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Background/aim: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of Turkish version of the Xerostomia Inventory XI in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey study design and analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the Xerostomia Inventory XI. A total of 69 patients with pSS (5 males, 64 females; mean age = 54.81 +/- 8.77 years) were included. The Xerostomia Inventory XI (TR) was applied twice at an interval of 15 days. The test-retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the internal consistency of multiitem subscales by calculating Cronbach's alpha values. The correlations between ESSPRI, basal and stimulated salivary flow (BSF-SSF), Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life-UK (OHRQoL-UK) Questionnaire were evaluated to determine the construct validity. Results: The ICC value for test/retest reliability of the Xerostomia Inventory XI (TR) was 0.993. The internal consistency was 0.869. There were low to high correlations between Xerostomia Inventory XI (TR) and ESSPRI, BSF, SSF, OHIR-14 total and OHRQoL-UK total. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Xerostomia Inventory XI was found to be clinically valid and reliable to be used in clinical evaluations and rehabilitation interventions in patients with pSS.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) (TR) in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey study design and analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the ESSPRI (TR) between March 2019 and July 2019. A total of 30 patients (5 males, 25 females; mean age 54.1±10.5 years; range, 18 to 75 years) diagnosed as pSS according to revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR classification criteria were included. ESSPRI (TR) was applied to the patients with face-to-face interviews twice: on their first visit and after an interval of 15 days. The test-retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the internal consistency of the multi-item subscales by calculating Cronbach alpha values. The correlations between basal and stimulated salivary flow (BSF and SSF), Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life-UK (OHRQOL-UK) questionnaires were evaluated to determine the construct validity. Results: The ICC value for the test/retest reliability of ESSPRI (TR) was 0.925. The internal consistency was 0.682. There were low to moderate correlations between the ESSPRI (TR) total score and BSF (-0.39), SSF (-0.50), OHIP-14 total (0.57) and OHRQOL-UK total (-0.67). Conclusion: The Turkish version of the ESSPRI was found to be clinically valid and reliable to be used in clinical evaluations and rehabilitation interventions in patients with pSS.

Objectives: Our study was planned to investigate the effect of Clinical Pilates exercises in children and adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Methods: Fifteen participants diagnosed with JIA (mean age = 12.00 ±3.40 years) were included. The participants were randomly divided into two groups as Clinical Pilates exercise group (n = 6), and home exercise group (n = 9). Clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (cJADAS), Wong Baker Face Scale, Brunininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition Short Form (BOT-2 SF), Juvenile Arthritis Biopsychosocial Scale (JAB-Q scale), and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 3.0 Arthritis Module was used for evaluation before and after treatment. Exercises were performed by both groups 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Results: In the analysis of the before and after treatment results, a significant difference was observed in cJADAS (p = .027), manual dexterity (p = .020), running speed and agility (p = .027) subtests of BOT-2 SF, total score of BOT-2 SF (p = .042) and daily activity (p = .043) subtests of PedsQL child form in the Clinical Pilates exercise group. While there was statistically significant differences in manual dexterity (p = .024), running speed and agility (p = .041) and upper limb coordination (p = .034) subtests of BOT-2, and parent form of JAB-Q (p = .041) in home exercise group. When the delta values were compared, the difference was significant in the upper limb coordination subtest of BOT-2 SF (p = .008), and daily activities subtest of PedsQL child form (p = .003) in favour of the Clinical Pilates exercise group. Conclusions: Clinical Pilates exercises are a safe and useful method for children/adolescent with JIA. RESUMEN Objetivos: Nuestro estudio fue planeado para investigar el efecto de los ejercicios de pilates clínico en niños y adolescentes con artritis idiopática juvenil (AIJ). Métodos: Se incluyeron 15 participantes diagnosticados con AIJ (edad media = 12,00 ±3,40 años). Los participantes fueron divididos al azar en 2 grupos como grupo de ejercicio de pilates clínico (n = 6) y grupo de ejercicio en el hogar (n = 9). Para la evaluación antes y después del tratamiento se utilizó la puntuación de actividad de la artritis juvenil clínica (cJADAS), la escala Wong-Baker FACES®, la prueba Brunininks-Oseretsky de proficiencia motora en su segunda edición (BOT-2 SF), la escala biopsicosocial de artritis juvenil (escala JAB-Q) y el inventario de calidad de vida pediátrica (módulo PedsQL® 3.0) de artritis. Se realizaron ejercicios a ambos grupos, 3 veces por semana, durante 6 semanas. Resultados: Cuando se analizaron los resultados, antes y después del tratamiento, se observó una diferencia significativa en las subpruebas de cJADAS (p = 0,027), destreza manual (p = 0,020), velocidad y agilidad en la carrera (p = 0,027) de BOT-2 SF, puntuación total de BOT-2 SF (p = 0,042) y actividad diaria (p = 0, 043) subpruebas de PedsQL® forma infantil en el grupo de ejercicio de pilates clínico, mientras que hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la destreza manual (p = 0,024), la velocidad y la agilidad en la carrera (p = 0,041) y la coordinación de las extremidades superiores (p = 0,034) subpruebas de BOT-2 SF y forma parental de JAB-Q (p = 0,041) en el grupo de ejercicio en casa. Cuando se compararon los valores delta, la diferencia fue significativa en la subprueba de coordinación de los miembros superiores de BOT-2 SF (p = 0,008) y en la subprueba de actividades diarias de la forma infantil de PedsQL® (p = 0,003) a favor del grupo de ejercicio de pilates clínico. Conclusiones: Los ejercicios de pilates clínico son un método seguro y útil para niños/adolescentes con AIJ.

Study design Randomized clinical study. Objective Our study was planned to determine the effect of matrix rhythm therapy (MRT) on pain, level of disability, and quality of life in chronic low back pain. Summary of background data Low back pain is a complex and heterogeneous disorder. Different therapy options can be applied in the treatment of low back pain. In the literature, there are very few studies showing the effect of MRT in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods A total of 32 participants with a mean age of 36.41 ± 8.91 years were randomly divided into two groups (intervention group and control group). Each participant was treated with ten sessions a combined physiotherapy program (hot pack, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, therapeutic ultrasound, home exercise and patient education program). Additionally, intervention group received six sessions of MRT. Pain (McGill Pain Questionnaire), level of disability (Oswestry Disability Index) and quality of life (Short Form-36) were measured before and after the treatment programme. Results When pre- and post-treatment results were compared in the intervention group, a statistically significant difference was found in total pain level, disability level, and all subdimensions except the "Emotional Role" subdimension of Short Form-36 (SF-36) and total SF-36 scores (P ≤ 0.05). In the control group, statistically significant differences were found in disability level, the "Vitality" and "Bodily Pain" subdimensions of SF-36 and total SF-36 scores (P ≤ 0.05). When the delta values were compared between groups, there was a statistically significant difference only in the "general health perceptions" subdimension of SF-36 (P ≤ 0.05) in favor of the intervention group. Conclusion It was determined that both the combined physiotherapy program and the MRT application in addition to the combined physiotherapy program have a positive effect on pain, disability level, and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain.Level of Evidence: 2.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between strength, flexibility, and field tests of upper extremity in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: Fifty healthy individuals (25 women, 25 men) volunteered in the study. The physical and clinical characteristics of the participants were questioned using an evaluation form. Muscle strength was measured using a hand dynamometer. Flexibility was measured with a tape. The Y balance test (YBT) and medicine ball throwing were used as upper extremity field tests. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyzes were used to determine the relationship between the parameters. Results: There was a moderate correlation between medicine ball throwing and YBT total scores (r=0.507, p

Aim The aim of this randomized controlled study was to investigate the effect of soft-tissue mobilization in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Method Twenty-one patients (mean age 44.57 ± 10.40 years) were randomly divided into two groups. There were 13 patients (11 females, 2 males, age 43.69 ± 9.94 years) in the intervention group and 8 patients (5 females, 3 males, age 46.00 ± 11.67 years) in the control group. In the intervention group, soft-tissue mobilization therapy and 20 spinal mobility exercises were applied. The control group received only 20 spinal mobility exercises. The Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), and Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) were used for assessment of disease activity, functional level, and mobility, respectively. Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) for quality of life and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) were used to determine disability levels. Results We found significant differences between pretreatment and post-treatment scores of BASDAI (P = 0.049); BASFI (P = 0.009; lateral lumbar flexion (P = 0.005), maximal intermalleolar distance (P = 0.001) and total score (P = 0.001) of BASMI; pain subtest (P = 0.036) and total score (P = 0.036) of NHP; and RMDQ score (P = 0.004) in the intervention group. However, in the control group the BASMI score (P = 0.049) was observed to worsen significantly. Delta values were compared and differences in BASFI (P = 0.039), and in lateral lumbar flexion (P = 0.027), maximal intermalleolar distance (P = 0.045) and total score (P = 0.001) of BASMI were significant in favor of intervention group. Only tragus-to-wall distance (P = 0.039) of BASMI was observed to worsen significantly in the control group. Conclusion We recommend the use of soft-tissue mobilization in addition to the exercises to treat AS patients.

Objective: To investigate the effect of the addition of aerobic training to spinal mobility exercises on disease-specific outcomes and functional exercise capacity, aerobic capacity and respiratory muscle strength of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Methods: The study included 31 volunteers (mean age: 44.90 ± 11.52 years) diagnosed with AS. The demographic characteristics and disease-related data of all subjects were recorded, then, the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) and Bath AS Disease Function Index (BASFI), the 6-minute walk test, the Bruce Treadmill Test and spirometry were used, respectively. The intervention group attended a 12-week program of aerobic exercise sessions, plus supervised spinal mobility exercises, 3 days a week. The control group performed the supervised spinal mobility exercises only, 3 times a week, for 12 weeks. Results: There was a significant improvement in BASDAI (p =.002), BASMI (p =.021), 6 DYT (p =.036), VO2 max (p =.000), MIP (p =.005) and MEP (p =.022) results in the intervention group after 12 weeks of training. In the comparisons of the pre-treatment and post-treatment differences, BASDAI (p =.032) decreased and VO2 (p =.001) max increased, showing significant improvements in the intervention group and these values were maintained. Conclusion: It is striking that improvements in all parameters except BASFI were achieved in the aerobic training group. These results demonstrate that an aerobic exercise program should be included in an individual exercise prescription for the management of AS. © 2020, © 2020 Japan College of Rheumatology.

Purpose: This study was planned to compare the effectiveness of high voltage pulsed galvanic (HVPG) stimulation, Russian current and isometric exercise on quadriceps femoris (QF) isometric muscle strength in healthy young women. Methods: Forty-six healthy young women were included in the study. Before and after the training, the dominant side QF isometric muscle strength of participants was assessed with the isokinetic dynamometer. The peak torque and average torques of the participants were recorded after the test. The training was planned as HVPG current group (n=16), Russian current group (n=15) and isometric strengthening group (n=15). All treatments were performed under physiotherapist supervision for a total of 15 sessions for three days a week for five weeks. Results: The quadriceps isometric muscle strength was significantly increased in all groups in terms of peak torque and average torque values after training compared to pre-training values (p0.05). Conclusion: The highest rate of change belongs to the HVPG group in terms of increasing the QF isometric muscle strength. Therefore, we recommend using it in clinical practice. © 2020 Turkish Physiotherapy Association. All rights reserved.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease affecting mainly the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscles and functional exercise capacity, as well as on the specific outcomes of the disease in AS patients. A total of 32 AS patients (mean age 37.37 ± 10.41 years) were randomly assigned as the Training Group (TG) (n = 16, mean age = 35.62 ± 8.18 years) who received IMT + conventional exercise, and the Control Group (CG) (n = 16, mean age = 39.12 ± 12.26 years) who only performed the conventional exercise program. All the subjects were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the 8th week. Respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring the maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) and maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax). Functional exercise capacity was measured using the 6-min walk test (6MWT). The Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath AS Disease Function Index and Bath AS Metrology Index were used for activity, function and basic measurements of the disease. A statistically significant improvement was determined in the PImax (p = 0.000), PEmax (p = 0.002), 6MWT (p = 0.041) and BASDAI (p = 0.049) values in the TG after training. There was a significant difference between baseline and after conventional exercise in terms of PEmax (p = 0.017) in the CG. The PEmax (p = 0.001) and the 6MWT (p = 0.053) values were significantly better in the TG. The results of this study demonstrated that IMT in addition to conventional exercises increased inspiratory muscle strength, functional exercise capacity and positively affected the disease activity in AS. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Ayak ve ayak bileğine ilişkin problemler romatoid artritin her döneminde görülür. Fizyoterapi programlarında ayakla ilişkili problemlere yönelik manuplatif tedavi yaklaşımları ve terapatik egzersizlerin etkisi yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Romatoid artrite bağlı kronik ayak-ayak bileği problemi olan 57 yaşındaki bayan hasta, manuplatif tedavi yaklaşımları ve terapötik egzersizlerden oluşan fizyoterapi programı bu olguda başarı göstermiştir.

IntroductionThe cultural adaptation of a self-report measurement in different languages is important for developing common strategies for evaluation and treatment. The Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ), which was developed to evaluate patients with neck pain, was adapted from the Bournemouth Questionnaire in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) categories. The aim of this study was to conduct the Turkish cultural adaptation, validity and reliability study of the NBQ.Material and methodsThe study included 119 patients (93 females, 26 males; mean age: 37.2 ±11.8 years) with chronic nonspecific neck pain. The NBQ, Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) questionnaires were administered to all the subjects. Test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) and the internal consistency (Cronbach’s ) were the methods used for the reliability study. The relationship between NBQ, NDI and NHP was investigated for concurrent validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity.ResultsThe Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire showed good internal consistency ( = 0.87). The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.913 (95% CI: 0.875–0.940). The correlations between NBQ and NDI and NHP were significant (p < 0.05). The questionnaire was found to have one factor and the explained variance was 59.084% as a result of factor analysis.ConclusionsThe Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire is a valid and reliable scale for patients with chronic neck pain in the Turkish population.

Background Aerobic capacity is a measure of the functional capacity of the oxygen system and the cardiopulmonary system. In Ankylosing spondylitis(AS) patients, aerobic capacity is lower than healthy peers, and this is due to inflammation, muscle atrophy and peripheral muscle weakness, fatigue, low physical activity level, negatively affected respiratory function, peripheral arthritis, decreasing chest expansion and respiratory muscle strength. Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on functional status and aerobic capacity in individuals with AS. Methods Twenty-eight voluntary individuals diagnosed with AS according to Modifie New York Criteria who applied to Pamukkale University Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology were included in the study. Individuals were randomly divided into two groups, as there would be aerobic exercise training (n=17; mean age=46.58±11.94years) and supervised exercises group (n=11; mean age=42.54±8.75years). All assessments were done before and after the training. After the demographic characteristics and disease related data of the individuals were recorded; for the functional status, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) were used. Six-minute walk test(6MWT) was used for the assessment of aerobic capacity. Group I was attended 40 min aerobic exercises sessions (5-min warm up, 30-min treadmil, 5-min cool down), plus supervised spinal mobilite exercises and Group II was attended only supervised spinal mobilite exercises per day, 3 times a week, for 12 weeks. Data were analysed Wilcoxan and Mann Whitney U Test. Results After training aerobic exercise group, BASMI (p=.021), BASDAI (p=.002) and 6MWT(p=.036) results were statistically significant, while the difference was not significant in BASFI (p=.068). It was observed that there was no significant difference in the after training period in the supervised exercises group. BASDAI, in group aerobic exercise group had improved more significantly when compared to supervised exercises group. Conclusion As a result of the study, it was noted that when aerobic exercise training applied together with the supervised exercises in ankylosing spondylitis patients, effectiveness on mainly disease activity, spinal mobility and aerobic capacity was increased. Key words: Ankylosing spondylitis, aerobic exercise training, supervised exercised. References [1] Pulmonary System Limitations To Endurance Exercise PerformanceInHumans. Exp Physiol. 2012;97(3):311–318. Disclosure of Interests None declared

Background Primary Sjgrens syndrome (PSS), occurs in people with no other rheumatic disease, is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of all exocrine glands, especially tears and salivary glands (1,2). Exercise training is commonly recommended in the approach of individuals with rheumatic disease and clinical pilates training have positive effects on endurance, functional mobility and quality of life. Nonetheless there is limited study related exercise training and no study which examined the efficacy of clinical pilates training in individuals with PSS in literature. Therefore, our study is very important. Objectives The aim of the study was to examine the effects of clinical pilates training on trunk and lower extremity endurance, functional mobility, emosyonel status, sleep quality, functional level and quality of life in individuals with PSS. Methods The study included 23 voluntary individuals (22 female,1 male; mean age: 50.529.38 years), with PSS who were diagnosed with primary Sjgrens syndrome according to 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria and according to Chisholm-Mason classification between grade 3 and 4 who applied to Pamukkale University Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology. Anterior and lateral bridge was used to determine trunk endurance, 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30s-CST) and The Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test for lower extremity endurance, Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) for functional mobility, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for emotional status, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) for functional level and Short Form 36 (SF-36) for quality of life, right after demographic information and disease related data were recorded. The all assessments were made before and after clinical pilates training. All participants attended 60-min exercises training (5-min warm up, 45-min clinical pilates exercises, 10-min cool down) three times a week for 8 weeks which was progressively challenged and applied by a Physiotherapist with 2 years of experience in this field. Wilcoxon test were used to examine the factors related to functional level. Results After training in all evaluations a statistically advanced level of significant improvement compared to pre-training values in individuals with PSS (p Conclusion Muscular endurance and functional level and the associated with emosyonel status, sleep and quality of life are important for individuals with PSS. Exercise approaches for these parameters are recommended. This study showed that clinical pilates exercise programs have positive effects on trunk and lower extremity endurance, functional mobility, emosyonel status, sleep quality, functional level and quality of life in individuals with PSS. References [1] Ramos-Casals M, Font J. Primary Sjogren’s syndrome: current and emergent aetiopathogenic concepts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:1354-1367. [2] Seror R, Theander E, Bootsma H, et al. Outcome measures for primary Sjogren’s syndrome: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2014; 51:51-56. Disclosure of Interests None declared

Background Fibromiyalgia (FM), one of the most common rheumatologic disorders, is characterized by widespread pain in the body, sensitivity in the certain anatomical regions, fatigue, sleep disorders and reduced pain threshold, uncommon and extra-articular rheumatism disease (1). It has been reported that impairments in functional capacity and quality of life cause significant limitations in individuals with FM (2). Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the effect of disease and to investigate the factors associated with the disease in individuals with FM. Methods In our study, 334 voluntary individuals with FM (324 famele,10 male) who applied to Pamukkale University Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology were diagnosed according to 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria whom participated in the study with the mean age of 47,55±10.46 (years). Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) was used to determine the effect of disease, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for emotional status and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, right after demographic information and disease related data were recorded. Multiple regression analysis were used to examine the factors related to disease activity. Results High body mass index (B=.121, p=0.023), high tender point score (B=.427, p=0.000), high depression score (B=.350, p=0.00), high anxiety score (B=.258, p=0.000) and poor sleep quality (B=.157, p=0.002) corresponded to the higher FIQ score. However, age (B=-.019, p=0.716), level of education (B=.009, p=0.858) and disease duration (B=.054, p=0.331) did not significantly affect FIQ. Conclusion As a result of our study the progress of body mass index in individuals with FM, increase in number of tender points, poor sleep quality, depression and anxiety were among the factors affecting the disease. Therefore, these factors must be considered in order to reduce the severity of the disease in individuals with FM. References [1] Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L. The prevalence and characteristic of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:19-28. [2] Arnold LM, Crofford LJ, Mease PJ, et al. Patient perspectives on the impact of fibromyalgia. Patient Educ Couns 2008a;73:114-20. Disclosure of Interests None declared

Background Fibromiyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, sleep disorders, fatigue and reduced quality of life. Exercise is commonly recommended in the approach of people with FM. Researches support some forms of exercises reduce fibromyalgia symptoms and improve quality of life. Pilates recently has become popular form of exercise which focused core strenghening, posture and coordination of breathing with movement. Studies showed that clinical pilates can be used to provide improvements in patients with FM. However there is no study which compared clinical pilates-based supervised exercises and group exercises on FM patients in literature. Objectives The first aim of the study was to investigate the effects of clinical pilates training, secondly to compare the effects of supervised exercises and group exercises training on disease activity, functional status, anxiety, quality of life and biopsychosocial status in individuals with FM. Methods 42 voluntary women diagnosed with FM according to 2010 American College of Rheumatology Criteria in the age range of 35-65, who applied to Pamukkale University Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Rheumatology were included in the study. Individuals were randomly divided into two groups, as there would be supervised exercises (Group I, n=16, mean age 55,93±8,03) and group exercises (Group II, n=26, mean age 47,80±5,87). All participants attended 60-min exercises sessions (10-min warm up, 40-min clinical pilates exercises, 10-min cool down) per day, 2 times a week, for 6 weeks. The training was applied by same physiotherapist who received clinical pilates certificate by an experienced Pilates instructor and physiotherapist. After the demographic characteristics and disease related data of the individuals were recorded; disease activity were assessed with the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), functional status with Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), anxiety with Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), quality of life with Short Form 36 (SF-36) scale and biopsychosocial status with the Cognitive Exercise Therapy Approach Scale (BETY). All outcomes were assessed just before and 6 weeks after training. The data were statistically evaluated by the Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney Test. Results There were no significant differences in baseline demographics between the Group I and Group II (p>0.05). After 6 weeks, showed for both groups a statistically significant improvement in FIQ,SF-36 (physical and mental component) and BETY also Group II showed a statistically significant improvement in HAQ and BAI (p 0.05) Conclusion This study showed that clinical pilates training which were applied 6 weeks, resulted in improvement on disease activity, functional status, anxiety, quality of life and biopsychosocial status in individuals with FM. Besides group exercises training provides social interaction so we suggest clinical pilates as an effective and safe method for people with FM. References [1] Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L. The prevalence and characteristic of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum1995;38:19-28 [2] Busch, Angela J., et al. Exercise therapy for fibromyalgia. Current pain and headache reports2011;15:358. [3] Burke, Shauna M., et al. Group versus individual approach? A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 2006, 2.1: 19-35. Disclosure of Interests None declared

Objectives: This study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the ABILHAND questionnaire in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [ABILHAND-RA (TR)] using the Rasch analysis. Materials and methods: A total 90 individuals (15 males, 75 females; mean age 51.8±10.9 years; range, 20 to 65 years) diagnosed as RA according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were included. The ABILHAND-RA (TR) was used to determine manual ability, while disease activity was evaluated by the use of Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28). Jamar hand dynamometer and pinch-meter were used to examine grip and pinch strength of the participants. Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) and Duruoz Hand Index (DHI) measured hand disability level. Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) was used to assess quality of life. ABILHAND-RA (TR) results were analyzed using the Rasch analysis method. Results: Item 20 was excluded from the 27-item ABILHAND-RA (TR) as 96% of the individuals rated this item as “easy”. The new set of 18 items (7 subtests and 11 items) were found to sustain item invariance and fit to the Rasch model. Significant relationships were found between ABILHAND-RA (TR) and DAS28, bilateral grip strength, NHPT dominant side results, DHI, and NHP. Conclusion: Turkish version of the ABILHAND-RA was found to be clinically valid, reliable, and sensitive enough to be used in clinical evaluations, rehabilitation interventions, and for progression follow-up in individuals with RA. © 2019 Turkish League Against Rheumatism. All rights reserved.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the ABILHAND questionnaire in individuals with rheumatoidarthritis (RA) [ABILHAND-RA (TR)] using the Rasch analysis.Materials and methods: A total 90 individuals (15 males, 75 females; mean age 51.8±10.9 years; range, 20 to 65 years) diagnosed as RA accordingto the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were included. The ABILHAND-RA (TR) was used to determine manual ability, while diseaseactivity was evaluated by the use of Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28). Jamar hand dynamometer and pinch-meter were used to examine grip andpinch strength of the participants. Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) and Duruoz Hand Index (DHI) measured hand disability level. Nottingham HealthProfile (NHP) was used to assess quality of life. ABILHAND-RA (TR) results were analyzed using the Rasch analysis method.Results: Item 20 was excluded from the 27-item ABILHAND-RA (TR) as 96% of the individuals rated this item as “easy”. The new set of 18 items(7 subtests and 11 items) were found to sustain item invariance and fit to the Rasch model. Significant relationships were found betweenABILHAND-RA (TR) and DAS28, bilateral grip strength, NHPT dominant side results, DHI, and NHP.Conclusion: Turkish version of the ABILHAND-RA was found to be clinically valid, reliable, and sensitive enough to be used in clinical evaluations,rehabilitation interventions, and for progression follow-up in individuals with RA.

Introduction: Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by pain, functional deformities, negatively affecting quality of life. A previous study showed that Tai Chi had a positive effect on disease activity and flexibility of patients with AS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Tai Chi exercises on disease activity, functionality, spinal mobility, quality of life and inflammatory markers in patients with AS. Methods: This randomised controlled trial allocated 36 patients with AS to either a Tai Chi or a home exercise group using the block randomization. Both groups received a 1-h exercise program twice a week for 10 weeks and encouraged to practice at home. Outcome measures included: The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functionality Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL) scales and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: After training, there was a statistically significant difference within groups for the Tai Chi and the home exercise groups for all parameters (p:0.00). When the delta values were compared between the groups, BASDAI (p:0.00), cervical rotation (p:0.02), and ASQoL (p:0.00) were found to be significantly in favor of the Tai Chi group. No side-effects were noted during or after the exercise programs. Conclusion: Tai Chi should be considered for inclusion in rehabilitation programs as a safe alternative type of exercise to reduce disease activity, improve spinal mobility and quality of life in patients with AS. Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03807180. Clinical trial number: NCT03807180. © 2020 Elsevier GmbH

Aim: Visual information is very important in predicting the speed of body segments and objects and providing balance, as well as in the timing of psychomotor responses. The maintenance of posture and balance is negatively affected by partial or total loss of vision. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of static and dynamic balance training on balance in children with congenital blindness. Materials and methods : The study included 18 congenitally blind children, comprising 9 males and 9 females with a mean age of 10.94 ± 1.89 years. All participants were attending a special primary/secondary school for the blind. Balance functions were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the training program using the Balance Subtests of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test Short Form (BOT-2, SF), Timed Up and Go Test, the Functional Reach Test and the One Legged Stance Test. The training program of static and dynamic balance exercises was applied twice weekly for 8 weeks. Results: A significant improvement was determined in all the balance tests after the training program (p

Hand problems associated with rheumatoid arthritis lead to subjective impairment, activity limitation, and restrictions on participation. This relation is very complex. Assessment of individuals’ activities is important to determine how hand problems affect not only body functions but also daily life activities. The aim of this study was to link and allocate items of disability questionnaires with ICF components based on ICF hand core set. The other objective was to examine the relationship between impairment and ICF components determined on the basis of disability questionnaires in participants with rheumatoid arthritis. Impairment was evaluated by use of Disease Activity Score-28. Disability questionnaires were Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire, Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire, Duruoz Hand Index, and Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (n = 100). Items of disability questionnaires were linked with ICF hand core set as a result of three expert opinions. Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire covered the highest number of body function categories and Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 covered the highest number of ICF hand core set. For all questionnaires, while impairment (Disease Activity Score-28) had moderate correlation with subjective impairment (body function scores) and activity/participation; subjective impairment had high and moderate correlation with activity participation. Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2 is the most appropriate to perform a more comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment. Clinician’s assessments and impairment levels reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis are interrelated. Impairment levels reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis are also affected by environmental factors. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder which mainly affects the joints of the axial skeleton. Significant reduction in exercise capacity due to pulmonary function impairment, chest wall restriction, peripheral muscle weakness, deconditioning and poor respiratory muscle performance was reported in the AS patients in previous studies. The aim of this study was to analyze the relations between the respiratory muscle strength and exercise capacity in patients with AS. The study included 39volunteer subjects (with a mean age of 38.00±11.35 years) who had AS diagnosis according to Modified New York criteria. Respiratory muscle strengths were assessed with maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressure measurements. The measurements were repeated 3 and the average was recorded. Exercise capacity was assessed with 6 minute walk test (6MWT). The average values of MIP and MEP were 66.94±20.76cmH2O and 73.46±34.12cmH2O, respectively. The result of 6MWT distance was found as 505.44±65.96m. A positive significant relation was found between MEP and exercise capacity (r=.398, p=.012). There was not a relationship between MIP and exercise capacity(r=.146, p=.376).As a result it was seen that there was a relationship between exercise capacity and MEP in AS patients. There are some studies showing the relationship between respiratory muscle strength and exercise capacity. But the contribution of respiratory muscle performance still remains questionable for the reduction of exercise capacity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Further studies including more extensive measurements such as VO2max, with higher population are needed.

Most of the ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients have the complaint of reduced exercise capacity. Pulmonary function impairment, chest wall restriction, weak respiratory muscle performance and deconditioning have been reported as the hypotheses for reduced exercise capacity. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on aerobic capacity, pulmonary function and functional status in patients with AS. Thirty-two patients (mean age:37.3±10.4 years) were included in the study. The patients were randomized as two groups: Group I recieved IMT in addition to conventional exercise (CE), Group II recieved only CE. All assessments were done before and after the training (8 weeks). Pulmonary functions, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured. Six-minute walk test(6MWT) was used for the assessment of aerobic capacity. For the functional status, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) were used. There were significant increases in MIP (p=0.000), MEP (p=0.005) and 6MWT (p=0.041) in Group I. Patients in Group II showed a significant increase only in MEP (p=0.020). There were no significant increases of spirometric measurements after training in both groups. Comparison of the groups showed significantly better results for group I in BASDAI (p=0.049) and MIP (p=0.003). AS patients performed IMT in addition to CE, had an increased respiratory muscle strength, a better aerobic capacity and disease activity than those who performed CE only.