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Dipluridae represent a small Mygalomorphae family of South American origin, the family includes two subfamilies Diplurinae and Masteriinae although the placement of the latter in Dipluridae is still under debate. The family has a predominantly South American distribution although the genus Masteria L. Koch, 1873 presents an interesting distribution with representatives found in Fiji, Micronesia, New Caledonia, New Guinea and Australia. This genus is diverse at the species level in tropical South America and the Caribbean but no species have been described from Ecuador to date. Ongoing field work as part of the BIO-GEEC Project—a consortium established by several Ecuadorian and German institutions—has resulted in the discovery of several new species from both lowlands and highland habitats in Ecuador. Herein we described seven new species of Masteria from Ecuador: M. jatunsacha n. sp. (male); M. machay n. sp. (female); M. chalupas n. sp. (male); M. papallacta n. sp. (male and female); M. pasochoa n. sp. (male and female); M. lasdamas n. sp. (male); and M. otongachi n. sp. (male). The type species of the genus, Masteria hirsuta L. Koch, 1873 from Fiji, is redescribed and re-illustrated, from the original type specimen.

French arachnologist Eugène Simon is considered one of the most prolific arachnologists of all time. Unfortunately, Simon often provided very short descriptions with or without illustrations which makes recognition of his species difficult for subsequent taxonomists. Eugène Simon described 3,789 species of spiders in his career, and most of his type specimens are assumed to be held in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France. We present here the images of eleven Mygalomorphae species described by E. Simon that were never thoroughly illustrated: Cyrtaucheniidae: Fufius albovittatus, F. atramentarius, F. ecuadorensis; Dipluridae: Masteria cavicola, Diplura riveti, and Linothele soricina; Halonoproctidae: Ummidia asperula; Idiopidae: Idiops argus, I. fulvipes, I. opifex and Theraphosidae: Heterothele caudicula.

The spider family Mysmenidae includes two genera in which kleptoparasitic species are known to occur, Isela and Mysmenopsis. Mysmenopsis is the most speciose with 31 species described so far. Herein, we describe twenty-one new species from Ecuador: M. alvaroi n. sp., M. amazonica n. sp., M. angamarca n. sp., M. awa n. sp., M. baerti n. sp., M. bartolozzii n. sp., M. choco n. sp., M. cube n. sp., M. corazon n. sp., M. guanza n. sp., M. guayaca n. sp., M. hunachi n. sp., M. junin n. sp., M. lasrocas n. sp., M. lloa n. sp., M. otokiki n. sp., M. pululahua n. sp., M. salazarae n. sp., M. shushufindi n. sp., M. tepuy n. sp. and M. tungurahua n. sp. We report for the first time the presence of four species of Mysmenopsis in the web of a Lycosidae, namely M. salazarae n. sp., M. shushufindi n. sp., M. bartolozzii n. sp. and M. amazonica n. sp. All new species described here were collected in spider webs either from the family Dipluridae (Linothele) or Lycosidae (Aglaoctenus) and therefore are assumed to be kleptoparasitic. New locality records are presented for M. otonga, M. fernandoi, M. atahualpa and M. penai, the female of M. penai is described for the first time. Maps of all Ecuadorian species are presented, kleptoparasitism, morphological characters and distribution of Mysmenopsis species are discussed.

The goblin spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae) of the Otonga Nature Reserve in the Chocó region of Ecuador are reviewed. A total of 1034 adult specimens were collected in 2014 and 23 morphospecies in eight different genera were identified from these collections. We describe seven new species: one in the genus Niarchos Platnick & Dupérré: Niarchos normani sp. n.; three in Scaphidysderina Platnick & Dupérré: Scaphidysderina chirin sp. n., S. lubanako sp. n., S. tsaran sp. n.; two in Bipoonops Bolzern: Bipoonops lansa sp. n., B. pilan sp. n.; and one in Reductoonops Platnick & Berniker: Reductoonops berun sp. n. The males of Niarchos baehrae Platnick & Dupérré, 2010 and Orchestina yanayacu Izquierdo, 2017 are described here for the first time. Natural history and collecting data are given for all morphospecies collected, including Niarchos barragani Platnick & Dupérré, 2010, Scaphidysderina cotopaxi Platnick & Dupérré, 2011, Scaphidysderina pinocchio Platnick & Dupérré, 2011, Orchestina otonga Izquierdo, 2017, Orchestina santodomingo Izquierdo, 2017, Orchestina truncata Wunderlich, 2004, Reductoonops otonga Platnick & Berniker, 2014, Reductoonops pichincha Platnick & Berniker, 2014, Paradysderina fusiscuta Platnick & Dupérré, 2011, Scaphiella pich Platnick & Dupérré, 2010 and Tinadyserina otonga Platnick et al., 2013. The data show that oonopid spiders are a major element of the arachnofauna present in the Chocó neotropical forests.

Some South American poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are chemically defended and use bright aposematic colors to warn potential predators of their unpalatability. Aposematic signals are often frequency-dependent where individuals deviating from a local model are at a higher risk of predation. However, extreme diversity in the aposematic signal has been documented in poison frogs, especially in Oophaga. Here, we explore the phylogeographic pattern among color-divergent populations of the Little Devil poison frog Oophaga sylvatica by analyzing population structure and genetic differentiation to evaluate which processes could account for color diversity within and among populations. With a combination of PCR amplicons (three mitochondrial and three nuclear markers) and genome-wide markers from a double-digested RAD (ddRAD) approach, we characterized the phylogenetic and genetic structure of 199 individuals from 13 populations (12 monomorphic and 1 polymorphic) across the O. sylvatica distribution. Individuals segregated into two main lineages by their northern or southern latitudinal distribution. A high level of genetic and phenotypic polymorphism within the northern lineage suggests ongoing gene flow. In contrast, low levels of genetic differentiation were detected among the southern lineage populations and support recent range expansions from populations in the northern lineage. We propose that a combination of climatic gradients and structured landscapes might be promoting gene flow and phylogenetic diversification. Alternatively, we cannot rule out that the observed phenotypic and genomic variations are the result of genetic drift on near or neutral alleles in a small number of genes.

Peptidase inhibitors have an important role controlling a variety of biological processes. Here, we employed a peptidomic approach including molecular cloning, tandem mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays to reveal 7 Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors (CCKPs) (18 variants) in the skin secretion of the unexplored frog, Cruziohyla calcarifer. All 18 proteins shared the Kazal pattern C-X(7)-C-X(6,7)-C-X(6,7)-Y-X(3)-C-X(2)-C-X(15-21)-C and 3 disulphide bridges. Based on structural comparative analysis, we deemed trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity in CCKP-1, 4 and CCKP 2, 5, 7, respectively. These peptidase inhibitors presumably play a role to control the balance between other functional peptides produced in the amphibian skin secretions. Elsevier

We report the recent finding of four adults of Atelopus longirostris, a Critically Endangered species that was last seen in 1989, when catastrophic Atelopus declines occurred. The rediscovery of A. longirostris took place in a new locality, Junín, 1250–1480 m asl, Provincia Imbabura, Ecuador, on 28–31 March 2016. The four frogs were found in two isolated small patches of native forest in a fragmented area heavily modified for agriculture and livestock; one patch protected by the Junín Community Reserve, and another non-protected private patch near the reserve. We found high prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in the amphibian community of Junín, but A. longirostris tested negative. The finding of A. longirostris after 27 years is surprising and fits an apparent pattern of mild conditions that might be promoting either the recovery or persistence in low numbers of some relict amphibian populations. The frogs are the first founders of an ex situ assurance colony in Jambatu Research and Conservation Center. Expansion of the Junín Community Reserve is urgently needed to add the currently non-protected patch of forest, where A. longirostris also occurs. The restoration of the forest in degraded areas between both forest patches and in the related river margins is also necessary. This restoration will grant the connectivity between both isolated metapopulations and the normal movement of individuals to the breeding sites in the Chalguayacu and Junín River basins. The latter should be protected to prevent any kind of water pollution by the opencast copper exploitation of the mining concession Llurimagua, which is underway. Atelopus longirostris belongs to a group of at least 29 species of Ecuadorian Atelopus that are critically endangered, 15 of which remain unsighted for at least one decade, and most of them might be extinct. Further synchronous, multidisciplinary and integrative research is needed, aiming to understand the most aspects of the biology of species of Atelopus to support in situ and ex situ conservation actions.

Parental provisioning of offspring with physiological products occurs in many animals. Within amphibians, maternal provisioning has evolved multiple times, including in South American dendrobatid and Malagasy mantellid poison frogs. In some of these species, mothers feed unfertilized eggs to their developing tadpoles for several months until tadpoles complete metamorphosis. We conducted field studies in Ecuador and Madagascar to ask whether convergence at the behavioral level provides similar benefits to offspring and whether nursing behavior relies on shared neural mechanisms across frogs and vertebrates more broadly. At an ecological level, we found that nursing allows poison frog mothers to provide chemical defenses to their tadpoles in both species. At the level of brain regions, nursing behavior was associated with increased neural activity in the lateral septum and preoptic area in both species, demonstrating recruitment of shared brain regions in the convergent evolution of maternal care within frogs and across vertebrates. In contrast at a molecular level, only mantellids showed increased oxytocin neuron activity akin to that in nursing mammals. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that convergently evolved maternal provisioning behavior provides similar benefits to offspring and relies on similar brain regions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the convergence in nursing behavior may be different, suggesting evolutionary versatility in the mechanisms promoting maternal behavior.

Parental care has evolved repeatedly and independently across animals. While the ecological and evolutionary significance of parental behaviour is well recognized, underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We took advantage of behavioural diversity across closely related species of South American poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae) to identify neural correlates of parental behaviour shared across sexes and species. We characterized differences in neural induction, gene expression in active neurons, and activity of specific neuronal types in three species with distinct parental care patterns: male uniparental, female uniparental, and biparental. We identified the medial pallium and preoptic area as core brain regions associated with parental care, independent of sex and species. Identification of neurons active during parental care confirms a role for neuropeptides associated with care in other vertebrates as well as identifying novel candidates. Our work is the first to explore neural and molecular mechanisms of parental care in amphibians and highlights the potential for mechanistic studies in closely related but behaviourally variable species to build a more complete understanding of how shared principles and species-specific diversity govern parental care and other social behaviour.

Poison frogs sequester chemical defenses from arthropod prey, although the details of how arthropod diversity contributes to variation in poison frog toxins remains unclear. We characterized skin alkaloid profiles in the Little Devil frog, Oophaga sylvatica (Dendrobatidae), across three populations in northwestern Ecuador. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, we identified histrionicotoxins, 3,5- and 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines, decahydroquinolines, and lehmizidines as the primary alkaloid toxins in these O. sylvatica populations. Frog skin alkaloid composition varied along a latitudinal gradient across populations in a principal component analysis. We also characterized diversity in arthropods isolated from frog stomach contents and confirmed O. sylvatica specialize on ants and mites. To test the hypothesis that poison frog toxin diversity reflects species and chemical diversity in arthropod prey, we (1) used liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to chemically profile consumed ants and mites, and (2) used sequencing of cytochrome oxidase 1 to identify individual prey specimens. We show that chemical profiles of consumed ants and mites cluster by frog population, suggesting different frog populations have access to chemically distinct prey. We identified 45 ants and 9 mites isolated from frog stomachs, finding several undescribed species. Finally, by comparing chemical profiles of frog skin and isolated prey items, we were able to trace the arthropod source of four poison frog alkaloids, including 3,5- and 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines and a lehmizidine alkaloid. Together, our data shows the diversity of alkaloid toxins found in O. sylvatica can be traced to chemical diversity in arthropod prey.

Rhinella yunga is a poorly studied but locally abundant endemic bufonid toad found only in two habitat islands of the buffer zones surrounding the Yanachaga-Chemillen National Park and the Pui Pui Protected Forest in the Selva Central, Peru. Rhinella yunga is unique because it lacks a complete tympanic ear and is larger than most toads lacking a tympanic ear. Here, we report on the natural history, reproductive behavior, and territorial and release calls of R. yunga following field- and captivity-based observations across two breeding seasons. We also provide a description of tadpole external morphology based on a developmental series of laboratory-reared larvae. We found that R. yunga (1) uses low frequency calls (800–1,100 Hz) that are likely detectable without tympanic middle ears and (2) appears to exhibit an unusual mating system with female competition at breeding ponds prior to male arrival. Under these conditions, the need to hear male advertisement calls might have become unnecessary in this species.

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The spider families Theridiosomatidae and Symphytognathidae found in the Chocó region of Ecuador are examined, a total of 16 and 69 adult specimens were collected respectively in a series of expeditions. In the family Theridiosomatidae, eight new species are described in four different genera; Chthonos kuyllur n. sp.; Naatlo mayzana n. sp.; Ogulnius laranka n. sp., O. paku n. sp.; Theridiosoma ankas n. sp., T. esmeraldas n. sp., T. kullki n. sp., and T. sacha n. sp. We present the first record of the family Symphytognathidae for Ecuador with the description of two new species in two different genera: Anapistula equatoriana n. sp. and Symphytognatha cabezota n. sp.

Geographic barriers and elevational gradients have long been recognized as important in species diversification. Here, we illustrate an example where both mechanisms have shaped the genetic structure of the Neotropical rainfrog, Pristimantis ornatissimus, which has also resulted in speciation. This species was thought to be a single evolutionary lineage distributed throughout the Ecuadorian Choco and the adjacent foothills of the Andes. Based on recent sampling of P. ornatissimus sensu lato, we provide molecular and morphological evidence that support the validity of a new species, which we name Pristimantis ecuadorensis sp. nov. The sister species are elevational replacements of each other; the distribution of Pristimantis ornatissimus sensu stricto is limited to the Ecuadorian Choco ecoregion (< 1100 m), whereas the new species has only been found at Andean localities between 1450–1480 m. Given the results of the Multiple Matrix Regression with Randomization analysis, the genetic difference between P. ecuadorensis and P. ornatissimus is not explained by geographic distance nor environment, although environmental variables at a finer scale need to be tested. Therefore this speciation event might be the byproduct of stochastic historic extinction of connected populations or biogeographic events caused by barriers to dispersal such as rivers. Within P. ornatissimus sensu stricto, morphological patterns and genetic structure seem to be related to geographic isolation (e.g., rivers). Finally, we provide an updated phylogeny for the genus, including the new species, as well as other Ecuadorian Pristimantis.

Patrera hatunkiru sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BBFE839E-6F46-4934-8ED0-D30BD4886F96 Figs 54���59 Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from all species in the genus by their short and strongly curved median apophysis (Fig. 55). Females are diagnosed by the lateral epigynal grooves producing very deep cavities (Fig. 58). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition is taken from the Kichwa language meaning ���large teeth���. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 00.41994�� S, 79.00623�� W, night collecting, 1997 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, night collecting, 1 ��, 1 &female;, beating trees, 1 &female;, sifting moss, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 &female;, hand collecting, 24 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 1 &female;, beating trees, 00.41564�� S, 79.00425�� W, 2105 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ); 1 &female;, night collecting, 00.42261�� S, 79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 1 &female;, moss, Berlese, 13���15 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 6.4; carapace length: 2.5 carapace width: 2.2; abdomen length: 3.9. CEPHALOTHORAX. Carapace yellow-orange with two wide dusky bands (Fig. 54). Fovea dark. Sternum light yellow, margin slightly darker. Labium and endites orange-brown. CHELICERAE. Chelicerae light orange-brown. Large projection antero-apically; posterior side with large tooth, rounded and wide; promargin with 4, retromargin with 6 teeth (Fig. 57). LEGS. Femora light yellow, tip with orange band, tibiae and metatarsi light yellow witha basal and apical orange band, tarsi light yellow-orange. Total length: I: 20.9; II: 18.2; III: 10.5; IV: 14.7; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 5.3/1.4/6.1/5.6/2.5; leg II 4.8/1.2/5.1/5.0/2.1; leg III 2.8/0.9/2.5/3.2/1.1; leg IV 3.8/1.2/3.5/4.8/1.4. LEGS SPINATION. Tibia I d0-1-0; metatarsus I v2-1 -0. Tibia II d0-1-0; metatarsus II v2-1 -0. Tibia III d1-0-1, v2-2 -0; metatarsus III d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. Tibia IV d1-0-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I���IV with 5���6 teeth, prolateral claws I���II with 11���13 teeth, prolateral claws III���IV with 7���9 teeth. ABDOMEN. Oval. Dorsally yellowish with faint lateral dark dusky bands (Fig. 54). GENITALIA. Palpal patella without apophysis. Palpal tibia longer than cymbium (Fig. 56); anterior part of retrolateral tibial apophysis plate-like, posterior part thin and triangular (Fig. 56). Subtegulum rounded apically; tegulum compress; ventral projection of subtegulum well sclerotized, wide and pointed apically; median apophysis very short, curved; embolus wider basally, laminar, slighlty curving (Fig. 55). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 7.1; carapace length: 2.5; carapace width: 2.1; abdomen length: 4.6. CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN. As in male. CHELICERAE. Cheliceral promargin with 3, retromargin with 6 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Total length: I: 15.0; II: 13.3; III: 8.7; IV: 12.0; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 4.1/1.2/4.2/3.8/1.7; leg II 3.8/1.1/3.8/3.1/1.5; leg III 2.5/0.9/1.9/2.5/0.9; leg IV 3.2/1.0/2.8/3.7/1.3. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia I v2-2 -0; metatarsus I v2-2 -0. Femur II p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0; metatarsus II v2-2 -0. Femur III p0-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia III d0-1-1, v2-2 -0; metatarsus III d1-0-1, v2-2 -0. Femur IV p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d0-1-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-0-1, v2-2 -0. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I���IV with 5���6 teeth, prolateral claws I���II with 12���13 teeth, prolateral claws III���IV with 8���9 teeth. Palpal claws with 4 teeth. GENITALIA. Epigynum with oval, elongated median protuberance; atrium large; lateral epigynal grooves deep, pocket-like (Fig. 58). Internal genitalia; copulatory ducts long and curved; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts long, directed outwardly (Fig. 59). Natural history Most specimens were collected at night or by beating trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 37-40, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Katissa tamya sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BF03787D-B307-4C3C-A885-DFDD860A35C3 Figs 12���16 Diagnosis Males can be distinguished from all congeneric species by their bipartite palpal retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 13). Females are distinguished by their elongated wave-shaped epigynal Fap (Fig. 15). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition taken from the Kichwa language meaning rain. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 21 Jun. 2014, sifting moss, foothill, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 &female;, sifting moss, 00.42261�� S, 79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ); 2 &female;&female;, 00.41941�� S, 78.99607�� W, 1717 m, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 3 &female;&female;, beating trees, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 2 ����, 4 &female;&female;, hand collecting in moss, 24 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 4 &female;&female;, Berlese, moss, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 4 &female;&female;, sifting moss, foothill, 21 Jun. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (AMNH); 1 &female;, moss from trees at 3m high, -00.41433�� S, -79.00035�� W, 1888 m, 15 Oct. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 &female;, sifting moss, 12 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 1 &female;, moss, 13���15 Nov. 2014, Berlese, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 4.3; carapace length: 2.1 carapace width: 1.5. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica and pars thoracica yellow with two dark wide bands dorsally; margin dark brown. Sternum yellow with two dark lateral bands; endites and labium brown. CHELICERAE. Brown, excavated with antero-prolateral keel; promargin with 3, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. Femora I���IV light yellow. Tibiae light yellow, with dark band basally. Metatarsi light yellow with dark band apically. Tarsi light yellow. Claws unipectinate, I���II with 6 teeth and II���IV with 4���5 teeth. Total length: I: 7.6; II: 6.7; III: 5.0; IV: 7.1; leg formula 1423; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.1/0.6/2.1/1.8/1.0; leg II 1.7/0.6/1.8/1.7/0.9; leg III 1.4/0.5/1.0/1.5/0.6; leg IV 2.0/0.6/1.5/2.2/0.8. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia I v2-2 -2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus I v2 -0-0, p1-1-1, r1-1- 1. Femur II p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus II v2 -0-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femur III p0-1-1-, r0-1-1; tibia III d1-1-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus III d0-1-0, v2-2 -1. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d1-1-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-1; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -1. ABDOMEN. Elongated oval. Light brown with pale median band with some small extending branches laterally, with a few darker, paired marks along median pale band. GENITALIA. Palpal tibia longer than cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis bipartite (Fig. 13). Subtegulum rounded apically; tegulum rounded basally; ventral tegular process rounded apically reaching median apophysis tip; median apophysis elongated, hook-shaped; embolic base slightly protruding prolaterally; embolus ribbon-like, short, black with distal pale portion (Fig. 12). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 3.9; carapace length: 1.8 carapace width: 1.3. CEPHALOTHORAX. As in male. CHELICERAE. Brown, not excavated without keel; promargin with 4, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. Femora I-II light yellow. Femora III-IV light yellow with brown spots dorsally. Tibiae light yellow with dark band basally and apically. Metatarsi light yellow with dark band apically. Tarsi light yellow. Claws as in male. Palpal claws with 4 teeth. Total length: I: 5.8; II: 5.4; III: 4.4; IV: 5.9; leg formula 4123; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 1.6/0.7/1.4/1.3/0.8; leg II 1.5/0.6/1.4/1.2/0.7; leg III 1.3/0.5/0.9/1.2/0.5; leg IV 1.7/0.5/1.4/1.8/0.5. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1; tibia I v2-2 -0, p0-1-1, r0-1-0; metatarsus I v2 -0-0, p1-0-0. Femur II p0-0-1; tibia II v2-2 -0, p0-1-1, r0-1-0; metatarsus II v2 -0-0, p1-0-0, r0-1-0. Femur III p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia III d1-1-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus III d0-0-1, v2-2 -1. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d1-1-0, v1-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus IV d0-0-1, v2-2 -1. ABDOMEN. Oval. Light brown with pale median band with some small extending branches laterally, with a few paired, darker marks along median pale band (Fig. 14). GENITALIA. Epigynum with large wave-like epigynal Fap; lateral epigynal grooves wide and curved (Fig. 15). Internal genitalia with copulatory ducts short; seminal receptacles not observed; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts long (Fig. 16). Natural history Except for three females collected by beating, all specimens were collected in the moss hanging from trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Katissa kurusiki sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1997B8DA-325A-42F4-B1F5-AF30568A11D2 Figs 1���6 Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from all other congeneric species by the elongated, sinuous projection of the abdomen, resembling a caterpillar (Fig. 1). Females are distinguished by their wing-shaped epigynal Fap (Fig. 5) and convoluted copulatory ducts, with three loops (Fig. 6). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition taken from the Kichwa language, the combination of the words ���kuru��� and ���siki��� meaning worm-bottom. Type material examined Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, sifting moss, 8���21 Jun. 2014, 1717 m, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 2 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 00.41941�� S, 78.99607�� W, 1717 m, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, sifting moss near Rio Esmeraldas, 24 May���8 Jun. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 4 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 8���21 Jun. 2014, 1717 m, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 2 ����, 3 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 2225 m, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (AMNH); 1 &female;, sifting litter, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, sifting moss, -00.42261�� S, -79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 21 Jun. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 5.6; carapace length: 2.1 carapace width: 1.6. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica dark brown with black mesh pattern; pars thoracica with wide dark bands dorsally, apically and laterally light brown; margin dark brown (Fig. 1). Sternum, endites and labium light brown. CHELICERAE. Brown, excavated with antero-prolateral keel; promargin with 3, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. Femora I, II light yellow with light brown band apically and dark spots at macrosetae base; femora III, IV light brown with medial and apical dark bands and dark spots at base of macrosetae. Tibiae I, II light yellow with dark bands basally and medially; tibiae II���IV light yellow with dark bands basally and apically. Metatarsi I, II brown; metatarsi III, IV yellow with dark apical band. Tarsi I���IV brown. Claws unipectinate, I, II with 6���7 teeth and III���IV with 4���5 teeth. Total length: I: 9.7; II: 7.7; III: 5.8; IV: 7.8; leg formula 1423; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.5/0.8/2.7/2.6/1.1; leg II 2.0/0.7/1.9/2.2/0.9; leg III 1.6/0.6/1.3/1.7/0.6; leg IV 2.1/0.7/1.8/2.4/0.8. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia I v2-1 -2, p0-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus I v2-2 -0, p0-1-0, r1-1- 1. Femur II p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus II v2-2 -0, p0-1-0, r1-1-1. Femur III p0-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia III d1-1-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus III d0-1-1, v2-2 -1. Femur IV p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d1-1-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. ABDOMEN. Elongated oval with whitish caterpillar-like extension of various size (Fig. 1). Dorsally light brown, with dark brown pattern composed of spots and two large pyramidal medial dark marks (Fig. 1). Covered with long, dark erected setae and short, none erected light coloured setae. Ventrally, light brown. Spinnerets positioned at the junction between the oval abdomen and the caterpillar-like extension. GENITALIA. Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis wide and curved with rounded tips (Fig. 3). Subtegulum rounded apically without keel; tegulum rounded basally; ventral tegular process rounded apically not reaching median apophysis tip; median apophysis elongated, hook-shaped; embolic base protruding prolaterally; embolus ribbon-like, long with distal pale portion (Fig. 2). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 4.2; carapace length: 1.7; carapace width: 1.3. CEPHALOTHORAX. As in male. CHELICERAE. Brown, not excavated without keel; cheliceral teeth as in male. LEGS. Colouration as in male. Claws as in male. Palpal claws with 5 teeth. Total length: I: 6.3; II: 5.1; III: 4.1; IV: 5.6; leg formula 1423; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 1.6/0.6/1.5/1.4/1.2; leg II 1.4/0.6/1.3/1.1/0.7; leg III 1.2/0.5/0.8/1.1/0.5; leg IV 1.6/0.6/1.3/1.4/0.7. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1; tibia I v2-2 -0, p0-0-1; metatarsus I v2-2 -0, p0-1-0. Femur II p0-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0, p0-1-1, r0-1-0; metatarsus II v2-2 -0, p0-1-0. Femur III p0-0-1-, r0-1-1; tibia III d0-1-0, v1-2 -2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus III d0-1-0, v2-2 -1. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d0-0-1, v1-2 -2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -1. ABDOMEN. Oval. Dorsally brownish, with pattern composed of dark pyramidal marks medially and chevrons basally (Fig. 4). Covered with long, dark erected setae and short, none erected light coloured setae. GENITALIA. Epigynum with wing-shaped epigynal Fap; lateral epigynal grooves curved (Fig. 5). Internal genitalia; copulatory ducts elongated with three loops; seminal receptacles positioned at the beginning of copulatory ducts course; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts short (Fig. 6). Natural history Except for one female, all specimens were collected by sifting moss hanging from trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 6-9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Patrera philipi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B7CB3487-98D1-4CA5-AB34-A453A68A8CB2 Figs 41���45 Diagnosis Males are distinguished from all other species of the genus by their massive ventral tegular projection and thin, elongated embolus (Fig. 41). Females are distinguished by the lateral epigynal grooves curving inwardly (Fig. 44). Etymology The speciFc name is in honour of Philip Bertkau. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 4���7 Sep. 2014, hand collected in moss, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, 1 &female;, sifting moss, 1 ��, general collecting, 6 ����, 2 &female;&female;, beating trees, 1 &female;, hand collecting, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 6 ����, night collecting, 00.41941�� S, 78.99607�� W, 1717 m, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 7 ����, 1 &female;, night collecting, 00.41564�� S, 79.00425�� W, 2105 m, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (AMNH); 4 ����, 2 &female;&female;, night collecting, 00.41994�� S, 79.00623�� W, 1997 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ); 3 ����, 2 &female;&female;, beating, 00.41564�� S, 79.00425�� W, 2105 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 4 ����, general collecting, 5���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 1 &female;, beating, 3 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, beating, 00.42261�� S, 79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 12 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 2 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 12 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 7 ����, 6&female;&female;, beating, 01.66015�� S, 78.66199�� W, 1845 m, 13 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 5 &female;&female;, Berlese, moss, 13���15 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 3.9; carapace length: 1.7 carapace width: 1.5; abdomen length: 2.1. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica orange-brown, with pale dusk lines behind PLE; pars thoracica light orange-brown. Fovea dark. Sternum light yellow, margin slightly darker. Labium and endites yellow. CHELICERAE. Orange-brown. Posterior side with large tooth, narrow and triangular; promargin with 3, retromargin with 6 teeth (Fig. 43). LEGS. Femora yellow, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi light yellow-orange. Total length: I: 11.0; II: 8.9; III: 5.3; IV: 7.7; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.7/0.8/3.3/3.0/1.2; leg II 2.3/0.7/2.6/2.4/0.9; leg III 1.5/0.6/1.2/1.5/0.5; leg IV 2.2/0.7/1.7/2.0/0.7. LEGS SPINATION. Metatarsus I v1-1 -0. Metatarsus II v1-1 -0. Tibia III d1-0-0, v1-1 -0; metatarsus III d0-1- 0, v2-2 -0. Tibia IV d1-0-0, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -1. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I���IV with 4 teeth, prolateral claws I���IV with 7���8 teeth. ABDOMEN. Oval. Dorsally yellowish with faint dark dusky chevrons. GENITALIA. Palpal patella without apophysis. Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium (Fig. 42); anterior part of retrolateral tibial apophysis plate-like, posterior part distally acute (Fig. 42). Subtegulum pointed apically; tegulum oval basally; ventral projection of subtegulum well sclerotized; median apophysis short, hook-shaped; embolus wider basally, Fliform and curved apically (Fig. 41). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 3.7; carapace length: 1.4; carapace width: 1.1; abdomen length: 2.3. CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN. As in male. CHELICERAE. Cheliceral promargin with 3, retromargin with 7 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Total length: I: 6.2; II: 4.9; III: 3.3; IV: 4.9; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 1.6/0.5/1.7/1.6/0.8; leg II 1.3/0.5/1.2/1.3/0.6; leg III 0.9/0.4/0.7/0.9/0.4; leg IV 1.4/0.5/0.9/1.5/0.6. Tarsal claws unipectinate, retrolateral claws I���IV with 6 teeth, prolateral claws I���II with 12 teeth, prolateral claws III���IV with 8-9 teeth. Palpal claws with 4 teeth. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia I v2-2 -0; metatarsus I v2 -0-0. Femur II p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia II v2-2 -2; metatarsus II v2 -0-0. Femur III p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia III d0-0-1, v1-1 -0; metatarsus III d0-0- 1, v2-2 -0. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d0-0-1, v1-1 -2; metatarsus IV d0-0-1, v2-1 -1. GENITALIA. Epigynum with oval, elongated median protuberance; atrium small; lateral epigynal grooves curved inwardly (Fig. 44). Internal genitalia; short and curved copulatory ducts; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts short, directed outwardly (Fig. 45). Natural history Most specimens were collected by beating trees and during night collecting, a few were collected in moss hanging from trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Shuyushka gen. nov. is composed of three species. Specimens were collected beating trees and in moss hanging from trees, they also have a distinctive colour pattern with arrow markings on the dorsal surface of the abdomen (Fig. 27) and patterned legs that could function as camouFage in moss and trees. The Fve new species described in the genus Patrera are somewhat unusual, in the sense that the male and female genitalia do not conform with the genitalia of the type species, Patrera fulvastra. That being said, they might represent a group of Andean Patrera (Brescovit pers. comm.) or a new genus altogether, but until complete revisions of the genus Patrera and other related genera become available, it is prudent to maintain them in this genus. Patrera specimens were mainly collected by beating trees and by night collecting. Patrera species have a very faint pattern (Fig. 54), which seems adapted to their habitat, tree foliage. Males of Patrera have very well developed chelicerae, sometimes with a very large tooth (Fig. 57), and the male���s legs I���II are extremely long, two to three times the length of the body. Females also have legs I���II longer than the others, but not as exceptionally long as in the male. This could be a predatory adaptation for hunting and running, as they are known to be cursorial hunting spiders (Jocqu�� & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). An interesting morphological characteristic of Patrera, is that both males and females have uneven numbers of teeth on the tarsal claws of legs I���IV; the prolateral tarsal claw always have more teeth than the retrolateral one. There are few spider biodiversity studies in neotropical premontane, low evergreen and cloud forest. A few spider biodiversity assessments have been done in cloud forests, namely in Mexico (Maya-Morales et al. 2012) and Costa Rica (Yanoviak et al. 2003; Peckmezian 2009), but never in Ecuador. In their study of a tropical montane cloud forest of Mexico, Maya-Morales et al. (2012) collected 1208 adult spiders, representing 112 morphospecies and 22 families. Yanoviak et al. (2003) and Peckmezian (2009), in their study of Costa Rican cloud forest, reported collecting 298 adult spider specimens, representing 86 morphospecies, while Peckmezian collected 406 adult spiders, representing 73 morphospecies and 15 families. Our biodiversity study is, by far, the most exhaustive spider biodiversity assessment ever done in premontane, low evergreen and cloud forest of the Choc�� region of Ecuador. A total of 5482 adult spiders was collected, representing 248 morphospecies distributed over 37 families. The most diverse family collected was the Theridiidae family (32 morphospecies), making up ~13% of the total spider diversity collected. The most diverse families were: the Oonopidae (23 morphospecies), Tetragnathidae (22 morphospecies), Linyphiidae (22 morphospecies), Anyphaenidae (19 morphospecies) and Salticidae (15 morphospecies) each representing ~10% of the fauna. All the remaining families ranged between 1 and 5%. Anyphaenidae was the Ffth most diverse family found in the Choc�� forests of Ecuador. Abundance wise, the family Oonopidae was the most abundant (27%), followed by the Zodariidae (14%) and the remaining families counted for less than 10% of the total abundance. If we only look at the abundance of arboreal spiders collected, then the family Theridiidae is the most abundant one (23%), followed by the Anyphaenidae (14%), Araneidae (13%) and Tetragnathidae (12%), which makes the Anyphaenidae the second most abundant family found in the arboreal habitat. Compared to similar studies, Maya-Morales et al. (2012) showed that in the understory of remnant tropical montane forests of Mexico, the four most abundant families were the Theridiidae, Anyphaenidae, Tetragnathidae and Linyphiidae. Yanoviak et al. (2003) showed that in the canopy and understory of the Costa Rican cloud forest, Araneidae and Linyphiidae were the most commonly collected families at all locations. And, Fnally, Peckmezian (2009) showed that in the low primary forest, 41.9% of the spiders collected belong to the family Ctenidae, while 35.3% were from the family Linyphiidae in the high primary forest. A comparison between different ecological studies is difFcult, due to the use of different methodologies and collecting techniques. Most studies focus on a particular habitat (canopy, forest understory or ground) or use only a few techniques. In our study we collected spiders from all habitats, except the canopy, using Fve different collecting techniques. Consequently, this is the most thorough biodiversity spider study in the neotropical forests of the Choc�� region of Ecuador. Our results demonstrate for the Frst time the importance of the family Oonopidae in neotropical forests, a family hardly ever mentioned in other studies. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that the family Anyphaenidae is a major component in the overall spider diversity found in these types of forests. The forests from the Choc�� region of Ecuador harbour a wealth of biodiversity, hardly ever studied. Much more work needs to be done in order to understand these complex habitats. Nevertheless, this study is the Frst to uncover the unknown spider diversity hidden in these endangered forests and hopefully a stepping stone for further studies., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on page 46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Katissa puyu sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:13A72BC0-3929-440D-97D2-083D2BFA9D95 Figs 7���11 Diagnosis Males can be distinguished from all congeneric species by the apically serrated plate-like palpal retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 8); from K. simplicipalpis (Simon, 1897), by the white nub at the end of the abdomen, absent in the latter species (Brescovit 1997: Fg. 99). Females are distinguished by the small V-shaped epigynal Fap (Fig. 10), from K. simplicipalpis (Simon, 1897) by the elongated copulatory ducts, short and coiled in the latter species (Brescovit 1997: Fg. 103). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition taken from the Kichwa language meaning ���fog���. Type material examined Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 21 Jun. 2014, sifting moss, foothill, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 4 �� ��, 2 &female;&female;, sifting moss, -00.42261�� S, -79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 21 Jun. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 2 ����, 1 &female;, moss from trees at 0.5���3 m, 1888 m, 15 Oct. 2014, -00.41433�� S, -79.00035�� W, Berlese, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, moss, 13���15 Nov. 2014, Berlese, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (AMNH). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 2.6; carapace length: 1.3 carapace width: 0.9. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica and pars thoracica brown, with two dark dorsal, wide bands; margin dark brown. Sternum, endites and labium light brown. CHELICERAE. Brown, not excavated without antero-prolateral keel; promargin with 3, retromargin with 4 teeth. LEGS. Femora I���IV light yellow with dark band apically. Tibiae yellowish with dark band basally. Metatarsi and tarsi yellowish. Claws unipectinate, I���II with 6 teeth and II���IV with 4 teeth. Total length: I: 3.9; II: 3.4; III: 2.7; IV: 3.8; leg formula 1423; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 1.0/0.4/1.0/0.9/0.6; leg II 0.9/0.4/0.8/0.8/0.5; leg III 0.7/0.4/0.6/0.7/0.3; leg IV 1.0/0.4/0.9/1.0/0.5. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia I v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus I v2-2 -0, p1-1-0, r0-1- 0. Femur II p1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus II v2-2 -0, p1-1-0, r1-0-1. Femur III p0-1-1-, r0-1-1; tibia III d1-0-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus III d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. Femur IV p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d1-0-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-1, r1-1-0; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. ABDOMEN. Elongated, slightly constricted apically. Light brown, with withish medio-apical mark, and dark brown pattern composed of dark medial marks, apex rounded and whitish. Covered with long, dark erected setae and short, none erected light coloured setae (Fig. 9). GENITALIA. Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium, with plate-like, serrated retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 8). Subtegulum rounded apically; tegulum rounded basally; ventral tegular process rounded apically not reaching median apophysis tip; median apophysis elongated, hook-shaped; embolic base protruding prolaterally; embolus ribbon-like, short with distal pale portion (Fig. 7). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 3.2; carapace length: 1.3; carapace width: 0.9. CEPHALOTHORAX. As in male. Sternum, endites and labium as in male. CHELICERAE. Brown, not excavated without keel; promargin with 3, retromargin with 4 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Claws as in male. Palpal claws with 5 teeth. Total length: I: 3.6; II: 3.1; III: 2.6; IV: 3.8; leg formula 4123; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 1.0/0.4/0.9/0.7/0.6; leg II 0.8/0.4/0.7/0.7/0.5; leg III 0.7/0.3/0.5/0.7/0.4; leg IV 1.0/0.4/0.8/1.1/0.5. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-0-1; tibia I v2-2 -2; metatarsus I v2-2 -0. Femur II p0-0-1; tibia II v2-2 -0, p0-0-1; metatarsus II v2-2 -0, p0-1-0. Femur III p0-0-1-, r0-0-1; tibia III d1-0-0, v1-1 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus III d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. Femur IV r0-0-1; tibia IV d1-0-0, v1-1 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. ABDOMEN. Oval. Brown, with withish medio-apical mark, and dark brown pattern composed of medial dark marks. Covered with long, dark erected setae and short, none erected light coloured setae. GENITALIA. Epigynum with V-shaped epigynal Fap; lateral epigynal grooves curved (Fig. 10). Internal genitalia; copulatory ducts short; seminal receptacles not observed; spermathecae elongated oval; fertilization ducts long (Fig. 11). Natural history All specimens were collected in the moss hanging from trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Katissa kurusiki sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1997B8DA-325A-42F4-B1F5-AF30568A11D2 Figs 1–6 Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from all other congeneric species by the elongated, sinuous projection of the abdomen, resembling a caterpillar (Fig. 1). Females are distinguished by their wing-shaped epigynal Fap (Fig. 5) and convoluted copulatory ducts, with three loops (Fig. 6). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition taken from the Kichwa language, the combination of the words ‘kuru’ and ‘siki’ meaning worm-bottom. Type material examined Holotype ECUADOR: Ƌ, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, sifting moss, 8–21 Jun. 2014, 1717 m, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 2 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 00.41941º S, 78.99607º W, 1717 m, 24–30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 1 Ƌ, sifting moss near Rio Esmeraldas, 24 May–8 Jun. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 1 Ƌ, 4 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 8–21 Jun. 2014, 1717 m, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 2 ƋƋ, 3 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 2225 m, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (AMNH); 1 &female;, sifting litter, 4–7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 1 Ƌ, sifting moss, -00.42261º S, -79.5107º W, 2225 m, 21 Jun. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 5.6; carapace length: 2.1 carapace width: 1.6. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica dark brown with black mesh pattern; pars thoracica with wide dark bands dorsally, apically and laterally light brown; margin dark brown (Fig. 1). Sternum, endites and labium light brown. CHELICERAE. Brown, excavated with antero-prolateral keel; promargin with 3, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. Femora I, II light yellow with light brown band apically and dark spots at macrosetae base; femora III, IV light brown with medial and apical dark bands and dark spots at base of macrosetae. Tibiae I, II light yellow with dark bands basally and medially; tibiae II–IV light yellow with dark bands basally and apically. Metatarsi I, II brown; metatarsi III, IV yellow with dark apical band. Tarsi I–IV brown. Claws unipectinate, I, II with 6–7 teeth and III–IV with 4–5 teeth. Total length: I: 9.7; II: 7.7; III: 5.8; IV: 7.8; leg formula 1423; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.5/0.8/2.7/2.6/1.1; leg II 2.0/0.7/1.9/2.2/0.9; leg III 1.6/0.6/1.3/1.7/0.6; leg IV 2.1/0.7/1.8/2.4/0.8. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia I v2-1 -2, p0-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus I v2-2 -0, p0-1-0, r1-1- 1. Femur II p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus II v2-2 -0, p0-1-0, r1-1-1. Femur III p0-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia III d1-1-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus III d0-1-1, v2-2 -1. Femur IV p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d1-1-0, v2-2 -2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. ABDOMEN. Elongated oval with whitish caterpillar-like extension of various size (Fig. 1). Dorsally light brown, with dark brown pattern composed of spots and two large pyramidal medial dark marks (Fig. 1). Covered with long, dark erected setae and short, none erected light coloured setae. Ventrally, light brown. Spinnerets positioned at the junction between the oval abdomen and the caterpillar-like extension. GENITALIA. Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis wide and curved with rounded tips (Fig. 3). Subtegulum rounded apically without keel; tegulum rounded basally; ventral tegular process rounded apically not reaching median apophysis tip; median apophysis elongated, hook-shaped; embolic base protruding prolaterally; embolus ribbon-like, long with distal pale portion (Fig. 2). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 4.2; carapace length: 1.7; carapace width: 1.3. CEPHALOTHORAX. As in male. CHELICERAE. Brown, not excavated without keel; cheliceral teeth as in male. LEGS. Colouration as in male. Claws as in male. Palpal claws with 5 teeth. Total length: I: 6.3; II: 5.1; III: 4.1; IV: 5.6; leg formula 1423; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 1.6/0.6/1.5/1.4/1.2; leg II 1.4/0.6/1.3/1.1/0.7; leg III 1.2/0.5/0.8/1.1/0.5; leg IV 1.6/0.6/1.3/1.4/0.7. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1; tibia I v2-2 -0, p0-0-1; metatarsus I v2-2 -0, p0-1-0. Femur II p0-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0, p0-1-1, r0-1-0; metatarsus II v2-2 -0, p0-1-0. Femur III p0-0-1-, r0-1-1; tibia III d0-1-0, v1-2 -2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus III d0-1-0, v2-2 -1. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d0-0-1, v1-2 -2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -1. ABDOMEN. Oval. Dorsally brownish, with pattern composed of dark pyramidal marks medially and chevrons basally (Fig. 4). Covered with long, dark erected setae and short, none erected light coloured setae. GENITALIA. Epigynum with wing-shaped epigynal Fap; lateral epigynal grooves curved (Fig. 5). Internal genitalia; copulatory ducts elongated with three loops; seminal receptacles positioned at the beginning of copulatory ducts course; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts short (Fig. 6). Natural history Except for one female, all specimens were collected by sifting moss hanging from trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality.

Subfamily Anyphaeninae Bertkau, 1878 Diagnosis Tracheal spiracle situated approximately in midway of abdomen or between the midway of abdomen and the epigastric groove; cheliceral retromargin with more than four denticles (Brescovit 1997: 7)., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on page 4, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Patrera Simon, 1903 Type species Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903. Composition Patrera apora (Chamberlin, 1916), P. armata (Chickering, 1940), P. auricoma (L. Koch, 1866), P. cita (Keyserling, 1891), P. fulvastra Simon, 1903, P. hatunkiru sp. nov., P. lauta (Chickering, 1940), P. longipes (Keyserling, 1891), P. philipi sp. nov., P. procera (Keyserling, 1891), P. puta (O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1896), P. ruber (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900), P. shida sp. nov., P. stylifer (F.O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1900), P. suni sp. nov., P. virgata (Keyserling, 1891), P. witsu sp. nov. Diagnosis (adapted from Brescovit 1997: 31) Distinguished by the combination of the following characters: carapace sub-rectangular (Fig. 54); tracheal spiracle in between the middle of the abdomen and the epigastric groove; lateral margin of endites concave. Males are further distinguished from Katissa by their short, not elongated palpal cymbium, and from Shuyushka gen. nov. by the absence of a ventral patellar apophysis present in the latter. Females are distinguished from Katissa and Shuyushka gen. nov. by the knob-like projection of the epigynum., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on page 30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, hand collecting, 24 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 9 ����, 4 &female;&female;, night collecting, 1 ��, 3 &female;&female;, beating trees, 24��� 30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (AMNH); 6 ����, 4 &female;&female;, night collecting, 1 ��, 1 &female;, beating, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 5 ����, 7 &female;&female;, night collecting, 00.41994�� S, 79.00623�� W, 1997 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 4 ����, 1 &female;, general collecting, 5���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 4 ����, 1 &female;, beating, 00.42261�� S, 79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 12 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 &female;, hand collecting in grass, 1 ��, 2 &female;&female;, night collecting, 12 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 3 ����, 6 &female;&female;, night collecting, 13 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 4 &female;&female;, beating, 00.66015�� S, 78.66199�� W, 1845 m, 13 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). ��� Las Damas: 1 &female;, pitfall, 00.39506�� S, 78.98100�� W, 1209 m, 28 Jun.���12 Jul. 2014, 1 &female;, pitfall, 23 Jul.���5 Aug. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� (DTC). Natural history Most specimens were collected at night or by beating. Distribution Colombia and Ecuador. Material examined Unknown 1 ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, moss from trees at 0.5���3 m high, 1 ��, 1 &female;, beating, -00.42261�� S, -79. 5107�� W, 2225 m, 15 Oct. 2014 and 12 Dec. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history Specimens were collected from moss in trees and by beating. Unknown 2 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, night collecting, 00.41941�� S, 78.99607�� W, 1717 m, 24 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history The only specimen known was collected at night. Unknown 3 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, night collecting, 13���15 Dec. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history The only specimen known was collected at night. Unknown 4 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 &female;, hand collecting in moss, 24 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 &female;, sifting moss, 08���21 Jun. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). ��� Las Damas: 1 &female;, pitfall, 00.39506�� S, 78.98100�� W, 1209 m, 12���23 Jul. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history Specimens were collected in moss or in a pitfall trap. Unknown 5 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 &female;, sifting moss, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history The only specimen known was collected sifting moss. Unknown 6 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 &female;, beating trees, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history The only specimen known was collected beating trees. Unknown 7 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 &female;, moss in trees 0.5���3m high, 24 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history The only specimen known was collected from moss in trees. Unknown 8 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 &female;, night collecting, 13 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history The only specimen known was collected at night. Unknown 9 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, hand collecting, 2 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history The only specimen known was collected at night., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Shuyushka achachay gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:409AFE79-731C-47C2-A21F-507B7D083A1D Figs 37���40 Diagnosis Males are distinguished from all congeneric species by their distinctly reduced patellar apophysis (Fig. 39). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition taken from the Kichwa language meaning ���cold���. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 24���30 May 2014, beating trees, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Additional material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 2 ����, sifting moss, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 7.3; carapace length: 3.0; carapace width: 2.2; abdomen length: 4.3. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica apically light orange-brown, with dark lines behind PLE, basally light yellow; pars thoracica apically light yellow, with small dark mark, medially orange-brown with dark lines along radiating lines, basally light yellow; margin dark. Fovea dark. Sternum light brown, margin slightly darker. Labium and endites dark brown. CHELICERAE. Dark brown. Promargin with 5, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. Femora light yellow with orange-brown band apically, tibia and metatarsi light yellow with orangebrown bands basally and apically, tarsi light yellow. Total length: I: 12.7; II: 10.2; III: 7.8; IV: 10.7; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 3.3/0.9/3.6/3.5/1.4; leg II 2.8/0.9/2.7/2.6/1.2; leg III 2.3/0.8/1.6/2.3/0.8; leg IV 2.9/0.9/2.5/3.3/1.1. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1; tibia I p1-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus I p0-1-0. Femur II p1-1-1; tibia II p1- 1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus II p1-1-0. Femur III p0-1-1; tibia III p1-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus III p1-1-1, d0-1- 0, v2-2 -2. Femur IV p0-1-1; tibia IV p1-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus IV p1-1-1, d0-1-0, v2-2 -2. ABDOMEN. Cylindrical. Dorsally yellowish with dark arrow-shaped mark (Fig. 37). GENITALIA. Palpal patella with two small, ventral apophysis, and small dorsal sclerotized triangular projection (Fig. 39). Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium; without apophysis ventrally; anterior part of retrolateral tibial apophysis rounded, posterior part well sclerotized with spine-like projection (Fig. 39). Subtegulum not observed; tegulum rounded basally; median apophysis large, hook-shaped; embolus long, wide basally, prolaterally positioned, distally with small triangular extensions and straight pale terminal segment (Fig. 38). Female Unknown. Natural history Specimens were collected by beating trees and in moss hanging from trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Patrera witsu sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1001CCDB-43B2-4ED6-B823-C30BFB35A9DC Figs 49���53 Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from all congeneric species by their basally wide and twisted embolus and their large ventral tegular projection (Fig. 49). Females are distinguished by the shallow, pocket-like lateral epigynal grooves (Fig. 52). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition is taken from the Kichwa language meaning ���twisted���, reFecting the twisted embolus of the male palp. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biologica Reserve, 24���30 May 2014, night collecting, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, night collecting, 1 &female;, beating trees, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 3 ����, 2 &female;&female;, night collecting, 00.42261�� S, 79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 2 &female;&female;, beating trees, 00.41564�� S, 79.00425�� W, 2105 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 2 &female;&female;, general collecting, 5���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 1 &female;, beating, 00.42261�� S, 79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 12 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 4.4; carapace length: 2.2 carapace width: 1.6; abdomen length: 2.2. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica light yellow with pale dusk lines behind PLE; pars thoracica light yellow. Fovea dark. Sternum light yellow, margin slightly darker. Labium and endites light orange-brown. CHELICERAE. Chelicerae light orange-brown. Posterior side with large tooth, narrow and triangular; promargin with 4, retromargin with 5 teeth (Fig. 51). LEGS. Femora yellow, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi light yellow-orange. Total length: I: 9.8; II: 8.5; III: 5.4; IV: 7.8; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.5/0.9/2.7/2.5/1.2; leg II 2.1/0.9/2.3/2.2/1.0; leg III 1.5/0.7/1.2/1.5/0.5; leg IV 1.9/0.8/1.9/2.4/0.8. LEGS SPINATION. Metatarsus I v2-2 -0. Metatarsus II v2-2 -0. Tibia III d0-1-1, v2-2 -1; metatarsus III d0-1- 1, v2-2 -0. Tibia IV d0-1-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-1-1, v2-2 -1. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I���IV with 4-5 teeth, prolateral claws I���II with 10 teeth, prolateral claws III���IV with 5 teeth. ABDOMEN. Oval. Dorsally yellowish with faint dusky chevrons. GENITALIA. Palpal patella without apophysis. Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium (Fig. 50); anterior part of retrolateral tibial apophysis plate-like, posterior part thin, triangular (Fig. 50). Subtegulum rounded apically; tegulum elongated oval; dorsal projection of subtegulum well sclerotized with blunt tip; ventral projection of tegulum, large and plate-like; median apophysis short, hook-shaped; embolus wider basally, laminar and twisted (Fig. 49). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 5.5; carapace length: 2.2; carapace width: 1.7; abdomen length: 3.3. CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN. As in male. CHELICERAE. Cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth, retromargin 7 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Total length: I: 11.4; II: 10.2; III: 6.7; IV: 9.3; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 3.1/1.2/3.0/2.6/1.5; leg II 2.7/1.0/2.8/2.5/1.2; leg III 1.8/0.8/1.5/1.9/0.7; leg IV 2.6/0.9/2.1/2.8/0.9. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia I v2-2 -0; metatarsus I v2-2 -0. Femur II p1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0; metatarsus II v2-2 -0. Femur III p0-0-1, r0-1-1; tibia III d0-1-1, v2-2 -0; metatarsus III d0-1-1, v1-1 -0. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d0-1-1, v2-2 -0; metatarsus IV d0-1-1, v1-1 -0. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I���IV with 6���7 teeth, prolateral claws I���II with 14 teeth, prolateral claws III���IV with 4 teeth. Palpal claws with 3 teeth. GENITALIA. Epigynum with spatula-like median knob; atrium large; lateral epigynal grooves shallow, pocket-like (Fig. 52). Internal genitalia; short, oblique copulatory ducts; spermathecae rounded; fertilization ducts short, directed outwardly (Fig. 53). Natural history All specimens were collected at night or by beating trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Josa nigrifrons Simon, 1897 Material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 2 ����, 2 &female;&female;, sweeping grass, 1 ��, beating trees, 24 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Natural history Specimens were collected by sweeping grass or beating trees., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on page 45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Patrera hatunkiru sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BBFE839E-6F46-4934-8ED0-D30BD4886F96 Figs 54–59 Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from all species in the genus by their short and strongly curved median apophysis (Fig. 55). Females are diagnosed by the lateral epigynal grooves producing very deep cavities (Fig. 58). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition is taken from the Kichwa language meaning ‘large teeth’. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: Ƌ, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 00.41994° S, 79.00623° W, night collecting, 1997 m, 4–7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 Ƌ, night collecting, 1 Ƌ, 1 &female;, beating trees, 1 &female;, sifting moss, 24–30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 1 &female;, hand collecting, 24 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 1 Ƌ, 1 &female;, beating trees, 00.41564° S, 79.00425° W, 2105 m, 4–7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (QCAZ); 1 &female;, night collecting, 00.42261º S, 79.5107º W, 2225 m, 4–7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 1 Ƌ, 1 &female;, moss, Berlese, 13–15 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 6.4; carapace length: 2.5 carapace width: 2.2; abdomen length: 3.9. CEPHALOTHORAX. Carapace yellow-orange with two wide dusky bands (Fig. 54). Fovea dark. Sternum light yellow, margin slightly darker. Labium and endites orange-brown. CHELICERAE. Chelicerae light orange-brown. Large projection antero-apically; posterior side with large tooth, rounded and wide; promargin with 4, retromargin with 6 teeth (Fig. 57). LEGS. Femora light yellow, tip with orange band, tibiae and metatarsi light yellow witha basal and apical orange band, tarsi light yellow-orange. Total length: I: 20.9; II: 18.2; III: 10.5; IV: 14.7; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 5.3/1.4/6.1/5.6/2.5; leg II 4.8/1.2/5.1/5.0/2.1; leg III 2.8/0.9/2.5/3.2/1.1; leg IV 3.8/1.2/3.5/4.8/1.4. LEGS SPINATION. Tibia I d0-1-0; metatarsus I v2-1 -0. Tibia II d0-1-0; metatarsus II v2-1 -0. Tibia III d1-0-1, v2-2 -0; metatarsus III d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. Tibia IV d1-0-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -0. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I–IV with 5–6 teeth, prolateral claws I–II with 11–13 teeth, prolateral claws III–IV with 7–9 teeth. ABDOMEN. Oval. Dorsally yellowish with faint lateral dark dusky bands (Fig. 54). GENITALIA. Palpal patella without apophysis. Palpal tibia longer than cymbium (Fig. 56); anterior part of retrolateral tibial apophysis plate-like, posterior part thin and triangular (Fig. 56). Subtegulum rounded apically; tegulum compress; ventral projection of subtegulum well sclerotized, wide and pointed apically; median apophysis very short, curved; embolus wider basally, laminar, slighlty curving (Fig. 55). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 7.1; carapace length: 2.5; carapace width: 2.1; abdomen length: 4.6. CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN. As in male. CHELICERAE. Cheliceral promargin with 3, retromargin with 6 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Total length: I: 15.0; II: 13.3; III: 8.7; IV: 12.0; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 4.1/1.2/4.2/3.8/1.7; leg II 3.8/1.1/3.8/3.1/1.5; leg III 2.5/0.9/1.9/2.5/0.9; leg IV 3.2/1.0/2.8/3.7/1.3. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia I v2-2 -0; metatarsus I v2-2 -0. Femur II p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0; metatarsus II v2-2 -0. Femur III p0-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia III d0-1-1, v2-2 -0; metatarsus III d1-0-1, v2-2 -0. Femur IV p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d0-1-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-0-1, v2-2 -0. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I–IV with 5–6 teeth, prolateral claws I–II with 12–13 teeth, prolateral claws III–IV with 8–9 teeth. Palpal claws with 4 teeth. GENITALIA. Epigynum with oval, elongated median protuberance; atrium large; lateral epigynal grooves deep, pocket-like (Fig. 58). Internal genitalia; copulatory ducts long and curved; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts long, directed outwardly (Fig. 59). Natural history Most specimens were collected at night or by beating trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality.

Shuyushka wachi gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BC6AD9E9-F4C6-403E-AB6A-170FEE0CF561 Figs 27���31 Diagnosis Males are distinguished by the rounded, clavate posterior part of the retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 29); excavated and rugose in S. moscai gen. et sp. nov. (Fig. 34); from S. achachay gen. et sp. nov. by their large and rounded ventral tibial apopysis (Fig. 29), absent in the latter (Fig. 39). Females are distinguished by their slit-like copulatory openings (Fig. 30). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition taken from the Kichwa language meaning ���arrow���, for the arrow-shape marks found on the abdomen. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 24���30 May 2014, sifting moss, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 3 ����, beating trees, 1 ��, general collecting, 1 &female;, hand collecting, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 &female;, sifting moss, 00.42261�� S, 79.5107�� W, 2225 m, 8���21 Jun. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 1 &female;, hand collected in moss, 1 &female;, moss, Berlese, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, 1 &female;, moss from trees 0.5���3 m above the ground, Berlese, 00.41433�� S, 79.00035�� W, 1888 m, 15 Oct. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (AMNH); 1 &female;, moss from trees 0.5���3 m above the ground, Berlese, 27 Oct. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ); 1 &female;, beating, 01.66015�� S, 78.66199�� W, 1845 m, 13 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 &female;, moss, Berlese, 13���15 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 5.9; carapace length: 2.7 carapace width: 2.0; abdomen length: 3.2. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica apically orange-brown with dark lines behind PLE, basally light yellow; pars thoracica apically light yellow with dark arrow-shaped mark, medially orange-brown with dark lines along radiating lines, basally light yellow; margin dark (Fig. 27). Fovea dark. Sternum light brown, margin slightly darker. Labium and endites dark brown. CHELICERAE. Dark brown; promargin with 4, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. Femora light yellow with brown band apically, tibiae and metatarsi light yellow with brown bands basally and apically, tarsi light yellow. Total length: I: 8.9; II: 8.2; III: 6.5; IV: 8.8; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.4/0.9/2.4/2.2/1.0; leg II 2.2/0.9/2.0/2.1/1.0; leg III 1.9/0.9/1.2/1.8/0.7; leg IV 2.3/0.8/2.0/2.8/0.9. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1; tibia I p1-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus I p0-1-0. Femur II p1-1-1; tibia II p1- 1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus II p1-1-0. Femur III p0-1-1; tibia III p0-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus III p1-1-1, d0-1- 1, v2-2 -2. Femur IV p0-1-1; tibia IV p1-1-1, r1-1-1; metatarsus IV p1-1-1, d0-1-1, v2-2 -2. ABDOMEN. Cylindrical. Dorsally yellowish with dark arrow-shaped mark dorsally and few dorsal and lateral dark markings (Fig. 27). GENITALIA. Palpal patella with two large, ventral apophyses, and a large dorsal apophysis (Fig. 29). Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium; with a large and rounded ventral apophysis; retrolateral tibial apophysis anterior part small, globular, posterior part club-shaped well sclerotized (Fig. 29). Subtegulum rounded apically; tegulum rounded basally; median apophysis large, hooked; embolus short, wide basally, prolaterally positioned, distally with small triangular extensions and strongly recurved pale terminal segment (Fig. 28). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 5.6; carapace length: 2.6; carapace width: 2.0; abdomen length: 3.0. COLOURATION. As in male but slightly darker. CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN. As in male. CHELICERAE. Promargin with 4, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Total length: I: 7.8; II: 7.2; III: 6.5; IV: 8.1; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.3/0.9/2.0/1.6/1.0; leg II 2.1/0.9/1.8/1.6/0.8; leg III 1.9/0.9/1.4/1.6/0.7; leg IV 2.2/0.9/1.9/2.3/0.8. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1. Femur II p0-0-1; tibia II p0-1-1. Femur III p0-1-1-, r0-1-1; tibia III v2- 1 -2, r1-1-1. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV v2-2 -2, r0-1-1. GENITALIA. Epigynum with long, narrow copulatory openings (Fig. 30). Internal genitalia; copulatory ducts wide and curved; seminal receptacles elongated and narrow, positioned in midway of the copulatory ducts course; spermathecae large, without deFnite form; fertilization ducts thin and curved (Fig. 31). Natural history Specimens were mostly collected in moss hanging from trees and by beating. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 22-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Genus Katissa Brescovit, 1997 Type species Anyphaena simplicipalpis Simon, 1897. Composition Katissa delicatula (Banks, 1909), K. elegans (Banks, 1909), K. guayasamini sp. nov., K. kurusiki sp. nov., K. lycosoides (Chickering, 1937), K. puyu sp. nov., K. simplicipalpis (Simon, 1897), K. tamya sp. nov., K. yaya sp. nov., K. zimarae (Reimoser, 1939). Diagnosis (Adapted from Brescovit 1997: 53) Carapace sub-rectangular (Fig. 1); posterior eye row procurved (Fig. 1); male palpal cybium narrow, elongated; embolic base wide, prolaterally protruding (Fig. 2); females epigynum with epigynal Fap hiding the copulatory openings (Fig. 5); lateral epigynal grooves sinuous, basally positioned (Fig. 5). Furthermore, Katissa is distinguished from Isigonia Simon, 1897, by its rather Fat carapace, convex in the latter (Brescovit 1997: Fg. 113). Description For a complete description, see Brescovit (1997: 53), only new information is presented here. LEGS. Leg formula 1423 in males and 4123 in females (except for females of K. kurusiki sp. nov. and K. guyasamini sp. nov.). LEGS SPINATION RECURRENCE. Femora I���IV d1-1-1; metatarsi III���IV p1-1-1, r1-1-1. MALE GENTALIA. Retrolateral palpal tibial apophysis variable, distally rounded (Fig. 3), plate-like (Fig. 8), bipartite (Fig. 13) or elongated ventrally with a small basal spur dorsally (Figs 18, 23). Palpal tibia variable, shorter (Figs 3, 8, 18, 23) or longer than cymbium (Fig. 13). Male embolic base large, protruding prolaterally (Fig. 2); embolus ribbon-like with distal part usually pale, weakly sclerotized (Figs 2, 12, 17). FEMALE GENITALIA. Epigynum slightly sclerotized; medially with an epigynal Fap of various shape, either wing-shaped (Figs 5, 15), V-shaped (Figs 10, 25) to knob-shaped (Fig. 20); lateral epigynal grooves sinuous, positioned posteriorly (Figs 5, 10, 15, 20, 25); copulatory openings situated under the epigynal Fap, not visible. Internal genitalia with oval (Figs 6, 16, 21) to bean-shaped (Fig. 26) spermathecae; copulatory ducts long and convoluted (Figs 6, 21) to short and sinuous (Figs 11, 16, 26); seminal receptacles positioned at the beginning of copulatory ducts (Figs 6, 21, 26). Notes The length of the embolus appears to be correlated to the length of the copulatory ducts of the female internal genitalia. For example, the longest embolus (Figs 2, 17) found in Katissa kurusiki sp. nov. and Katissa tamya sp. nov., correspond to the females with the longest copulatory ducts (Figs 6, 21). On the other end, the male of Katissa yaya sp. nov. has a short embolus (Fig. 12) matching the females with short copulatory ducts (Fig. 16). The epigynum in Katissa species are slightly sclerotized and bear curved lateral epigynal grooves that could serve to direct the embolus in the copulatory openings situated under the epigynal Fap, which is somewhat more sclerotized. The internal genitalia of Katissa kurusiki sp. nov., K. tamya sp. nov. and K. guayasamini sp. nov. all have seminal receptacles situated at the beginning of the copulatory ducts (Figs 6, 21, 26). Distribution Costa Rica, Panama, Lesser Antilles, Ecuador and Peru., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Patrera suni sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CF570980-5B68-48EB-ABE4-3E0D06B1EA81 Figs 60���64 Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from all species in the genus by their strongly curved ventral projection of subtegulum and embolus (Fig. 60). Females are distinguished by their blunt knob-like projection and curved lateral epigynal grooves (Fig. 63). Etymology The speciFc name is a noun in apposition taken from the Kichwa language meaning ���elongated��� in reference to the elongated male palpal tibia. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, hand collecting, 1700 m, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 ��, Berlese, moss, 3 ����, 1 &female;, night collecting, 13���15 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 ��, beating, 00.66015�� S, 78.66199�� W, 1845 m, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 1 &female;, beating trees, 4���7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 6.2; carapace length: 2.9 carapace width: 2.3; abdomen length: 3.3. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica light yellow dusky lines behind PLE; pars thoracica light yellow. Fovea dark. Sternum light yellow, margin slightly darker. Labium and endites yellow. CHELICERAE. Orange-brown. Large projection antero-apically; posterior side with one large tooth, rounded and wide; promargin with 4, retromargin with 5 teeth (Fig. 62). LEGS. Femora yellow with orange medial band, tibiae with basal, medial and apical orange band, metatarsi and tarsi light yellow-orange. Total length: I: 22.4; II: 19.5; III: 11.0; IV: 16.0; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 5.6/1.5/6.6/5.8/2.9; leg II 5.0/1.4/5.5/5.2/2.4; leg III 3.2/1.0/2.6/3.0/1.2; leg IV 4.2/1.2/3.9/5.2/1.5. LEGS SPINATION. Metatarsus I v2-2 -0. Metatarsus II v2-2 -0. Tibia III d0-1-1, v2-2 -1; metatarsus III d0-1- 1, v2-2 -1. Tibia IV d0-0-1, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-1-1, v2-2 -2. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I���IV with 6���7 teeth, prolateral claws I���II with 13���15 teeth, prolateral claws III���IV with 9 teeth. ABDOMEN. Oval. Dorsally yellowish with faint dusky lateral bands. GENITALIA. Palpal patella without apophysis. Palpal tibia longer than cymbium (Fig. 61); anterior part of retrolateral tibial apophysis thin, plate-like, posterior part thin triangular (Fig. 61). Subtegulum rounded apically; tegulum compress; ventral projection of subtegulum well sclerotized, strongly curved; median apophysis very short, bent; embolus wider basally, laminar, short and curved (Fig 60). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 6.8; carapace length: 2.4; carapace width: 1.9; abdomen length: 4.4. CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN. As in male. CHELICERAE. Cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth, retromargin with 7���8 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Total length: I: 13.7; II: 12.1; III: 7.9; IV: 11.2; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 3.8/1.2/3.8/3.2/1.7; leg II 3.3/1.0/3.5/2.8/1.5; leg III 2.2/0.8/1.9/2.2/0.9; leg IV 3.0/0.8/2.9/3.1/1.4. Tarsal claws not observed. Palpal claws with 4 teeth. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1, r011-1; tibia I v2-2 -0; metatarsus I v2-2 -0. Femur II p0-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia II v2-2 -0; metatarsus II v2-2 -0. Femur III p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia III d0, v2-2 -0; metatarsus III d0-0-1, v2- 2 -0. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d0, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-0-1, v2-2 -0. GENITALIA. Epigynum with blunt, short, median knob; atrium large; lateral epigynal grooves curved, shallow pocket-like (Fig. 63). Internal genitalia; copulatory ducts long and curved; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts long, directed outwardly (Fig. 64). Natural history Specimens were collected in moss, by beating or hand collecting. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Shuyushka moscai gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5D936C1D-307C-45B3-9CB0-C1B4E2836FBF Figs 32���36 Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from all congeneric species by their large patellar apophysis (Fig. 34), from S. wachi gen. et sp. nov. by the sinuous end of the male embolus (Fig. 33), strongly curved in the latter species. Females are distinguished by their V-shaped epigynal Fap and hook-shaped copulatory openings (Fig. 35). Etymology The speciFc name is in honour of Dr. Franco Mosca, scientist and surgeon, for his contribution to Otonga Fundation. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: ��, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 24���30 May 2014, beating trees, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 3 ����, 3 &female;&female;, beating trees, 24���30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC); 2 &female;&female;, moss from trees 0.5���3 m above the ground, Berlese, 00.41433�� S, 79.00035�� W, 1888 m, 15 Oct. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dup��rr�� leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 7.7; carapace length: 3.3 carapace width: 2.4; abdomen length: 4.4. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica apically brown with dark lines behind PLE, basally yellow; pars thoracica apically yellow with small dark mark, medially brown with dark lines along radiating lines, basally yellow, margin dark. Fovea dark. Sternum light brown, with two wide lateral dark bands. Labium and endites dark brown. CHELICERAE. Dark brown; promargin with 5, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. Legs light yellow with dark spotted pattern. Total length: I: 11.3; II: 9.8; III: 7.5; IV: 11.0; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 3.0/0.9/3.1/2.8/1.5; leg II 2.7/0.9/2.6/2.3/1.3; leg III 2.2/0.8/1.5/2.2/0.8; leg IV 2.8/0.9/2.6/3.5/1.2. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p1-1-1; tibia I p1-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus I p0-1-0. Femur II p1-1-1; tibia II p1- 1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus II p0-1-0. Femur III p0-1-1; tibia III p1-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus III p1-1-1, d0-1- 1, v1-1 -2. Femur IV p0-1-1; tibia IV p1-1-1, r0-1-1; metatarsus IV p1-1-1, d0-1-0, v1-1 -2. ABDOMEN. Cylindrical. Dorsally yellowish dark marks medially and a few small dark spots laterally (Fig. 32). GENITALIA. Palpal patella with two large, ventral apophyses, and dorsal triangular apophysis (Fig. 34). Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium; with triangular apophysis ventrally; anterior part of retrolateral tibial apophysis small and triangular, posterior part excavated and rugose (Fig. 34). Subtegulum rounded apically; tegulum rounded basally; median apophysis short, hook-shaped; embolus short, wide basally, prolaterally positioned, distally with triangular extensions and S-shaped pale terminal segment (Fig. 33). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 5.7; carapace length: 2.8; carapace width: 2.1; abdomen length: 2.9. COLOURATION. As in male but slightly darker. CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN. As in male. CHELICERAE. Promargin with 5, retromargin with 5 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Total length: I: 8.3; II: 7.6; III: 6.4; IV: 8.6; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.4/0.9/2.0/1.9/1.1; leg II 2.3/0.9/1.9/1.6/0.9; leg III 1.8/0.9/1.2/1.9/0.6; leg IV 2.5/0.9/1.9/2.4/0.9. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1. Femur II p1-1-1; tibia II p0-1-1. Femur III p0-1-1-, r0-1-1; tibia III v2- 1 -2, r1-1-1. Femur IV p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV v2-2 -2, r1-1-1. GENITALIA. Epigynum with V-shaped, well sclerotized epigynal Fap; copulatory openings hook-shaped (Fig. 35). Internal genitalia; copulatory ducts globular; spermathecae not well deFned, small and elongated; fertilization ducts wide and elongated (Fig. 36). Natural history Most specimens were collected by beating trees or from moss hanging from trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality., Published as part of Nadine Duperre & Elicio Tapia, 2016, Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choc�� forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species, pp. 1-50 in European Jornal of Taxonomy 255 on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.255, http://zenodo.org/record/831094

Patrera philipi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B7CB3487-98D1-4CA5-AB34-A453A68A8CB2 Figs 41–45 Diagnosis Males are distinguished from all other species of the genus by their massive ventral tegular projection and thin, elongated embolus (Fig. 41). Females are distinguished by the lateral epigynal grooves curving inwardly (Fig. 44). Etymology The speciFc name is in honour of Philip Bertkau. Type material Holotype ECUADOR: Ƌ, Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve, 4–7 Sep. 2014, hand collected in moss, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (QCAZ). Other material examined ECUADOR: Cotopaxi Province, Otonga Biological Reserve: 1 Ƌ, 1 &female;, sifting moss, 1 Ƌ, general collecting, 6 ƋƋ, 2 &female;&female;, beating trees, 1 &female;, hand collecting, 24–30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 6 ƋƋ, night collecting, 00.41941° S, 78.99607° W, 1717 m, 24–30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 7 ƋƋ, 1 &female;, night collecting, 00.41564° S, 79.00425° W, 2105 m, 24–30 May 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (AMNH); 4 ƋƋ, 2 &female;&female;, night collecting, 00.41994° S, 79.00623° W, 1997 m, 4–7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (QCAZ); 3 ƋƋ, 2 &female;&female;, beating, 00.41564° S, 79.00425° W, 2105 m, 4–7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 4 ƋƋ, general collecting, 5–7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 1 Ƌ, 1 &female;, beating, 3 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 4–7 Sep. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 1 Ƌ, beating, 00.42261° S, 79.5107° W, 2225 m, 12 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 2 &female;&female;, sifting moss, 12 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 7 ƋƋ, 6&female;&female;, beating, 01.66015° S, 78.66199° W, 1845 m, 13 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC); 5 &female;&female;, Berlese, moss, 13–15 Nov. 2014, E. Tapia, C. Tapia and N. Dupérré leg. (DTC). Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 3.9; carapace length: 1.7 carapace width: 1.5; abdomen length: 2.1. CEPHALOTHORAX. Pars cephalica orange-brown, with pale dusk lines behind PLE; pars thoracica light orange-brown. Fovea dark. Sternum light yellow, margin slightly darker. Labium and endites yellow. CHELICERAE. Orange-brown. Posterior side with large tooth, narrow and triangular; promargin with 3, retromargin with 6 teeth (Fig. 43). LEGS. Femora yellow, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi light yellow-orange. Total length: I: 11.0; II: 8.9; III: 5.3; IV: 7.7; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 2.7/0.8/3.3/3.0/1.2; leg II 2.3/0.7/2.6/2.4/0.9; leg III 1.5/0.6/1.2/1.5/0.5; leg IV 2.2/0.7/1.7/2.0/0.7. LEGS SPINATION. Metatarsus I v1-1 -0. Metatarsus II v1-1 -0. Tibia III d1-0-0, v1-1 -0; metatarsus III d0-1- 0, v2-2 -0. Tibia IV d1-0-0, v2-2 -2; metatarsus IV d0-1-0, v2-2 -1. Tarsal claws unipectinate; retrolateral claws I–IV with 4 teeth, prolateral claws I–IV with 7–8 teeth. ABDOMEN. Oval. Dorsally yellowish with faint dark dusky chevrons. GENITALIA. Palpal patella without apophysis. Palpal tibia shorter than cymbium (Fig. 42); anterior part of retrolateral tibial apophysis plate-like, posterior part distally acute (Fig. 42). Subtegulum pointed apically; tegulum oval basally; ventral projection of subtegulum well sclerotized; median apophysis short, hook-shaped; embolus wider basally, Fliform and curved apically (Fig. 41). Female MEASUREMENTS. Total length: 3.7; carapace length: 1.4; carapace width: 1.1; abdomen length: 2.3. CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN. As in male. CHELICERAE. Cheliceral promargin with 3, retromargin with 7 teeth. LEGS. As in male. Total length: I: 6.2; II: 4.9; III: 3.3; IV: 4.9; leg articles length (femur/patella/tibia/ metatarsus/tarsus): leg I 1.6/0.5/1.7/1.6/0.8; leg II 1.3/0.5/1.2/1.3/0.6; leg III 0.9/0.4/0.7/0.9/0.4; leg IV 1.4/0.5/0.9/1.5/0.6. Tarsal claws unipectinate, retrolateral claws I–IV with 6 teeth, prolateral claws I–II with 12 teeth, prolateral claws III–IV with 8-9 teeth. Palpal claws with 4 teeth. LEGS SPINATION. Femur I p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia I v2-2 -0; metatarsus I v2 -0-0. Femur II p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia II v2-2 -2; metatarsus II v2 -0-0. Femur III p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia III d0-0-1, v1-1 -0; metatarsus III d0-0- 1, v2-2 -0. Femur IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia IV d0-0-1, v1-1 -2; metatarsus IV d0-0-1, v2-1 -1. GENITALIA. Epigynum with oval, elongated median protuberance; atrium small; lateral epigynal grooves curved inwardly (Fig. 44). Internal genitalia; short and curved copulatory ducts; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts short, directed outwardly (Fig. 45). Natural history Most specimens were collected by beating trees and during night collecting, a few were collected in moss hanging from trees. Distribution Ecuador: known only from the type locality.

Where does a species live? How common is it? Where does it spend its inactive periods? These are basic questions about the biology of a species, which bring key information for application in conservation and management. Unfortunately, this information is available for only a minimum fraction of all animal species. Using 1) ecological niche modeling with maximum entropy (Maxent), 2) relative abundance estimates using museum records, and 3) field surveys of roosting sites, we report the fraternal fruit-eating bat, Artibeus fraterculus, as having a distribution limited to the Tumbesian ecoregion in Ecuador and west central Peru, being the relatively most abundant bat species throughout its range, with healthy populations which are primarily sustained by cultivated and introduced plants, and using human-made constructions as roost sites. Additionally, we described a large congregation of individuals of this species in a single roost, representing the largest colony reported for the genus Artibeus. These results may indicate resilience of A. fraterculus to human disturbance.

Our recent publication titled "Ant and Mite Diversity Drives Toxin Variation in the Little Devil Poison Frog" aimed to describe how variation in diet contributes to population differences in toxin profiles of poison frogs. Some poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae) sequester alkaloid toxins from their arthropod diet, which is composed mainly of ants and mites. Our publication demonstrated that arthropods from the stomach contents of three different frog populations were diverse in both chemistry and species composition. To make progress towards understanding this trophic relationship, our main goal was to identify alkaloids that are found in either ants or mites. With the remaining samples that were not used for chemical analysis, we attempted to identify the arthropods using DNA barcoding of cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1). The critique of Heethoff, Norton, and Raspotnig refers to the genetic analysis of a small number of mites. Here, we respond to the general argument of the critique as well as other minor issues detailed by Heethoff, Norton, and Raspotnig Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

Geographic variation of color pattern in the South American poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) is an intriguing evolutionary phenomenon. These chemically defended anurans use bright aposematic colors to warn potential predators of their unpalatibility. However, aposematic signals are frequency-dependent and individuals deviating from a local model are at a higher risk of predation. The well-known examples of Batesian and Müllerian mimics, hymenopterans (wasps and bees) andHeliconiusbutterflies, both support the benefits of unique models with relatively high frequencies. However, extreme diversity in the aposematic signal has been documented in the poison frogs of the genusDendrobates, especially in theOophagasubgenus. Here we investigate the phylogenetic and genomic differentiations among populations ofOophaga sylvatica, which exhibit one of the highest phenotypic diversification among poison frogs. Using a combination of PCR amplicons (mitochondrial and nuclear markers) and genome wide markers from a double-digested RAD data set, we characterize 13 populations (12 monotypic and 1 polytypic) across theO. sylvaticadistribution. These populations are mostly separated in two lineages distributed in the Northern and the Southern part of their range in Ecuador. We found relatively low genetic differentiation within each lineage, despite considerable phenotypic variation, and evidence suggesting ongoing gene flow and genetic admixture among some populations of the Northern lineage. Overall these data suggest that phenotypic diversification and novelty in aposematic coloration can arise in secondary contact zones even in systems where phenotypes are subject to strong stabilizing selection.

The genus Kinku n. gen. is established for the first telemid spider found in South America. The new species, Kinku turumanya n. sp. is characterized by the unique conformation of the male palp and the presence of an abdominal anterioventral stridulatory organ.

Four new species of the genus Mysmenopsis are described: M. onorei n. sp., M. otonga n. sp., M. fernandoi n. sp. and M. chiquita n. sp. All species were collected in diplurid webs and are therefore assumed to be kleptoparasitic. Five potential host species of the genus Linothele (Dipluridae) that were collected with the symbionts are also described: Linothele yanachanka n. sp., L. pukachumpi n. sp., L. zaia n. sp., L. tsachilas n. sp. and L. quori n. sp.

The generalist parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has two phylogenetic lineages associated almost exclusively with bats—Trypanosoma cruzi Tcbat and the subspecies T. c. marinkellei. We present new information on the genetic variation, geographic distribution, host associations, and potential vectors of these lineages. We conducted field surveys of bats and triatomines in southern Ecuador, a country endemic for Chagas disease, and screened for trypanosomes by microscopy and PCR. We identified parasites at species and genotype levels through phylogenetic approaches based on 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes and conducted a comparison of nucleotide diversity of the cytb gene. We document for the first time T. cruzi Tcbat and T. c. marinkellei in Ecuador, expanding their distribution in South America to the western side of the Andes. In addition, we found the triatomines Cavernicola pilosa and Triatoma dispar sharing shelters with bats. The comparisons of nucleotide diversity revealed a higher diversity for T. c. marinkellei than any of the T. c. cruzi genotypes associated with Chagas disease. Findings from this study increased both the number of host species and known geographical ranges of both parasites and suggest potential vectors for these two trypanosomes associated with bats in rural areas of southern Ecuador. The higher nucleotide diversity of T. c. marinkellei supports a long evolutionary relationship between T. cruzi and bats, implying that bats are the original hosts of this important parasite.

The genus Kinku n. gen. is established for the first telemid spider found in South America. The new species, Kinku turumanya n. sp. is characterized by the unique conformation of the male palp and the presence of an abdominal anterioventral stridulatory organ.

We review the systematics of frogs of the Hyloscirtus larinopygion group. A new phylogenetic tree inferred frommitochondrial DNA (partial sequences of 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA genes; ~2.3 kb) of eleven species ofthe H. larinopygion group is provided, based on maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. Ourphylogeny confirms the close relationship of members of the H. larinopygion group with Andean relatives of the H. armatus group, which also occurs in the Andes. Hyloscirtus tapichalaca is placed as sister species to the rest of the H. larinopygion group, in which two clades (A+B) are evident. Although ingroup relationships are well supported, themonophyly of the H. larinopygion group and placement of H. tapichalaca require additional testing. Genetic divergencesamong species of the H. larinopygion group are shallow compared to those observed in many other anurans, with geneticdistance among sister species (H. princecharlesi and H. ptychodactylus) as low as 1.31%. However, this pattern isconcordant with radiations in other highland Andean lineages of anurans that show marked morphological or behavioraldifferentiation, but low divergence in mitochondrial markers. Divergence-time analyses (using BEAST) indicate that the Hyloscirtus clade is a relatively ancient lineage that appeared in the Eocene, at a minimum age of 51.2 million years ago(MYA), while the H. larinopygion group originated in the Middle-Late Eocene at a minimum age of 40.9 MYA. Ourresults might suggest a rapid radiation of Hyloscirtus starting in the Miocene into the Pliocene, from at least 14.2 MYA tothe most recent divergence between sister taxa at ~2.6 MYA. We also describe two sympatric new species of Hyloscirtus from northwestern Ecuador: H. criptico sp. nov. and H. princecharlesi sp. nov. We diagnose them by their phylogeneticposition (they are not sister to each other), genetic divergence, and a unique combination of color patterns, and othermorphological features. Additionally, we describe the suctorial tadpoles and the extreme ontogenic color changes in H. larinopygion, H. lindae, H. pantostictus, H. princecharlesi, H. psarolaimus, and H. tigrinus. Furthermore, we describe theosteology of H. criptico, H. lindae, H. pacha, H. pantostictus, H. princecharlesi, H. psarolaimus, H. ptychodactylus, and H. staufferorum. We describe vocalizations of H. lindae, H. pacha, H. pantostictus, H. pasarolaimus, H. staufferorum, and H. tapichalaca. Hyloscirtus tigrinus is recorded for the first time in Ecuador and its range is extended 62.4 km (airlinedistance), from its southernmost locality record in Departamento de Narino, Colombia. Most species of the H. larinopygion group are currently severely threatened by extinction, after surviving the catastrophic extinctions in the1980s and 1990s that led to the disappearance of many other sympatric anurans that bred in swiftly flowing water and hadlotic water tadpoles in the Andean highlands. Research and conservation actions are urgently needed for these species. Inorder to better call attention to these conservation issues, we name one of the new species in honor of Prince Charles ofWales, who is contributing significantly to the growth of awareness in the battle against tropical deforestation, climate change, and the catastrophic extinction of rainforest amphibians.