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Context: Ageratum conyzoides L. and eggshell membrane have the potential to be used as medicine. The independent use of A. conyzoides extract or eggshell membrane hydrolysates independently as a natural medicine has been widely known, but the mixture of the two as an anti-inflammatory has not been studied. Aims: To evaluate both the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of A. conyzoides extract and eggshell membrane hydrolysates, independently and in combination. In silico testing was conducted to identify chemicals that have a key role in inflammation signaling pathways. Methods: The chronic anti-inflammatory effects of A. conyzoides extract and eggshell membrane hydrolysates were evaluated on cotton pellet-induced rats using diclofenac-Na as a control. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects were studied via protein denaturation, membrane stability, and antiprotease activity. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed on the p38-MAPK signaling pathway using compounds found in A. conyzoides extract and eggshell membrane hydrolysates. Results: A. conyzoides extract and eggshell membrane hydrolysates given separately or in combination can inhibit the formation of exudates and granulomas. Molecular docking simulations showed that the metabolites in the extract and hydrolysate interact with p38-MAPK. Nobiletin in the extract is the potential metabolite that interacts with the p38-MAPK receptor with a free energy of binding and inhibition constant of -8.92 kcal/mol and 260.80 nM. Amino acids in the hydrolysates showed weaker interactions compared to the compound in the extract. Conclusions: A. conyzoides extract and eggshell membrane hydrolysates work additively to inhibit the severity of chronic inflammation.

Objectives: Cucumis sativus L. (C. sativus) is vegetable commonly used for managing blood pressure and often consumed in combination with standard antihypertensive therapy, despite lack of scientific evidence supporting their use. Combination of herbs and standard medication could have positive or negative effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive activity of C. sativus and the combined effect with losartan in the hypertensive rat model induced by angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that, upon binding to its receptor, constricts blood vessels leading to elevation of blood pressure. Methods: In an antihypertensive study, rats received C. sativus orally at doses of 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg/kg (full dose); while in a combination study, animals received losartan 2.25 mg/kg combined by either with C. sativus 9 or 18 mg/kg. The standards group received losartan 2.25 mg/kg or 4.5 mg/kg (full dose). Results: Blood pressure was measured using the tail-cuff method. C. sativus significantly attenuated angiotensin II-induced hypertension as observed in groups receiving C. sativus at 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg/kg at 30 minutes after induction showed the average change (Δ) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with respect to time zero were 28.8/18.3, 24.8/15.8, 22.8/15.5, and 11.5/9.0 mmHg, respectively. Whereas the average change (Δ) of SBP and DBP in the rats receiving the combination of half doses of C. sativus and losartan were 8.8/9.0 mmHg, respectively. These diminished effects were better than a full dose of C. sativus and comparable with a full dose of losartan (6.5/7.8 mmHg). Conclusion: The present findings indicate that C. sativus dose-dependently blocks blood pressure elevation induced by angiotensin II. The combination of half dose of C. sativus and losartan has an additive effect in lowering blood pressure.

Context: Diabetes is a chronic health condition with insulin disturbance. Hibiscus surattensis L. is a medicinal plant and plays a pivotal role in diabetes. Aims: To evaluate the effect of H. surattensis leaves extract to increase insulin secretion and repair pancreatic tissue damage in streptozotocin (STZ)‑induced diabetic mice. Methods: This research used male mice (Swiss Webster) administrated by STZ 100 mg/kg BW to induce diabetes. Animals were divided into eight groups (n = 6) consisting of normal control, diabetic control, glibenclamide, ethanol extract 50, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction with doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg BW, respectively. Treatment was given for 28 days. The evaluation was carried out on blood glucose levels, insulin levels, HOMA-β, and the pancreatic islets by the morphometric analysis were evaluated. All data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results: Extract and active fraction of H. surattensis leaves, especially ethyl acetate fractions (25 and 50 mg/kg BW) significantly (p

α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and xanthone are some of the marker compounds found in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) whose activity on several treatment targets including toward the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) receptors, diphenyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) enzyme, and aldose reductase enzyme is unknown. Although this plant has been predicted to be used as an alternative antidiabetic treatment, it has been proven through several previous studies. This research study used three natural ligands (α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and xanthone) whose training set was designed using Molecular Operating Environment and then compared them with several drugs on the market that are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The docking molecular results showed that the α-mangostin and γ-mangostin compounds had activity toward PPAR-γ receptor, DPP-4 enzyme, and aldose reductase enzyme by showing almost similar affinity values when compared to the comparison ligands. Meanwhile, xanthone showed unfavorable results. This approach shows that α-mangostin and γ-mangostin are predicted to play a role as antidiabetic mellitus in mangosteen when viewed from these mechanisms.

In Indonesia, hypertension is a condition that can lead to death through stroke and TB. Herbs have traditionally been used in Indonesia as an alternative medicine for lowering blood pressure. The leaves of Anredera cordifolia and Sonchus arvensis have been investigated for their antihypertensive potential. Based on the number of treatments, rats were randomized into groups. Each group consists of five rats. The test animals were grouping as follows: the positive control group (hypertension induction without treatment), A. cordifolia 50 mg/kg b.w. group, A. cordifolia 100 mg/kg b.w., S. arvensis 50 mg/kg b.w, S. arvensis 100 mg/kg b.w., A. cordifolia 25 mg/kg b.w + S. arvensis 25 mg/kg b.w, A. cordifolia 50 mg/kg b.w + S. arvensis 50 mg/kg b.w, and atenolol 4.5 mg/kg b.w. The rats were given 0.25 mg/kg b.w. of epinephrine intraperitoneally. The initial, after induction, and final blood pressure of the animals were measured using the CODA® noninvasive blood pressure device. All animal test groups at T60 showed a significant difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressures to initial blood pressure (T0), P < 0.05. The combination of A. cordifolia 50 mg/kg b.w and S. arvensis 50 mg/kg b.w showed the highest percent inhibition of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The combination of A. cordifolia and S. arvensis 50–50 mg/kg b.w showed the best effect of lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the pathway of inhibiting adrenergic receptors.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of combination of Physalis angulata L. (Cecendet) extract and methylprednisolone through a single dose in mice (acute toxicity) and repeated doses within 90 days in rats (subchronic toxicity). Methods: Acute toxicity test was conducted to 2 groups of female mice by monitoring their behavior and death at 4 hours and 24 hours after cecendet adminstration. While subchronic toxicity test was conducted to 6 groups of rats as normal group, control group, and receive varoius cecendet dose. Each group was combined with methylprednisolone 5 mg/kg b.w. at first month and gradually taperred to 3.2 mg/kg b.w. at third month. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated by monitoring rats’ behavior, mortality, blood biochemistry, blood cell count, urinalysis, and organ macroscopic and histologic. Results: The study showed cecendet extracts did not affect mice behavior in single dose therapy up to 5 g/kg b.w. and had LD50 of more than 5 g/kg b.w., which was categorized as practically non-toxic. The sub-chronic toxicity study showed that up to 1 g/kg b.w. of cecendet extracts that was administered for 90 days did not cause death, was not organ toxic, did not affect blood biochemistries, blood cell count, and urinalysis. Conclusions: Cecendet extract and methylprednisolone combination was safe based on acute and sub-chronic toxicity data. Keywords: Acute toxicity, LD50, Lupus, Physalis angulata L, subchronic toxicity

The purpose of this study was to analyze the inhibitory action of ursolic acid (UA) as an antitubercular agent by computational docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations. The effect of UA on the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was evaluated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). UA was used as a ligand for molecular interaction and investigate its binding activities to a group of proteins involved in the growth of MTB and the biosynthesis of the cell wall. Computational docking analysis was performed by using autodock 4.2.6 based on scoring functions. UA binding was confirmed by 30 ns molecular dynamics simulation using gromacs 5.1.1. H37Rv sensitive strain and isoniazid-resistant strain were used in the SEM study. UA showed to have the optimum binding affinity to inhA (Two-trans-enoyl-ACP reductase enzyme involved in elongation of fatty acid) with the binding energy of -9.2 kcal/mol. The dynamic simulation showed that the UA-inhA complex relatively stable and found to establish hydrogen bond with Thr196 and Ile194. SEM analysis confirms that UA treatment in both sensitive strain and resistant strain affected the morphology cell wall of MTB. This result indicated that UA could be one of the potential ligands for the development of new antituberculosis drugs.

Cecendet (Physalis angulata L.) is a herbal plant commonly used for traditional remedies in Indonesia to prevent inflammation in rheumatic disease. Several studies have determined that cecendet has an immunosuppressant activity towards pristane-induced lupus animal model. A preliminary study has proven that its use is safe in animals based on acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests. In management of lupus, methylprednisolone is used for primary immunosuppressant agent. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cecendet ethanolic extract in combination with methylprednisolone on inflammation, urinalysis, and serum creatinine level of rats as pristane-induced lupus animal models. This study was conducted at the Pharmacology Laboratory of Pharmacy Faculty of Jenderal Ahmad Yani University in January 2016. Four groups of female rats were used i.e. normal group, control group, 62.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) cecendet ethanolic extract group, and group receiving 62.5 mg/kg bw cecendet ethanolic extract combined with 0.36 mg/kg body weight methylprednisolone for six weeks, followed by thirty days of 0.5 mL pristine-induced. Examinations on anti-inflammation effect, urinalysis, and serum creatinine level were performed in week 3 and 6 during the intervention. The results showed that the administration of cecendet ethanolic extract alone and in combination with methylprednisolone could inhibit inflammation and reduce proteinuria and serum creatinine level when compared to the control group. Key words: Anti-inflammation, cecendet, creatinine, methylprednisolone, Physalis angulata L.

Mycobacterium avium, one of the closest relatives of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), offers an advantage in studying MTB because of its tuberculosis-like effect in humans and host immune tolerance. This study examined the antimycobacterial action of ursolic acid and its regulation in macrophages during infection. Colony-forming units of the bacteria were determined in the cell lysate of macrophages and in the supernatant. The effect of ursolic acid on macrophages during infection was determined by analyzing the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and nitrite. The colony-forming units analysis demonstrated that ursolic acid reduced the presence of Mycobacterium avium both intracellularly (in macrophages) and extracellularly. It decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 but increased the concentrations of interleukin-1β and nitrite during infection. It also inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but phosphorylated the C-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway. The antimycobacterial effect of ursolic acid correlated with its ability to regulate the activation of macrophages. This dual ability made the ursolic acid-related elimination of the mycobacteria more effective.

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of eight plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, which are the most prevalent causes of infections in inpatients. Methods: The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration using Mueller–Hinton broth in a microdilution method. Results: The best antibacterial activity, calculated as minimum inhibitory concentration values, against MRSA was shown by the Kaempferia pandurata (Roxb) (K. pandurata) extract (256 μg/mL) and the Senna alata (S. alata) extract (512 μg/mL). Phytochemical screening of dried S. alata leaf and its extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, quinones, tannins and sterols, while dried K. pandurata and its extract only showed the presence of flavonoids and sterols/triterpenoids. Conclusions: K. pandurata and S. alata have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents, especially against MRSA strain, but further in vivo research and discovery of the mode of its action are still needed to shed light on the effects.

ABSTRAK Herba pecut kuda (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl) secara tradisional dapat digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit, seperti infeksi dan batu saluran kencing, diuretik, rheumatik, sakit tenggorokan (faringitis), pembersih darah, datang haid tidak teratur, keputihan, hepatitis A. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keamanan penggunaan herba pecut kuda pada hewan uji. Ekstrak air herba pecut kuda dibuat dengan metode perebusan dalam air suling selama 30 menit. Pengujian toksisitas akut dilakukan mengacu pada pedoman BPOM. Pengujian toksisitas akut dilakukan pada mencit Swiss Webster jantan dan betina dengan pemberian tunggal ekstrak air herba pecut kuda pada dosis 100, 500, 2.000, 5.000 dan 10.000 mg/kg bb. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 14 hari. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa selama 14 hari setelah pemberian tunggal ekstrak air herba pecut kuda, tidak ada kematian pada seluruh hewan uji. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa LD50 ekstrak air herba pecut kuda lebih besar dari 5.000 mg/kg bb. Kata kunci: pecut kuda, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, toksisitas akut, ekstrak air, LD50 ABSTRACT Traditionally, Pecut kuda (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.)Vahl) is used to treat various diseases such diuretic and rheumatic. The research objective was to determine safety of water extract S. jamaicensis herbas in mice. Water extract of S. jamaicensis were made using boiled water for 30 minutes. Acute toxicity test was done according to BPOM. Acute toxicity test was performed on Swiss Webster mice with a single administration of the water extract at doses of 100, 500, 2.000, 5.000 and 10.000 mg/kg bw. Observations of animal were done for a total of 14 days. The results showed that during 14 days of observation after single oral administration of water extract of S. jamaicensis up to 10000 mg/kg bw showed no toxicity of all experimental animals. It can be conclude that LD50 of water extract of S. jamaicensis is greater than 5.000 mg/kg bw. Keywords: pecut kuda, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, acute toxicity, water extract, LD50

Cerme (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang oleh sebagian masyarakat Indonesia digunakan untuk mengobati tekanan darah tinggi, diabetes mellitus, dan kadar kolesterol tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antikolesterol ekstrak etanol daun cerme pada tikus Wistar betina, dan menguji salah satu mekanisme kerjanya melalui uji efek penghambatan penyerapan kolesterol di saluran cerna. Ekstrak etanol dibuat dengan menggunakan seperangkat alat Soxhlet. Induksi kolesterol pada hewan uji dilakukan dengan pemberian kolesterol murni 400 mg/kg bb per oral dan 0,01% propiltiourasil dalam air minum ad libitum. Ekstrak etanol daun cerme diberikan pada dosis 22,5 dan 45 mg/kg bb, dan sebagai pembanding digunakan ezetimibe 0,9 mg/kg bb. Parameter yang diukur adalah bobot badan, kadar kolesterol dalam serum dan kadar kolesterol dalam feses. Hasil pengujian dianalisis statistik menggunakan Uji-t. Hasil uji persen relatif kadar kolesterol dalam serum menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun cerme dosis 22,5 da n 45 mg/kg bb mampu menghambat pembentukkan kolesterol jika dibandingkan terhadap kontrol pada hari ke-14, dimana efek penghambatan pembentukkan kolesterol terbaik ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak etanol dosis 45 mg/kg bb. Hasil uji persen relatif kadar kolesterol dalam feses menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun cerme dosis 22,5 dan 45 mg/kg bb memiliki efek penghambatan penyerapan kolesterol jika dibandingkan terhadap kontrol mulai hari ke 3 sampai hari ke 14. Hasil pengujian bobot badan hewan yang diberi sediaan uji ekstrak etanol cerme dan pembanding ezetimibe tidak menunjukkan peningkatan mulai hari ke 3 sampai hari ke 14. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa efek antikolesterol dari ekstrak etanol daun cerme berkaitan dengan kemampuannya menghambat penyerapan kolesterol di saluran cerna.

Penderita lupus eritematosus sistemik menggunakan imunosupresan untuk mengurangi manifestasi klinik yang timbul, diantaranya adalah proteinuria. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan herba cecendet (Physalis angulata L.) mempunyai efek imunosupresan. Pristana merupakan senyawa yang dapat menginduksi lupus pada tikus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji efek ekstrak etanol herba cecendet terhadap proteinuria pada tikus Wistar yang diinduksi pristana.Pembuatan ekstrak etanol herba cecendet dilakukan menggunakan seperangkat alat Soxhlet. Pemodelan Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik dilakukan dengan induksi 0,5 mL pristana ip. Empat minggu setelah induksi pristana, ekstrak etanol herba cecendet dosis 50 dan 100 mg/kg bb diberikan selama6 minggu, dan sebagai pembanding digunakan Metilprednisolon1,4 mg/kg bb serta siklofosfamid35 mg/kg bb. Kadar protein dalam urin diukur pada setiap 3 minggu.Hasil uji proteinuria menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol herba cecendet dosis 50 mg/kg bb selama 6 minggu dapat menghambat kenaikan protein dalam urin dan berbeda jika dibandingkan kontrol (p0,1).Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dosis terbaik ekstrak etanol herba cecendet untuk menurunkan kadar proteinuria adalah 50 mg/kg bb.

Studies have shown the antidiabetic effect of turmeric and garlic. However their mechanism of action remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of three turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and garlic extracts (Allium sativum L.), that are, hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract on blood glucose levels with glucose tolerance test. Furthermore the most effective extracts and its active compound (curcuminoid and S-methyl cysteine) tested with insulin tolerance test. Forty Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups that was normal group, group that treated with a high fat emulsion (control group) and remaining groups were treated with a high fat emulsion and turmeric extract 50 mg/kgBW, garlic extract 50 mg/kgBW, curcuminoid 25 mg/kgBW, S-methyl cysteine 25 mg/kgBW, turmeric-garlic extract combination each 25 mg/kgBW and curcuminoid-S-methyl cysteine combination each 12,5 mg/kgBW for 10 days. Insulin resistance was evaluated by insulin tolerance test. This study conducted from August–October 2010 at Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati (SITH) Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Results of this study showed that insulin tolerance test constanta (KITT) were bigger in animals that treated with garlic extract (7.2±0.84), curcuminoid (7.14±0.74) and combination of curcuminoid-S-methyl cysteine (7.46±0.64) compared with positive control group (3.2±1.92). In conclusions garlic extract, curcuminoid and combination of curcuminoid and S-methyl cysteine improve insulin sensitivity.

One of the plants that grow in Indonesia, and still does not use widely is singawalang (Petiveria alliaceae) from Phytolaceae family. Traditional herbal medicine preparations contained of Petiveria alliacea in the Caribbean, Latin America, West Africa and other regions for hundreds years has been used to treat pain, colds, inflammation, tumor, bacterial and fungal infection, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and other diseases. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of singawalang growth in Indonesia against resistant bacteria to antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) were determined by microdilution broth method and type of antibacterial action were determined by observing the profile of bacterial growth curve. Ethanol extract of dried leaves showed activity against bacteria i.e. MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus), MRCNS (Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci), VRE (VancomycinResistant Enterococcus). Further studies conducted by reviewing the type of work by looking at the growth curve and the observed changes in cell walls by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at MRCNS (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus coagulase-Negative). The results showed that ethanol extracts and all fractions showed good antibacterial activity against resistant bacteria, are bacteriostatic hexane fraction until the concentration of 8 MIC and change the morphology of the cell wall of MRCNS.

The aim of the study was to determine the antioxidant and antihyperuricemia activity of ethyl acetate extract of snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw.) var. Bongkok. The research methods used in this study comprised of three stages. First stage, the isolation processes, consist ed of maceration, fractionation, and purification using several techniques of chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on UV, IR, 1-D NMR, and 2-D NMR spectral data. The ethyl acetate extract of snake fruit var. Bongkok isolated was a new compound 2-methylester-1-H-pyrolle-4- carboxylic acid. In the second stage the antioxidant activity of the extract and the isolated compounds were measured by 1,1 diphenol (DPPH) method. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and the isolated compounds were expressed as IC50, The ethyl acetate extracts at concentrations of 0.2, 2, 20, 200, 400, and 2000 µg/mL showed inhibition of 9.67, 4.47, 41.89, 96.06, 82.54, and 90.60 % respectively, with an IC50 of 1.6 µg/mL. Ascorbic acid standards at the same concentration range showed an IC50 of 0.54 µg/mL. Meanwhile, at the same concentrations the 2-methylester-1-H-pyrolle-4-carboxylic acid showed free radical inhibition of 17.48, 21.48, 18.14, 31.87, and 62.34 % respectively, with an IC50 of 3.27 µg/mL. During the third stage, the antihyperuricemic properties of the extracts and the isolated compound were examinated in vitro using inhibition of xanthin oxidase method. The ethyl acetate extracts at concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.2, 2, and 2000 µg/mL showed xanthin oxidase inhibition of 49.24, 49.58, 50.28 and 52.26 % respectively, with an IC50 of 24.75 µg/mL. At the same concentrations, the 2-methylester-1-H-pyrolle-4- carboxylic acid, showed xanthin oxidase inhibition of 27.7, 30.5, 37.3, 50.27 and 50.55 % respectively, with an IC50 of 48.86 µg/mL. Allopurinol as a standard drug showed an IC50 of 0.92 µg/mL.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. sunti Val.) extract in combination with noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) extract has been proven to be effective in tuberculosis patients. To examine its safety in pregnancy condition, the influence of combination of ethanol extract of ginger and ethanol extract of noni fruit had been studied in pregnant Wistar rat. The ginger and noni extract were administered orally at dose level combination of 50 and 50 mg/kg BW , 500 and 500 mg/kg BW , 1000 and 1000 mg/kg BW on day sixth to fifteenth of gestation. The mother was sacrified on day nineteenth of gestation to observe life fetus, resorption, and growfail fetus. One third of the fetuses eviscerated for skeletal staining with alizarin red and two third of the fetuses were hardened with Bouin’s fixation solution. No malformation were found in the eviscerated group. The combination at all doses did not cause any fetus resorption, growth failure and did not cause malformation in organ and skeleton. The combination dose of 500 and 500 as well as 1000 and 1000 mg/kg BW caused dark red to black color in the liver of rat fetuses of 7.3 and 8.3 % respectively.

Adverse drug reaction and resistance to antituberculosis drugs remain the causes of tuberculosis therapeutic failure. This research aimed to find the combination effect of standard antituberculosis drugs with Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Kaempferia galanga L., and Piper crocatum N.E. Br against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Two MDR strains (i.e., isoniazid/ethambutol resistant and rifampicin/streptomycin resistant) of M. tuberculosis were inoculated in Löwenstein–Jensen medium containing a combination of standard antituberculosis drugs and ethanolic extracts of H. sabdariffa calyces, K. galanga rhizomes, and P. crocatum leaves using various concentration combinations of drug and extract. The colony numbers were observed for 8 weeks. The effect of the combination was analyzed using the proportion method which was calculated by the mean percentage of inhibition reduction in a number of colonies on drug–extract containing medium compared to extract-free control medium. The results showed that all three plant extracts achieved good combination effects with rifampicin against the rifampicin/streptomycin resistant strain. Antagonistic effects were, however, observed with streptomycin, ethambutol and isoniazid, therefore calling for caution when using these plants in combination with antituberculosis treatment.

Chromolaena odorata or Tekelan has been used traditionally to cope with diabetes mellitus, but the scientific evidence as antidiabetic agent has not been previously reported. Therefore, it is necessary to test the antidiabetic activity using ethanol extract of the tekelan leaves in male mice induced by alloxan. Mice were induced intravenously by alloxan dose of 55 mg/kg bw. After 7 days, mice were diabetic ( KGD > 200 mg/dL ) and were grouped into 6 groups: negative control group (only treated with CMC - Na) , positive control group (glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg bw) and the 4 other groups were given ethanol extract of Tekelan leaves at doses of 5 , 25 , 125 and 250 mg/kg bw. Dosage administered for 28 days and blood glucose levels was checked every 7 days using a glucotest. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variation at 95% confidence level. Ethanol extract of tekelan’s leaves at doses of 5 , 25 , 125 and 250 mg/kg bw can lower blood levels from day 7 to day 28 and was significantly different compared to the negative control group ( p < 0.05). Ethanol extract of tekelan’s leaves at doses of 5 , 25 , 125 and 250 mg/kg bw showed antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced mice.

The aim of this study was to identify the antifungal activity of coumarin isolated from Ageratum conyzoides L. leaves and to observe its influence on Candida albicans cells by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Antifungal activity testing with the disk diffusion method showed coumarin was active toward pathogenic fungus Candida albicans with an MIC value of coumarin of 125 ï­g mL-1. The results show that this compound damaged the cell by pores formation on the cell wall. Death of cells occurred due to leakage and necrosis of cytoplasmic content.

Dandruff was an anomaly of scalp caused by abnormal growth of Pityrosporum ovale. Ketoconazole and sulfuric compounds known as antifungal, include antifungal against Pityrosporum ovale. One of medicinal plant that has polysulfide compounds was Singawalang (Petiveria alliacea L.). Activity of ethanol extract and fraction of singawalang roots tested using microdilution broth method appropriate to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) standard, then growth profiles determined by colony count. Microdilution test results showed that Singawalang roots extract has antifungal activity against Pityrosporum ovale with Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) 16 μg/mL and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) 64 μg/mL. Fraction that has highest activity against Pityrosporum ovale was n-hexane fraction of Singawalang roots with MIC 16 µg/ml dan MFC 128 μg/mL. The higher activity of the extract predicted that there were some polysulfide compounds have synergic activity. Key words : singalawang roots, polysulfide, Pityrosporum ovale ABSTRAK Ketombe adalah suatu keadaan anomali pada kulit kepala disebabkan jamur Pityrosporum ovale dalam jumlah diatas normal. Selama ini antijamur yang digunakan adalah ketokonazol. Selain itu, senyawa sulfur juga diketahui aktif terhadap jamur. Salah satu tanaman yang telah diteliti mengandung senyawa polisulfida adalah tanaman singawalang (Petiveria alliacea L.). Penelitian aktivitasnya terhadap Pityrosporum ovale dilakukan dengan Broth Microdilution sesuai standar Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Konsentrasi Hambat Minumum (KHM) terkecil ada pada ekstrak dan fraksi n-heksan, yaitu 16 μg/mL, seperempat dari aktivitas ketokonazol. Konsentrasi Fungisidal Minimum (KFM) terkecil ekstrak adalah 64 μg/mL, dan pada fraksi n-heksan ekstrak etanol akar singawalang dengan konsentrasi 128 μg/mL. Diduga aktivitas antijamur lebih kuat pada ekstrak karena adanya kombinasi aktivitas beberapa senyawa polisulfida yang bekerja sinergis. Kata kunci : Akar singawalang, polisulfida, Pityrosporum ovale