2-month transition period back to usual care only. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the intervention was moved online (using telephone calls and video conferencing). All participants allocated to the control arm of the trial continued to receive usual care, either within primary care only or also with secondary care. At baseline, the following data were collected: QoL (MANSA), Time Use Survey (ONS TUS), general health status (EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level, Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale), capability measure (ICEpop CAPability) and experience of care (Brief-INSPIRE). All assessments were completed again at the follow-up visit (10 months from the point of unmasking), as was an extra questionnaire on the impact of COVID-19 for participants recruited during the pandemic. Results Primary outcome data were available for 99 (85.3%) intervention and 71 (86.6%) control participants. Mean change in overall MANSA score did not differ between the groups [0.25 (standard deviation 0.73) for intervention vs. 0.21 (standard deviation 0.86) for control]; the estimated fully adjusted between-group difference was 0.03 (95% confidence interval −0.25 to 0.31; p = 0.819). None of the secondary outcomes differed significantly between the groups. Acute mental health episodes (safety outcome) included three crises among those who received the intervention and four among those who did not. Cost effectiveness analysis Methods The economic evaluation aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of PARTNERS2 compared with usual care. Quality-adjusted life-years measured health benefit. Patient-level service use data were costed using national unit costs for 2019–20. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, which combines service use costs and health benefit. Participant-reported service use at follow-up was collected for a 3-month recall period. The planned audit of primary and secondary care notes was not feasible given the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Regression analysis estimated the net costs and quality-adjusted life-years of PARTNERS2, adjusting for key covariates. Results Using the multiple imputed data, the average quality-adjusted life-years (usual care: mean 0.55, 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.61; PARTNERS2: mean 0.51, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.57) and costs (usual care: mean £2689, 95% confidence interval £999 to £4378; PARTNERS2: mean £1743, 95% confidence interval £1149 to £2338) were similar for the two groups. Overall, the 95% confidence intervals are wide and overlap, indicating a high level of variance and uncertainty. The net, bootstrapped quality-adjusted life-years (−0.007, 95% confidence interval −0.086 to 0.071) and costs (−£213, 95% confidence interval −£1030 to £603) were similarly inconclusive, with wide 95% confidence interval that overlapped zero. At the prespecified willingness-to-pay threshold of £15,000 to gain one additional quality-adjusted life-year, the probability that the PARTNERS2 intervention is cost-effective is

Background: Current NHS policy encourages an integrated approach to provision of mental and physical care for individuals with long term mental health problems. The ‘PARTNERS2’ complex intervention is designed to support individuals with psychosis in a primary care setting. Aim: The trial will evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the PARTNERS2 intervention. Design & setting: This is a cluster randomised controlled superiority trial comparing collaborative care (PARTNERS2) with usual care, with an internal pilot to assess feasibility. The setting will be primary care within four trial recruitment areas: Birmingham & Solihull, Cornwall, Plymouth, and Somerset. GP practices are randomised 1:1 to either (a) the PARTNERS2 intervention plus modified standard care (‘intervention’); or (b) standard care only (‘control’). Method: PARTNERS2 is a flexible, general practice-based, person-centred, coaching-based intervention aimed at addressing mental health, physical health, and social care needs. Two hundred eligible individuals from 39 GP practices are taking part. They were recruited through identification from secondary and primary care databases. The primary hypothesis is quality of life (QOL). Secondary outcomes include: mental wellbeing, time use, recovery, and process of physical care. A process evaluation will assess fidelity of intervention delivery, test hypothesised mechanisms of action, and look for unintended consequences. An economic evaluation will estimate its cost-effectiveness. Intervention delivery and follow-up have been modified during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The overarching aim is to establish the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the model for adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar, or other types of psychoses.

Abstract Background Many people diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar or other psychoses in England receive the majority of their healthcare from primary care. Primary care practitioners may not be well equipped to meet their needs and there is often poor communication with secondary care. Collaborative care is a promising alternative model but has not been trialled specifically with this service user group in England. Collaborative care for other mental health conditions has not been widely implemented despite evidence of its effectiveness. We carried out a formative evaluation of the PARTNERS model of collaborative care, with the aim of establishing barriers and facilitators to delivery, identifying implementation support requirements and testing the initial programme theory. Methods The PARTNERS intervention was delivered on a small scale in three sites. Qualitative data was collected from primary and secondary care practitioners, service users and family carers, using semi-structured interviews, session recordings and tape-assisted recall. Deductive and inductive thematic analysis was carried out; themes were compared to the programme theory and used to inform an implementation support strategy. Results Key components of the intervention that were not consistently delivered as intended were: interaction with primary care teams, the use of coaching, and supervision. Barriers and facilitators identified were related to service commitment, care partner skills, supervisor understanding and service user motivation. An implementation support strategy was developed, with researcher facilitation of communication and supervision and additional training for practitioners. Some components of the intervention were not experienced as intended; this appeared to reflect difficulties with operationalising the intervention. Analysis of data relating to the intended outcomes of the intervention indicated that the mechanisms proposed in the programme theory had operated as expected. Conclusions Additional implementation support is likely to be required for the PARTNERS model to be delivered; the effectiveness of such support may be affected by practitioner and service user readiness to change. There is also a need to test the programme theory more fully. These issues will be addressed in the process evaluation of our full trial. Trial registration ISRCTN95702682, 26 October 2017.