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High throughput wireless communication between vehicles and infrastructure will rely on millimeter-wave carriers and technology, which provide access to large bandwidths whilst still being able to establish stable links over distances of hundreds of meters. The work presented here, evaluates the quality of such signals in a mini-urban campus environment, by comparing detailed channel sounding results with signal quality parameters such as the error vector magnitude and the established data throughput. This provides insights into the relationships between fundamental parameters used to establish channel models and the quality of service parameters used in applications and standards. For the environment investigated, a strong threshold dependence of the signal quality on the received power is observed and explained in detail.

In this paper, we present results of a measurement campaign at 3.5 GHz for 5G communications. Large-scale fading measurements have been carried out in an office building using a spectrum analyser and omnidirectional antennas in line-of-sight (LoS) and non line-of-sight (NLoS) co-polar scenarios. For the NLoS and LoS points, a linear track as well as spot locations were used to measure the receive power, with NLoS points resulting from obstructions. The transmitter–receiver (Tx-Rx) separation distance adopted in the measurement campaign ranged from 2 m to 20 m, with measurements averaged over 10 wavelengths at each location. From the measurement data, empirical path loss models were obtained to fit the measurement data. For the LoS points investigated, the path loss exponent varied between 1.32 and 1.95, while a path loss exponent of 1.78 was obtained for NLoS scenarios. The model comparison carried out showed that the ITU-R model overestimates the path loss in LoS scenarios, while the FSPL underestimates the path loss.

This literature review paper focuses on existing vulnerabilities associated with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). With respect to the civilian/non encrypted GNSSs, they are employed for proving positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions across a wide range of industries. Some of these include electric power grids, stock exchange systems, cellular communications, agriculture, unmanned aerial systems and intelligent transportation systems. In this survey paper, physical degradations, existing threats and solutions adopted in academia and industry are presented. In regards to GNSS threats, jamming and spoofing attacks as well as detection techniques adopted in the literature are surveyed and summarized. Also discussed are multipath propagation in GNSS and non line-of-sight (NLoS) detection techniques. The review also identifies and discusses open research areas and techniques which can be investigated for the purpose of enhancing the robustness of GNSS.

In order to realize intelligent vehicular transport networks and self driving cars, connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) are required to be able to estimate their position to the nearest centimeter. Traditional positioning in CAVs is realized by using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as global positioning system (GPS) or by fusing weighted location parameters from a GNSS with an inertial navigation systems (INSs). In urban environments where Wi-Fi coverage is ubiquitous and GNSS signals experience signal blockage, multipath or non line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation, enterprise or carrier-grade Wi-Fi networks can be opportunistically used for localization or “fused” with GNSS to improve the localization accuracy and precision. While GNSS-free localization systems are in the literature, a survey of vehicle localization from the perspective of a Wi-Fi anchor/infrastructure is limited. Consequently, this review seeks to investigate recent technological advances relating to positioning techniques between an ego vehicle and a vehicular network infrastructure. Also discussed in this paper is an analysis of the location accuracy, complexity and applicability of surveyed literature with respect to intelligent transportation system requirements for CAVs. It is envisaged that hybrid vehicular localization systems will enable pervasive localization services for CAVs as they travel through urban canyons, dense foliage or multi-story car parks.

This paper presents the results of a wideband channel measurement campaign carried out in an indoor environment with representative inventory of a factory. The measurements were carried out using a frequency domain channel sounder from 3.4 - 3.8 GHz and the virtual array method was adopted for averaging small-scale fading effects. From the average power delay profile (APDP), parameters for the Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) model were extracted for line-of-sight (LoS) and non line-of-sight (NLoS) sites. The ray decay from the S-V model increased with cluster delay for all LoS sites and the delay spread for NLoS sites were higher than LoS locations. The NLoS delay spread was also higher than the results obtained at 2.4 GHz for the same measurement locations. The APDPs from both LoS and NLoS sites showed clustering effects with a mean cluster number of 8/7 for LoS/NLoS sites.

In this paper, three experiments with coupled dipoles were carried out in order to determine the optimal distance where an efficient communication link can be established. The simulations results showed that when the subcutaneous dipole is installed adjacently to the surface of the skin, the dipole mounted above the skin level should be in the range of 20 mm to 25 mm for efficient communication. Subsequently, the influence of the dielectric parameters of the human tissue on wave propagation has also been presented in this work.

This paper presents a new way to estimate delay spread in machine workspaces by using fractal geometry. In this way, inventories can be created quickly and used within a ray tracing software to estimate the radio environment of machine workspaces as part of the planning process. Delay spread is an important metric in assessing the performance of wireless technologies. Predicted 5G cyber–physical systems in workplaces will require high-density use of wirelessly connected machine-to-machine RF modules. In workshops, the surfaces and edges of machines, shelves, and furniture influence the multipath/power delay profile of the space. However, with the fast construction pace and high occupancy of buildings, it is impractical to characterize the location as building work progresses. Consequently, it becomes more probable that the radio communication system deployed will perform suboptimally. In this work, the Wi-Fi band was investigated. In addition, representative simulations were also carried out at millimetre wave frequencies of 28 GHz and 60 GHz.

This paper investigates the opportunities of deploying distributed sensors within the manufacturing environmentof a large scale automobile plant using energy harvesting techniques. Measurements were taken in three domainsat the plant in order to characterize ambient energy. Due to the location of the plant, the RF power density forradio access technologies present varied between -127 dBm/cm 2 and -113 dBm/cm 2 . The maximum temperaturedi erence measured within accessible distance from machine parts on the production lines surveyed was 10 C.Indoor lighting was dominant at the plant via uorescent tubes, with average irradiance of 1 W/m 2 . The resultsobtained from this measurement campaign showed that indoor lighting was the most suitable ambient source forenergy harvesting.Keywords: Energy Harvesting, RF power density, temperature, light, measurement, factory 1. INTRODUCTION In manufacturing plants today, maintenance of critical assets is typically done via condition monitoring. Indus-trial monitoring systems such as the NI CompactRIO, depend on a large number of sensor inputs measuringvarious parameters on the shop oor (for example temperature, vibration, rotation, and resource usage). Inorder to operate a robust maintenance network, it is essential that these sensors are self-sustainable during theirlifetime. Conventional sensors networks (such as controller area networks) which have been used in industry areeither directly wired or battery powered, causing signi cant installation or retro t cost or in extreme cases areresponsible for failure

This paper evaluates the suitability of existing 2-D interpolation techniques to estimate RF power density levels within an automobile manufacturing plant in the UK. This analysis is based on a measurement campaign carried out at five locations within the plant. Using widely accepted interpolation techniques, a power density grid that provides an estimate of power density distribution for the plant can be created. The interpolation techniques evaluated are: Inverse distance weighting, Kriging and Spline. The analytical results showed that the Kriging technique was more suitable for estimating power density across the entire band (0.2 GHz – 3 GHz). Using the power density grid obtained, an energy profile for a pallet traveling in a predefined production loop was estimated. As a result, it becomes essential to carefully select the estimation technique to adopt, particularly when the measurement dispersion points are sparse.

he scarce availability of spectrum and the proliferation of smartphones, social networking applications, online gaming etc., mobile network operators (MNOs) are faced with an exponential growth in packet switched data requirements on their networks. Haven invested in legacy systems (such as HSPA, WCDMA, WiMAX, Cdma2000, LTE, etc.) that have hitherto withstood the current and imminent data usage demand, future and projected usage surpass the capabilities of the evolution of these individual technologies. Hence, a more critical, cost-effective and flexible approach to provide ubiquitous coverage for the user using available spectrum is of high demand. Heterogeneous Networks make use of these legacy systems by allowing users to connect to the best network available and most importantly seamlessly handover active sessions amidst them. This paper presents a survey of interworking architectures between IMT 2000 candidate networks that employ the use of IEFT protocols such as MIP, mSCTP, HIP, MOBIKE, IKEV2 and SIP etc. to bring about this much needed capacity.

This paper presents RF power density measurements carried out at an automobile manufacturing plant in the UK. This measurement campaign was carried out in order to quantify the amount of ambient RF power available within the plant. Due to the location of the plant, low power density measurements were recorded in the base-station downlink. The dominant frequencies at the plant were GSM-1800 and 3G. Average input RF power density for horizontal and vertical polarizations showed few variations in amplitude compared to the maximum hold technique for the frequency band surveyed. The measurement campaign showed that at some locations at the plant, the input RF power density for 3G mobile transmit band was more than the base-station downlink.