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Objective Given the superior patency of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and the decreased risk of infection compared with arteriovenous grafts, the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines have recommended the fistula-first approach. However, ∼20% to 60% of all fistulas will fail to mature. We have described our experience with a novel technique using bovine pericardial patch angioplasty to increase the rate of AVF maturation. Methods We used 2-cm × 9-cm-long or 2.5-cm × 15-cm-long segment pericardial patch angioplasty to assist in the maturation of AVFs. A single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted of all patients who had undergone patch angioplasty maturation (PAM) for AVFs that had failed to mature. The outcomes of interest were maturation status and patency, censored by the death and last known follow-up dates. Results From March 2007 to October 2019, 139 patients had undergone PAM. Follow-up data were available for 137 of the 139 patients (98.6%), with 126 AVFs (92.0%) progressing to maturation. Of the 126 patients with AVFs that had progressed to maturity, the previous hemodialysis (HD) method was known for 88 patients (69.8%). Of these 88 patients, 70 (79.5%) had previously been receiving HD via an HD catheter. Using a Kaplan-Meier estimator censored for death and loss to follow-up, the assisted primary patency rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 87.3%, 78.1%, and 68.0%, respectively. Of the 137 patients, 69 (54.8%) had required no additional interventions after patch angioplasty. The complications requiring intervention were stenosis (n = 45; 32.8%), thrombosis (n = 10; 7.3%), infection (n = 3; 2.2%), steal syndrome (n = 3; 2.2%), noninfected wound complications (n = 1; 0.8%), and pseudoaneurysm (n = 1; 0.8%). The average interval to intervention after patch angioplasty was 4.56 months. Conclusions Long-segment bovine pericardial PAM can be performed safely to treat nonmaturing AVFs, with a 92.0% successful maturation rate and patency rates comparable to those for AVFs. PAM should be a consideration for patients with nonmaturing AVFs.

Introduction:In patients who receive chronic hemodialysis but do not have autogenous venous conduit for a native dialysis access, nonautologous grafts serve as an alternative conduit of choice. This study compared the clinical outcome of hemodialysis access using bovine carotid artery graft (BCAG) and prosthetic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft in patients who receive chronic hemodialysis.Methods:An analysis of all patients undergoing hemodialysis using either BCAG or PTFE grafts from 2010 to 2017 was performed. Clinical outcomes were analyzed including graft patency as well as associated complications related to dialysis grafts and tunneled dialysis catheter (TDC).Results:During the study period, 142 patients received BCAG and 128 patients received PTFE graft implantation for dialysis access. The mean duration from graft implantation to graft cannulation in the BCAG and PTFE group was 12.3 ± 8.5 days versus 43.5 ± 16.4, respectively ( P = .01). Bovine carotid artery graft group had a higher 2-year primary patency rate (33% vs 14%, P = .03) and assisted primary rate (57% vs 23%, P = .02) compared to the PTFE group. The 2-year secondary patency rates were similar between the 2 groups (56% vs 53%, P = .69). Complication rates in the BCAG and PTFE group was 1.69 ± 0.24 per patient-year versus 2.54 ± 0.48 per patient-year, respectively ( P = .01). Tunneled dialysis catheter-related infection was greater in the PTFE group compared to the BCAG group (10.87 ± 2.61 vs 5.69 ± 0.98 per 1000 TDC days; P = .02). Bovine carotid artery graft cohorts group required a mean of 1.69 interventions per patient-year, compared to 2.76 per patient-year for the PTFE group ( P = .03).Conclusions:Bovine carotid artery graft permits earlier cannulation for hemodialysis access with superior primary and assisted primary patency rates compared to PTFE grafts. Patients with BCAG experienced shorter indwelling TDC duration and less TDC-related complications compared to PTFE cohorts.

Objectives To study the characteristics of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin lymphoma complicating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to identify RA-related factors associated with their occurrence. Methods A multicentre case–control study was performed in France. Cases were patients with RA fulfilling ACR-EULAR 2010 criteria in whom B-cell NHL or Hodgkin lymphoma developed after the diagnosis of RA. For each case, 2 controls were assigned at random from the ESPOIR cohort and were matched on age at lymphoma diagnosis (cases)/age at the 10-year follow-up visit in the cohort (controls). Case and control characteristics were compared to identify parameters associated with the occurrence of lymphoma. Results 54 cases were included and matched to 108 controls. Lymphomas were mostly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL, n=27, 50.0%). On immunochemistry, 4 of 27 (14.8%) lymphoma cases were positive for Epstein-Barr virus. On univariate analysis, factors associated with the occurrence of lymphoma were male sex (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.7 to 6.7), positivity for ACPA (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.0 to 15.7) and rheumatoid factor (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.6 to 12.2), and erosions on radiographs (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.7 to 8.3) and DAS28 (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.7), both at the time of matching. Methotrexate, TNF blockers and a number of previous biologics were not associated with the occurrence of lymphoma. On multivariable analysis, erosions and DAS28 remained significantly associated with increased risk of lymphoma. Conclusion Lymphomas complicating RA are mostly DLBCL. Risk of lymphoma in patients with RA was increased with markers of disease activity and severity, which supports the paradigm of a continuum between autoimmunity and lymphomagenesis in RA.

Introduction Children requiring long-term hemodialysis often face significant challenges due to their young age and small-vessel caliber for arteriovenous (AV) access creation. In this study, we report our experience of staged basilic vein transposition (BVT) in pediatric patients. Methods All patients undergoing staged BVT at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from 2003 to 2015 were reviewed. Indications for staged BVT included inadequate cephalic conduit or failed AV fistula using cephalic vein. Pertinent clinical variables were analyzed to determine treatment outcomes. Results Forty-two children (24 males, 57%) underwent 46 staged BVT during the study period. Median age was 12.8 ± 4.8 years (range 3-18). The mean weight was 47 ± 5.1 kg (range, 13-126 kg), with four children (10%) weighing ≤20 kg. Mean operative times for initial brachiobasilic AV fistula and staged BVT were 39 ± 12 minutes and 66 ± 17 minutes, respectively. Mean follow-up period was 5.4 ± 1.8 years. Functional maturation was achieved in 93% of BVTs. Early fistula thrombosis within 30 days following BVT occurred in four patients (10%). Late BVT thrombosis occurred in 13 patients (31%). Primary patency rates at 2 years and 4 years were 78% and 72%, respectively. Secondary patency rates at 2 years and 4 years were 86% and 82%, respectively. Conclusions Staged BVT is a durable and reliable autologous hemodialysis access in children who do not have adequate cephalic venous conduit.

Peripheral arterial aneurysms in children are uncommon. We report a 6-year-old boy who developed a right posterior tibial artery aneurysm with symptoms including pain and pulsatile tenderness. His genetic testing revealed a SMAD3 mutation, a condition associated with familial aortic aneurysm, early-onset of osteoarthritis, and peripheral aneurysms. The posterior tibial artery aneurysm was treated with surgical resection and primary anastomosis. The patient remained free of symptoms or aneurysm recurrence in his tibial artery 2 years later. This represents the first reported case of pediatric tibial artery aneurysm linked to a SMAD3 mutation.

IntroductionHeparin-bonded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts (Propaten, WL Gore, Flagstaff, AZ, USA) have been shown to have superior patency compared to standard prosthetic grafts in leg bypass. This study analyzed the outcomes of Propaten grafts with distal anastomotic patch versus autogenous saphenous vein grafts in tibial artery bypass.MethodsA retrospective analysis of prospective collected data was performed during a recent 15-year period. Sixty-two Propaten bypass grafts with distal anastomotic patch (Propaten group) were compared with 46 saphenous vein graft (vein group). Pertinent clinical variables including graft patency and limb salvage were analyzed.ResultsBoth groups had similar clinical risk factors, bypass indications, and target vessel for tibial artery anastomoses. Decreased trends of operative time (196 ± 34 min vs. 287 ± 65 min, p = 0.07) and length of hospital stay (5.2 ± 2.3 days vs. 7.5 ± 3.6, p = 0.08) were noted in the Propaten group compared to the vein group. Similar primary patency rates were noted at four years between the Propaten and vein groups (85%, 71%, 64%, and 57%, vs. 87%, 78%, 67%, and 61% respectively; p = 0.97). Both groups had comparable secondary patency rates yearly in four years (the Propaten group: 84%, 76%, 74%, and 67%, respectively; the vein group: 88%, 79%, 76%, and 72%, respectively; p = 0.94). The limb salvage rates were equivalent between the Propaten and vein group at four years (84% vs. 92%, p = 0.89). Multivariate analysis showed active tobacco usage and poor run-off score as predictors for graft occlusion.ConclusionsPropaten grafts with distal anastomotic patch have similar clinical outcomes compared to the saphenous vein graft in tibial artery bypass. Our data support the use of Propaten graft with distal anastomotic patch as a viable conduit of choice in patients undergoing tibial artery bypass.

Although biological grafts have been utilized as a vascular conduit in leg bypass for many years, reports of a bovine carotid artery graft (BCAG) in lower extremity revascularization have been scarce. This study analyzed the outcome of lower leg bypass using BCAG. A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of all patients undergoing lower extremity bypass using BCAG from 2002 to 2017 was performed. Clinical outcomes including graft patency and limb salvage were evaluated. A total of 124 BCAG (Artegraft, North Brunswick, NJ) were implanted in 120 patients for lower extremity revascularization. Surgical indications included disabling claudication in 12%, rest pain in 36%, tissue loss in 48%, and infected prosthetic graft replacement in 3%. Autologous saphenous vein was either inadequate or absent in 72% of patients. BCAG was used in 46 patients (37%) who had a prior failed ipsilateral leg bypass. Distal anastomosis was performed in the above-knee popliteal artery, below-knee popliteal artery, and tibial artery in 30 cases (25%), 32 cases (26%), and 48 cases (39%), respectively. Distal anastomotic patch was created in all tibial artery to allow BCAG-tibial reconstruction. The yearly primary patency rates in 5 years were 86.5, 76.4, 72.2, 68.3, and 67.5%, respectively. The corresponding yearly secondary patency rates were 88.5, 84.7, 82.4, 78.5, and 75.6%, respectively. The limb salvage rate at one year was 83.6% and at five years was 86.2% for patients with critical limb ischemia. Multivariate analysis showed poor runoff score (P = 0.03, 95% CI, 1.3–5.3; OR, 1.6) was independently associated with graft occlusion. BCAG is an excellent vascular conduit and provides good long-term results in lower extremity bypass.

Multiple studies have evaluated the effect of anesthesia type on carotid endarterectomy with inconsistent results. Our study compared 30-day postoperative myocardial infarction, stroke, and mortality between carotid endarterectomy under local or regional anesthesia and carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia utilizing National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. All patients listed in National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database that underwent carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia and local or regional anesthesia from 2005 to 2011 were included with the exception of patients undergoing simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting. The data revealed substantial differences between the two groups compared, and these were adjusted using multiple logistic regression. Postoperative myocardial infarction, stroke, and death at 30 days were compared between the two groups. A total of 42,265 carotid endarterectomy cases were included. A total of 37,502 (88.7%) were performed under general anesthesia and 4763 (11.3%) under local or regional anesthesia. Carotid endarterectomy under local or regional anesthesia had a significantly decreased risk of 30-day postoperative myocardial infarction when compared to carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia (0.4% vs 0.86%, p = 0.012). No statistically significant differences were found in postoperative stroke or mortality. Carotid endarterectomy under local or regional anesthesia carries a decreased risk of postoperative myocardial infarction when compared to carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia. Therefore, patients at risk of postoperative myocardial infarction undergoing carotid endarterectomy, consideration of local or regional anesthesia may reduce that risk.

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) was presented by carotid revascularization endarterectomy versus stenting trial as a minimally invasive approach with less risk of postoperative myocardial infarction (MI) when compared to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Our study aimed to compare the postoperative MI rate for CAS with CEA under general anesthesia (GA) and local anesthesia (LA). A retrospective study was conducted at our institution comparing CAS with CEA under LA and CEA under GA. Thirty-day postoperative MI and strokes were evaluated for the different subgroups. A total of 1127 procedures were included in the analysis: 421 CEAs under GA, 611 CEAs under LA, and 95 CAS. No significant difference in postoperative MI was encountered between CAS and CEA under LA (0.2% vs 1.1%, P = .25). The CEA under GA was found to have a statistically significant higher risk of MI compared to LA (1.2% vs 0.2%, P = .044). Our evidence suggests that CEA under LA does not have an increased risk of MI compared to CAS.

Introduction: Laparoscopic insertion of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter has become a preferred method compared to the traditional open technique for PD catheter insertion. We retrospectively report the outcome of 1-port laparoscopic placement PD catheters in our institution. Methods: A total of 263 patients with end-stage renal disease who underwent single-trocar laparoscopic PD catheter insertion during a recent 6-year period were reviewed. Laparoscopic technique involves introducing a PD catheter over a stiff guidewire into the abdominal cavity through a 10-mm laparoscopic port. Pertinent clinical variables, procedural complications, and follow-up outcome were analyzed. Results: There were 182 men and 81 women. The mean age was 56 years. Technical success was 95.8%. Catheter occlusion was the most common early complications ( 6 months) including catheter occlusion, cuff extrusion, catheter leakage, catheter migration, infection, and hernia occurred in 5 patients (1.9%), 2 patients (0.8%), 3 patients (1.1%), 3 patients (1.1%), 6 patients (2.3%), and 4 patients (1.5), respectively. Mean follow-up time was 39 ± 18 months. Catheter survival rate at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years was 96%, 94%, 90%, 85%, and 82%, respectively. Conclusion: Laparoscopic PD catheter implantation via a single-trocar utilizing a stiff guidewire technique is feasible and safe. This method can result in low complication and high catheter survival rate.

Crossed fused renal ectopia, a congenital anomaly in 1 of 7,000 individuals, presents a challenge during endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Most treatment approaches in these patients have involved open surgical repair of the aneurysm or endovascular repair with coverage of the ectopic renal artery. We present what we think is the first case of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with use of the chimney technique (parallel stent-grafting) to preserve an ectopic renal artery, in an 88-year-old man who was at high risk for open surgery. In addition to the patient's case, we discuss the relevant medical literature.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The optimal treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is not well defined, in part because these patients are underrepresented in clinical studies. Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) after high-dose melphalan chemotherapy can result in a prolonged response duration and survival in patients under 65 years of age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Single-center, retrospective study of patients treated at Paoli-Calmettes Institute Cancer Centre, between January 1994 and January 2007 (96 months) PATIENTS AND METHODS: We compared the outcome of elderly (age >65 years) patients with younger patients aged between 60 and 65 years with MM. RESULTS: We compared 82 elderly patients with 104 younger patients. Except for age, both groups had comparable demographic features, disease characteristics, and prognostic factors. Induction VAD chemotherapy was comparable between the elderly (87%) and younger (94%) group. Prior to auto-SCT, the calculated hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific co-morbidity index was also comparable. With a median follow-up of 41 months (range, 5-227 months) after auto-SCT, 120 patients were still alive. Disease progression (n=40; 61%) was the main cause of death, and it was comparable in the two groups. Auto-SCT-related mortality was 3.8% (n=4/104) in younger and 3.7% (n=3/82) in older patients. Comparing younger/older subjects, progression-free survival was significantly higher in the younger group (P

This article mainly reviews hypercoagulability--and specifically inherited thrombophilia--in different types of surgery including kidney transplantation, simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation, orthopedic surgery, vascular surgery, cardiac surgery and other categories of surgical procedures, with a major focus on its associated complications and the need to screen or not. A search was conducted using Medline and cross-referencing for articles related to thrombophilia, screening for it, and its association with surgical complications post-op. Thrombosis associated predisposing entities like factor V Leiden, Prothrombin and Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutations, in addition to Protein C and S deficiencies, are discussed. In addition, common and relatively uncommon complications of thrombophilia in the above mentioned surgeries will be covered in length, as well as the necessity to screen for thrombophilia prior to the surgical step. This topic is gaining more and more importance for both surgeons and internists (especially Hematologists) and we, herein, present a general review of the published literature as an update on the subject.

Objectives Thoracic outlet syndrome, a condition commonly reported in adults, occurs infrequently in the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to assess the outcome of surgical interventions of thoracic outlet syndrome in pediatric patients. Methods Clinical records of all pediatric patients with thoracic outlet syndrome who underwent operative repair from 2002 to 2015 in a tertiary pediatric hospital were reviewed. Pertinent clinical variables and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results Sixty-eight patients underwent a total of 72 thoracic outlet syndrome operations (mean age 15.7 years). Venous, neurogenic, and arterial thoracic outlet syndromes occurred in 39 (57%), 21 (31%), and 8 (12%) patients, respectively. Common risk factors for children with venous thoracic outlet syndrome included sports-related injuries (40%) and hypercoagulable disorders (33%). Thirty-five patients (90%) with venous thoracic outlet syndrome underwent catheter-based interventions followed by surgical decompression. All patients underwent first rib resection with scalenectomy via either a supraclavicular approach (n = 60, 88%) or combined supraclavicular and infraclavicular incisions (n = 8, 12%). Concomitant temporary arteriovenous fistula creation was performed in 14 patients (36%). Three patients with arterial thoracic outlet syndrome underwent first rib resection with concomitant subclavian artery aneurysm repair. The mean follow-up duration was 38.4 ± 11.6 months. Long-term symptomatic relief was achieved in 94% of patients. Conclusions Venous thoracic outlet syndrome is the most common form of thoracic outlet syndrome in children, followed by neurogenic and arterial thoracic outlet syndromes. Competitive sports-related injuries remain the most common risk factor for venous and neurogenic thoracic outlet syndromes. Temporary arteriovenous fistula creation was useful in venous thoracic outlet syndrome patients in selective children. Surgical decompression provides durable treatment success in children with all subtypes of thoracic outlet syndrome.

Recent improvement in the survival of patients presenting with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) has been credited to endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). We present our clinical series in the management of rAAA from 2007 to 2011. A total of 55 consecutive patient charts were reviewed. Thirty-eight patients underwent EVAR, 17 of the 55 patients did not have favorable anatomy for EVAR. Nine of the 17 patients underwent standard open repair. Eight patients underwent a ‘hybrid repair’ defined as suprarenal aortic endovascular balloon control followed by open repair. Overall 30-day mortality for all 55 patients was 22%. Mortality for the patients managed by endovascular aortic aneurysm repair was 26% compared with 22% with open repair. There were no deaths in the eight patients undergoing the hybrid repair. Endovascular balloon control of the aorta followed by open rAAA repair in patients who are not candidates for rEVAR has produced good results in our experience. Improved results being reported in the management of rAAA may not be on the basis of endovascular repair alone.