75 results on '"Eli Shapiro"'
Search Results
2. Credit Union Develop- Ment in Wisconsin
- Author
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Eli Shapiro and Eli Shapiro
- Published
- 2019
3. Perform hand hygiene and the doors will open – the effectiveness of new system implementation on paediatric intensive care unit visitors’ handwashing compliance
- Author
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Eli Shapiro, Keren Mahlab-Guri, Eric Scheier, Pnina Ciobotaro, and Alex Guri
- Subjects
Personnel, Hospital ,Infection Control ,Infectious Diseases ,intensive care units ,Epidemiology ,Humans ,Short Paper ,Hand Hygiene ,Guideline Adherence ,Prospective Studies ,visitors to patients ,Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ,infectious disease control - Abstract
Hand hygiene (HH) performance on entering intensive care units (ICUs) is commonly accepted but often inadequately performed. We developed a simple, inexpensive module that connects touchless dispensers of alcohol sanitiser (TDAS) to the automatic doors of a paediatric ICU, and assessed the impact of this intervention on HH compliance of hospital staff and visitors. A prospective observational study was conducted over a 3-week period prior to the intervention, followed by a 4-week period post intervention. HH performance was monitored by a research assistant whose office location enabled direct and video-assisted observation of the ICU entrance. A total of 609 entries to the ICU was recorded. Overall HH performance was 46.9% (92/196) before and 98.5% (406/413) after the intervention. Our findings suggest that HH performance on entering an ICU can be improved via a mechanism that makes operation of an automatic door dependent on use of a TDAS system, and thus contribute to infection control.
- Published
- 2021
4. POCUS to Confirm Intubation in a Trauma Setting
- Author
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Eli Shapiro, Uri Balla, and Eric Scheier
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Critical Care ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Point-of-Care Systems ,lcsh:R ,MEDLINE ,lcsh:Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid ,lcsh:Medicine ,General Medicine ,lcsh:RC86-88.9 ,Emergency medicine ,Emergency Medicine ,Intubation, Intratracheal ,Medicine ,Intubation ,Humans ,business ,Letter to the Editor ,Ultrasonography - Published
- 2020
5. Recurrent neonatal group B streptococcus cellulitis and adenitis syndrome with late-onset sepsis
- Author
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Eli Shapiro, Eric Scheier, Mikhael Chigrinsky, Alex Guri, and Uri Balla
- Subjects
Embryology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Late onset sepsis ,Neonatal sepsis ,Streptococcus ,business.industry ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Adenitis ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Group B ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030225 pediatrics ,Internal medicine ,Cellulitis ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business - Abstract
Objectives Group-B streptococcus (GBS) continues to be a significant cause of late-onset neonatal illness. Rarely does it present as cellulitis-adenitis syndrome, and rarely does the infection recur in the same infant after complete recovery. Case presentation Here we report a case of recurrent late-onset cellulitis-adenitis GBS syndrome in a term 12-day-old neonate. The infant presented with fever and cellulitis of the right neck. Full sepsis workup was normal and the infant recovered completely with antibiotics. Three days after the completion of antibiotics the patient returned to the emergency department due to fever, toxic appearance and rapidly spreading cellulitis, and adenitis on the left side of the neck. Blood culture revealed GBS. The patient was re-admitted to the hospital and successfully treated with a prolonged course of antibiotics. Conclusions This case highlights the importance of treating neonatal cellulitis with fever as bacteremia, and reminds us of the rare possibility of recurrent invasive GBS disease. Moreover, this case illustrates that GBS cellulitis-adenitis syndrome is possibly underdiagnosed in mild cases. Physicians should be aware that neonatal cellulitis can precede the appearance of severe sepsis. Neonates with fever and cellulitis without a clear external port of entry should undergo a complete sepsis workup and receive antibiotic treatment appropriate for bacteremia, even if the blood cultures are negative. Although the recurrence of GBS sepsis is rare, physicians should be aware of this possibility in order to treat the infection early.
- Published
- 2020
6. Optimization of Human mtDNA Control Region Sequencing for Forensic Applications
- Author
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Eli Shapiro, Mechthild Prinz, B S Carolyn Ng, Jessica Harris, and Véronique Bourdon
- Subjects
Sanger sequencing ,mtDNA control region ,Missing person ,Mitochondrial DNA ,Chromatography ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Biology ,Amplicon ,DNA, Mitochondrial ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Molecular biology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Hypervariable region ,symbols.namesake ,Capillary electrophoresis ,Haplotypes ,Genetics ,symbols ,Humans ,Typing - Abstract
Sequencing mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions I and II (HVI and HVII) is useful in forensic missing person and unidentified remains cases. Improvements in ease and sensitivity of testing will yield results from more samples in a timely fashion. Routinely, amplification of HVI and HVII is followed by Sanger sequencing using the BigDye(®) Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems) using 4 μL of ready reaction mix (RRM). Each sequencing reaction is then purified through column filtration before capillary electrophoresis. Using lower amounts of RRM (2 μL or 1 μL) and purification using BigDye(®) XTerminator(™) (Applied Biosystems) instead of columns showed no loss of sequence length and increased the quality and the sensitivity of testing, allowing HVI and HVII typing from mitochondrial genome equivalent to 125 fg of nuclear DNA, or 100 pg of HVI/HVII amplicons. Using this methodology, testing can be completed in 1 day, and the cost of testing is reduced.
- Published
- 2014
7. Polystyrene Microspheres as a Specific Marker for the Diagnosis of Aspiration in Hamsters
- Author
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Avraham Avital, Merav Tsuberi, Shlomo Margel, Eli Shapiro, Chaim Springer, Yoav Sherman, and Victoria Doviner
- Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Neutrophils ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Inflammation ,Sodium Chloride ,Pneumonia, Aspiration ,Microsphere ,Cricetinae ,Cytology ,medicine ,Animals ,Lung ,Molecular Biology ,Saline ,Mesocricetus ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Histology ,Cell Biology ,respiratory system ,Microspheres ,Trachea ,Bronchoalveolar lavage ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Inhalation ,Polystyrene microsphere ,Polystyrenes ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid - Abstract
The diagnosis of recurrent aspiration in young children is problematic because there is no specific gold standard test to be used. In the present work, normal saline or a suspension of white polystyrene microspheres in normal saline was instilled into hamsters' trachea (n = 42), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, microsphere index (total microspheres/100 macrophages), and lung histology were followed for 90 d. Naive animals (n = 6) had no tracheal instillation. On Days 1, 3, 10, 32, 60, and 90 after tracheal instillation, animals were killed (saline-instilled animals, n = 3; and microsphere-instilled animals, n = 4), and BAL was performed. There was a marked inflammatory response in BAL on Day 1 after tracheal instillation of saline or microsphere suspension. White microspheres were clearly identified within alveolar macrophages in all studied days. Microsphere numbers showed a 50% disappearance rate of 10 d. A mild peribronchial inflammation was noted in lung histology only on Day 1 after instillation. Microspheres were not detected in extrapulmonary organs. We conclude that polystyrene microspheres instilled in hamsters' trachea can be easily identified in BAL macrophages for as long as 3 mo and could potentially be used as a sensitive, specific, and stable marker for the diagnosis of aspiration.
- Published
- 2002
8. Expression of the familial Mediterranean fever gene and activity of the C5a inhibitor in human primary fibroblast cultures
- Author
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Polina Stepensky, Sima Calco, Eli Shapiro, Shlomit Eisenberg, Suzan Abedat, Ariela Bar-Gil-Shitrit, Simcha Urieli-Shoval, Yaacov Matzner, and Yehudit Azar
- Subjects
Immunology ,Familial Mediterranean fever ,Gene Expression ,Complement C5a ,Biology ,Pyrin domain ,Biochemistry ,Gene expression ,medicine ,Humans ,Interleukin 8 ,Fibroblast ,Cells, Cultured ,Complement Inactivator Proteins ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Interleukin-8 ,Synovial Membrane ,Interleukin ,Proteins ,Cell Biology ,Hematology ,Fibroblasts ,Pyrin ,MEFV ,medicine.disease ,Molecular biology ,Familial Mediterranean Fever ,Cytoskeletal Proteins ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cell culture ,Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate ,Peritoneum ,Interleukin-1 - Abstract
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an inherited disease whose manifestations are acute but reversible attacks of sterile inflammation affecting synovial and serosal spaces. The FMF gene (MEFV) was recently cloned, and it codes for a protein (pyrin/marenostrin) homologous to known nuclear factors. We previously reported the deficient activity of a C5a/interleukin (IL)–8 inhibitor, a physiologic regulator of inflammatory processes, in FMF serosal and synovial fluids. We now describe the concomitant expression ofMEFV and C5a/IL-8–inhibitor activity in primary cultures of human fibroblasts. Fibroblasts grown from synovial and peritoneal tissues displayed C5a/IL-8–inhibitor activity that could be further induced with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and IL-1β. Very low levels of chemotactic inhibitor were evident in skin fibroblast cultures or in peritoneal and skin fibroblasts obtained from FMF patients. MEFV was expressed in peritoneal and skin fibroblasts at a lower level than in neutrophils and could be further induced by PMA and IL-1β. In the FMF cultures, the MEFV transcript carried the M694V mutation, consistent with the genetic defect found in patients with this disease. MEFV was also expressed in other cell lines that do not produce C5a/IL-8 inhibitor. These findings suggest that human primary fibroblast cultures express MEFV and produce C5a/IL-8–inhibitor activity. The interrelationship between pyrin, the MEFV product, and the C5a/IL-8 inhibitor requires further investigation.
- Published
- 2000
9. Identification of a Peptide Specific for Aplysia Sensory Neurons by PCR-based Differential Screening
- Author
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Jean-François Brunet, Eric R. Kandel, Eli Shapiro, Sharon A. Foster, and Yuichi Iino
- Subjects
Transcription, Genetic ,Sensory system ,In Vitro Techniques ,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Species Specificity ,Postsynaptic potential ,Transcription (biology) ,Aplysia ,medicine ,Animals ,Neurons, Afferent ,RNA, Messenger ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Messenger RNA ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Nucleic Acid Hybridization ,RNA ,Anatomy ,Blotting, Northern ,biology.organism_classification ,Sensory neuron ,Cell biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,nervous system ,Peptides ,Biomarkers - Abstract
In order to identify genes specific for the sensory neurons of Aplysia, a miniaturized differential screening method based on the polymerase chain reaction and applicable to small amounts of tissue was used. One messenger RNA was isolated that is expressed in every mechanoreceptor sensory cluster of the Aplysia central nervous system. This messenger RNA encodes a peptide that seems to function as an inhibitory cotransmitter. The peptide selectively inhibits certain postsynaptic cells but not others and thereby allows the sensory neurons to achieve target-specific synaptic actions.
- Published
- 1991
10. Short-term Electrophysiological Actions of Insulin on Aplysia Neurons: Identification of a Possible Novel Modulatory Second-messenger Mechanism
- Author
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Alan R. Saltiel, S. D. Brown, Eli Shapiro, and James H. Schwartz
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Inositol Phosphates ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Second Messenger Systems ,Biochemistry ,Synapse ,Polysaccharides ,Internal medicine ,Aplysia ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Insulin ,Molecular Biology ,Neurons ,Neurotransmitter Agents ,biology ,Mechanism (biology) ,biology.organism_classification ,Electrophysiology ,Endocrinology ,Second messenger system ,Neuroscience - Published
- 1990
11. Comparative, in vitro, studies of hippocampal tissue from homing and non-homing pigeon
- Author
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Eli Shapiro and Andrzej Wieraszko
- Subjects
Long-Term Potentiation ,Spatial Behavior ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Hippocampal formation ,Biology ,In Vitro Techniques ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Hippocampus ,Homing pigeon ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nerve Fibers ,Orientation ,Neural Pathways ,Animals ,Columbidae ,Molecular Biology ,6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ,Lucifer yellow ,General Neuroscience ,food and beverages ,Long-term potentiation ,Electric Stimulation ,Electrophysiology ,nervous system ,chemistry ,CNQX ,Excitatory postsynaptic potential ,Neurology (clinical) ,Neuroscience ,Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ,psychological phenomena and processes ,Developmental Biology ,Homing (hematopoietic) - Abstract
The purpose of this research was to characterize morphologically and electrophysiologically tissue slices obtained from the hippocampus of homing and non-homing pigeons. When hippocampal slices from the brain of homing and non-homing pigeons are observed under the dissecting microscope, diffuse fiber paths can be seen. These fiber pathways appeared to be identical with the medial fiber tract (VM) previously described histologically in the hippocampus of homing pigeon. Visualization of these tracts in living slices allowed placement of stimulating and recording electrodes in corresponding locations in these slices in both homing and non-homing pigeons. Extracellular potentials recorded from VM regions of the brains of both homing and non-homing pigeons were sensitive to CNQX indicating that glutamate may be a neurotransmitter in this area of pigeon hippocampus. These potentials could undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) following high frequency stimulation. This LTP was blocked by NMDA receptor antagonist APV in the hippocampus of homing pigeon, but was APV-resistant in the hippocampus of non-homing pigeon. Extracellular potentials from the hippocampus of homing pigeons were increased in amplitude when slices were perfused with Mg2+-free Ringer, while potentials recorded from hippocampal slices from non-homing pigeons were unaffected by Mg2+-free solutions. Intracellular recordings from the hippocampal slices of homing pigeons revealed that about half the cells demonstrated excitatory synaptic potentials evoked by extracellular stimulation. The EPSP was sometimes large enough to trigger an action potential. Neurons filled with the fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow, in the hippocampus of homing pigeons showed multipolar structure. The response of these cells to extracellular stimulation provides the activity responsible for the extracellular potentials which can undergo LTP.
- Published
- 1996
12. Stereochemistry of the Aplysia neuronal 12-lipoxygenase: specific potentiation of FMRFamide action by 12(S)-HPETE
- Author
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Marc Klein, Eli Shapiro, James H. Schwartz, Mayumi Abe, Steven J. Feinmark, Anoopkumar Thekkuveettil, and Douglas J. Steel
- Subjects
Leukotrienes ,Invertebrate Hormones ,Neuropeptide ,Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase ,Membrane Potentials ,Aplysia ,medicine ,Animals ,Vasoconstrictor Agents ,FMRFamide ,Neurons, Afferent ,Molecular Biology ,Cells, Cultured ,Membrane potential ,Neurotransmitter Agents ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,Nervous tissue ,Neuropeptides ,Long-term potentiation ,Stereoisomerism ,Hyperpolarization (biology) ,biology.organism_classification ,Electrophysiology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Biochemistry ,Neurology (clinical) ,Invertebrate hormone ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Nervous tissue of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, generates arachidonic acid metabolites in response to neurotransmitters such as histamine or FMRFamide. In addition, identified neurons of Aplysia respond to the pharmacologic application of some of these products, particularly those of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway. We investigated the chirality of the initial Aplysia 12-lipoxygenase product, 12-HPETE, in preparation for more detailed metabolic studies and for the analysis of the physiological activity of the endogenous lipid. Neural homogenates and intact ganglia exclusively generate 12(S)-HPETE as do the better characterized mammalian lipoxygenases. The direct application of 12(S)-HPETE to cultured sensory neurons induced a hyperpolarization which averaged 2.6 mV. We did not find any difference between the response to the naturally-occurring 12(S)-HPETE and its diastereomer, 12(R)-HPETE which is not generated in Aplysia. Both isomers were significantly more effective than 15(S)-HPETE. In contrast, 12(S)-HPETE, but not 12(R)-HPETE, was a potent modulator of the action of the molluscan neuropeptide, FMRFamide. Prior application of 12(S)-HPETE to cultured sensory neurons increased the subsequent response to a submaximal dose of FMRFamide by 60%. On the other hand, 12(R)-HPETE reduced the subsequent response to the peptide by 30%. The lack of stereospecificity in the direct effect of the lipids differs markedly from their stereospecific effects as modulators of FMRFamide action. This suggests that there may be an important neurophysiologic role for these lipid modulators which is distinct from their direct effects, and also indicates that there are multiple sites and mechanisms by which lipid hydroperoxides act on neurons in Aplysia.
- Published
- 1995
13. Short-term action of insulin on Aplysia neurons: generation of a possible novel modulator of ion channels
- Author
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S. D. Brown, James H. Schwartz, Alan R. Saltiel, and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Inositol Phosphates ,Neuropeptide ,Biology ,Second Messenger Systems ,Ion Channels ,Membrane Potentials ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Polysaccharides ,Internal medicine ,Aplysia ,medicine ,Animals ,Insulin ,Inositol phosphate ,Membrane potential ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Neurons ,Neurotransmitter Agents ,General Neuroscience ,Hyperpolarization (biology) ,biology.organism_classification ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Second messenger system ,Neuron ,Ion Channel Gating - Abstract
In mollusks as in other animals, peptides can act as hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters. The presence of insulin in vertebrate brain as well as its actions on nerve cells led us to examine the electrophysiological effects of the mammalian hormone on Aplysia neurons. Application of insulin extracellularly causes hyperpolarization of L14 and L10, identified neurons of the abdominal ganglion. This hyperpolarization is associated with a decreased membrane conductance that reverses at -35 mV. We also injected inositol phosphate glycan (IPG) into the identified neurons. This complex sugar, which was purified from rat liver and which is a putative second messenger for insulin in nonneural vertebrate cells (Saltiel and Cuatrecasas, 1986; Saltiel, Osterman, and Darnell, 1988), causes hyperpolarization with decreased membrane conductance in L14 and L10 similar to the effects of insulin. Furthermore, exposure of isolated ganglia to insulin results in the generation of IPG with a compensating decrease in its glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol precursor. We suggest that, in addition to its other roles, insulin may function as a neuropeptide transmitter using IPG as a second messenger.
- Published
- 1991
14. Identification of histaminergic neurons in Aplysia
- Author
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J. Koester, James H. Schwartz, A. Elste, Eli Shapiro, and P. Panula
- Subjects
Physiology ,Immunocytochemistry ,Central nervous system ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Abdomen ,Aplysia ,medicine ,Animals ,Neurons ,Lucifer yellow ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,Immune Sera ,Histaminergic ,Brain ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Immunohistochemistry ,Ganglion ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Ganglia ,Antibody ,Neuroscience ,Histamine - Abstract
1. We have identified putative histaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of Aplysia californica by light-microscopic autoradiography after uptake of [3H]histamine and by immunohistochemistry with the use of an antibody specific for histamine. 2. In the cerebral ganglion cells previously shown to contain histamine (C2 and 2 large neighboring cells in the E cluster and a group of smaller cells in the L cluster) were identified both by uptake of [3H]histamine and by histamine immunoreactivity. The identification of C2 was confirmed by experiments in which individual C2s were characterized electrophysiologically and injected with Lucifer yellow before processing for immunohistochemistry. The giant serotonergic neuron did not take up [3H]histamine and was not immunoreactive. 3. In the abdominal ganglion two clusters of cells--one in the left hemiganglion and the other in the right--took up [3H]histamine and were histamine immunoreactive. These clusters are located in the regions occupied by the 30 identified respiratory interneurons, R25 and L25. Individual cells in the R25 and L25 clusters were identified electrophysiologically, marked by injection of Lucifer yellow, and processed for immunocytochemistry. Eleven of the 30 L25 cells examined (from 7 ganglia) and 2 of the 25 R25 cells (from 6 ganglia) that had been marked with Lucifer yellow were also histamine immunoreactive. 4. Also in the abdominal ganglion, identified cells in the L32 cluster were not histamine immunoreactive and did not take up [3H]histamine. These interneurons, which mediate presynaptic inhibition, had previously been considered histaminergic. Neurons in the ganglion known to use transmitters other than histamine (L10, R2, RB cells, and bag cells) were not histamine immunoreactive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Published
- 1990
15. A peptide neurotransmitter specific to mechanosensory neurons in Aplysia
- Author
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Yuichi Iino, Eli Shapiro, Sharon A. Foster, Jean-François Brunet, and Eric R. Kandel
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,biology ,Chemistry ,Aplysia ,Peptide ,General Medicine ,Neurotransmitter ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology - Published
- 1991
16. Biologically Active Metabolites of the 12-Lipoxygenase Pathway Are Formed by Aplysia Nervous Tissue
- Author
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Eli Shapiro, James H. Schwartz, Daniele Piomelli, and Steven J. Feinmark
- Subjects
Arachidonic Acids ,In Vitro Techniques ,Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase ,Arachidonate Lipoxygenases ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Lipoxygenase ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Aplysia ,Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids ,medicine ,Animals ,12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid ,Neurons ,Arachidonic Acid ,biology ,Chemistry ,General Neuroscience ,Nervous tissue ,Fatty Acids ,Biological activity ,Anatomy ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Biochemistry ,biology.protein ,Ganglia ,Histamine - Published
- 1989
17. Does Sincerity Matter? An Empirical Test
- Author
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David Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Baseline values ,Social psychology (sociology) ,Empirical research ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sincerity ,Reinforcement ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common ,Test (assessment) - Abstract
I conducted 2 experiments to test the hypothesis that participants who are given more (vs. less) sincere reinforcement will achieve criterion behavior sooner or more completely, and also tested for the Greenspoon effect. In each experiment, assistants' biases were measured and they were then asked to reinforce participants' responses under conditions where that reinforcement was either congruent or incongruent with the identified biases. Assistants' effectiveness under these 2 conditions was determined by measuring the shift in participants' responses from baseline values. In Experiment 1, 20 assistants reinforced designated responses by 40 participants to a 40-item questionnaire. Results supported a sincerity effect but not the Greenspoon effect. The results of Experiment 2 were nonsignificant, which I attribute to the use of a design resulting in less assistant–participant communication.
- Published
- 1981
18. Presynaptic membrane potential affects transmitter release in an identified neuron in Aplysia by modulating the Ca 2+ and K + currents
- Author
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Eric R. Kandel, Vincent F. Castellucci, and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Biological Sciences: Neurobiology ,Synaptic Membranes ,Neurotransmission ,Synaptic Transmission ,Membrane Potentials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Aplysia ,Animals ,Repolarization ,Nerve Endings ,Neurons ,Membrane potential ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Paroxysmal depolarizing shift ,Electric Conductivity ,Depolarization ,Anatomy ,biology.organism_classification ,Resting potential ,Acetylcholine ,chemistry ,Potassium ,Tetrodotoxin ,Biophysics ,Calcium ,Ganglia - Abstract
We have examined the relationships between the modulation of transmitter release and of specific ionic currents by membrane potential in the cholinergic interneuron L10 of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica . The presynaptic cell body was voltage-clamped under various pharmacological conditions and transmitter release from the terminals was assayed simultaneously by recording the synaptic potentials in the postsynaptic cell. When cell L10 was voltage-clamped from a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of tetrodotoxin, graded transmitter release was evoked by depolarizing command pulses in the membrane voltage range (-35 mV to + 10 mV) in which the Ca 2+ current was also increasing. Depolarizing the holding potential of L10 results in increased transmitter output. Two ionic mechanisms contribute to this form of plasticity. First, depolarization inactivates some K + channels so that depolarizing command pulses recruit a smaller K + current. In unclamped cells the decreased K + conductance causes spike-broadening and increased influx of Ca 2+ during each spike. Second, small depolarizations around resting potential (-55 mV to -35 mV) activate a steady-state Ca 2+ current that also contributes to the modulation of transmitter release, because, even with most presynaptic K + currents blocked pharmacologically, depolarizing the holding potential still increases transmitter release. In contrast to the steady-state Ca 2+ current, the transient inward Ca 2+ current evoked by depolarizing clamp steps is relatively unchanged from various holding potentials.
- Published
- 1980
19. Aplysia synaptosomes. II. Release of transmitters
- Author
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Eli Shapiro, James H. Schwartz, and Gilbert J. Chin
- Subjects
Synaptosome ,Neurotransmitter Agents ,Serotonin ,General Neuroscience ,Depolarization ,Articles ,Biology ,Neurotransmission ,biology.organism_classification ,Acetylcholine ,Choline ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Aplysia ,Biophysics ,Animals ,Autoradiography ,Cholinergic neuron ,Neurotransmitter ,Histamine ,Synaptosomes - Abstract
A subcellular fraction (P3) from Aplysia is enriched in synaptosomes (Chin et al., 1988) and is capable of accumulating 5-HT and choline. At an external 3H-5-HT concentration of 1.8 microM, the P3 fraction took up 0.12 nmol/mg protein in 30 min. Uptake was dependent on external Na+. Electron microscopic autoradiography showed that much of the accumulated 3H-5-HT is localized to synaptosomes. At 0.5 microM 3H- choline, P3 took up 0.11 nmol/mg protein in 30 min and converted 40% to 3H-ACh. This synaptosomal fraction was also capable of releasing transmitter. After 3H-5-HT or 3H-choline was taken up, P3 released about 5% of the total radioactive transmitter in a Ca2+-dependent manner during a 30 sec exposure to a depolarizing concentration of K+ (100 mM). Identified, prelabeled synaptosomes were prepared by injecting 3H-choline into the large cholinergic neuron L10. The abdominal ganglia containing the injected cells were then fractionated, yielding synaptosomes containing radioactivity derived from L10. After this synaptosomal fraction was exposed to high K+, 2% of the radioactivity was released in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This release was completely blocked by 0.1 mM histamine, a modulatory transmitter that has previously been shown to cause presynaptic inhibition in L10.
- Published
- 1989
20. Presynaptic inhibition in Aplysia involves a decrease in the Ca2+ current of the presynaptic neuron
- Author
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Eric R. Kandel, Vincent F. Castellucci, and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Voltage clamp ,Neural Inhibition ,Ion Channels ,Membrane Potentials ,Postsynaptic potential ,Aplysia ,Animals ,Reversal potential ,Ion channel ,Neurons ,Membrane potential ,Neurotransmitter Agents ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Chemistry ,Electric Conductivity ,Depolarization ,Anatomy ,biology.organism_classification ,Synapses ,Potassium ,Biophysics ,Calcium ,Research Article - Abstract
By voltage clamping presynaptic cell L10 and using pharmacologic separation techniques, we have analyzed the specific ionic currents in the presynaptic cell that correlate with presynaptic inhibition while assaying transmitter release with intracellular recordings from postsynaptic cells. We have found that presynaptic inhibition can be elicited in conditions in which the Na+ and the various K+ channels are pharmacologically blocked and depolarizing current pulses produce only an inward Ca2+ current. Both inward currents and tail currents at and above the K+ reversal potential were always less inward during presynaptic inhibition. The changes in conductance associated with presynaptic inhibition were voltage sensitive and paralleled the voltage sensitivity of the Ca2+ channel. We therefore conclude that presynaptic inhibition is caused by a direct transmitter-mediated decreased of presynaptic Ca2+-channel conductance.
- Published
- 1980
21. Aplysia ink release: central locus for selective sensitivity to long-duration stimuli
- Author
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Eli Shapiro, John H. Byrne, and J. Koester
- Subjects
Gills ,Time Factors ,Physiology ,Locus (genetics) ,Membrane Potentials ,Exocrine Glands ,Physical Stimulation ,Aplysia ,Reflex ,Animals ,Humans ,Short duration ,Motor Neurons ,Electroshock ,biology ,Chemistry ,General Neuroscience ,biology.organism_classification ,Aggression ,Electrophysiology ,body regions ,Synapses ,Neuroscience ,Agonistic Behavior ,circulatory and respiratory physiology - Abstract
1. A behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of defensive ink release in Aplysia californica was performed to examine the response of this behavior and its underlying neural circuit to various-duration noxious stimuli. 2. Three separate behavioral protocols were employed using electrical shocks to the head as noxious stimuli to elicit ink release. Ink release was found to be selectively responsive to longer duration stimuli, and to increase in a steeply graded fashion as duration is increased. 3. Intracellular stimulation of ink motor neurons revealed that ink release is a linear function of motor neuron spike train duration, indicating that the selective sensitivity of the behavior to long-duration stimuli is not due to a nonlinearity in the glandular secretory process. 4. In contrast, electrophysiological examination of ink motor neuron activity in response to sustained head shock revealed an accelerating spike train. During the later part of the spike train, compound excitatory synaptic potentials show a positive shift in reversal potential. 5. Our results suggest a central locus for the mechanisms that determine sensitivity of inking behavior to stimulus duration. 6. In contrast to ink release, defensive gill withdrawal was found to be extremely sensitive to short-duration stimuli.
- Published
- 1979
22. Discussion
- Author
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Irwin Ffiend and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Accounting ,Finance - Published
- 1957
23. DISCUSSION
- Author
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George T. Conklin and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Accounting ,Finance - Published
- 1955
24. THE MARKET FOR CORPORATE SECURITIES A PROGRESS REPORT
- Author
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Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Finance ,Economics and Econometrics ,business.industry ,Bond ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Financial system ,Market liquidity ,Interest rate ,Corporate finance ,Accounting ,Debt ,Economics ,Bond market ,External financing ,business ,media_common ,Corporate security - Abstract
AT THE END of 1945 the corporate universe was characterized by a low level of capital assets relative to sales and a high degree of liquidity. The decade ending in 1955 was noteworthy for the high absolute level of investment in plant, equipment, and inventory. Corporations experienced no great financing difficulties in carrying out their expansion program; interest rates did not rise sharply during the period. The bulk of corporate investment was financed from internal sources of funds-retained profits and depreciation allowanceswith internal sources more important in the first half of the ten-year period. The relationship between internal and external financing was primarily dependent on cyclical variations in business activity. In periods of rising business activity short-term borrowing and new security issues were utilized to supplement internal funds. In periods of declining economic activity long-term financing through security issues was continued on a reduced scale and short-term bank debt was reduced. Over the decade ending in 1955 there was an increasing trend toward long-term securities issued to finance investment in plant, equipment, and inventories. All bonds outstanding for nonfinancial corporations more than doubled from $23 billion at the end of 1945 to $54 billion at the end of 1955. There was some evidence to suggest that reduction in spreads between stock and bond yields encouraged stock financing in the latter years of the period. The most striking phenomenon in the long-term debt market was the precipitous decline in the importance of individuals as holders of corporate bonds. In less than twenty years individuals' holdings of outstanding corporate bonds fell from two-thirds to about one
- Published
- 1957
25. DISCUSSION
- Author
-
John Lintner and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Accounting ,Finance - Published
- 1962
26. PATTERNS OF BUSINESS FINANCING: SOME COMMENTS
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro and William L. White
- Subjects
Finance ,Economics and Econometrics ,business.industry ,Accounting ,Business - Published
- 1965
27. THE POSTWAR MARKET FOR CORPORATE SECURITIES: 1946-55
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Private placement ,business.industry ,Financial system ,Broker-dealer ,Investment banking ,Hybrid security ,Economy ,Third market ,Accounting ,Bond market ,Business ,Finance ,Corporate security - Published
- 1959
28. Capital Equipment Analysis: The Required Rate of Profit
- Author
-
Myron J. Gordon and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Finance ,business.industry ,Strategy and Management ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Decentralization ,Profit (economics) ,Physical capital ,Scientific management ,Dividend discount model ,Capital employed ,Rate of profit ,Economics ,Profit center ,business - Abstract
The interest in capital equipment analysis that has been evident in the business literature of the past five years is the product of numerous social, economic, and business developments of the postwar period. No conclusive listing of these developments can be attempted here. However, four should be mentioned which are of particular importance in this search for a more systematic method for discovering, evaluating, and selecting investment opportunities. These are: (1) the high level of capital outlays (in absolute terms); (2) the growth in the size of business firms; (3) the delegation of responsibility for initiating recommendations from top management to the profit center, which has been part of the general movement toward decentralization; and (4) the growing use of “scientific management” in the operations of the business firm.
- Published
- 1956
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. DISCUSSION
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Accounting ,Finance - Published
- 1969
30. Formation and biological activity of 12-ketoeicosatetraenoic acid in the nervous system of Aplysia
- Author
-
James H. Schwartz, Eli Shapiro, Daniele Piomelli, and Steven J. Feinmark
- Subjects
Nervous system ,biology ,Metabolite ,Nervous tissue ,Cell Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Aplysia ,Second messenger system ,medicine ,Arachidonic acid ,FMRFamide ,Molecular Biology ,Histamine - Abstract
12-Hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE), a lipoxygenase product, simulates the synaptic responses produced by the modulatory transmitter, histamine, and the neuroactive peptide, Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide), in identified neurons of the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica (Piomelli, D., Shapiro, E., Feinmark, S. J., and Schwartz, J. H. (1987) J. Neurosci. 7, 3675-3886; Shapiro, E., Piomelli, D., Feinmark, S., Vogel, S., Chin, G., and Schwartz, J. H. (1988) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 53, in press). The 12-lipoxygenase pathway has not yet been fully characterized, but 12-HPETE is known to be metabolized further. We therefore began to search for other metabolites in order to investigate whether the actions of 12-HPETE might require its conversion to other active products. Here we report the identification of 12-keto-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-KETE), a metabolite of 12-HPETE formed by Aplysia nervous tissue. This product was identified in incubations of the tissue with arachidonic acid using high performance liquid chromatography, UV spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. [3H]12-KETE was formed from endogenous lipid stores in nervous tissue, labeled by incubation with [3H]arachidonic acid, when stimulated by application of histamine. In L14 and L10 cells, identified neurons in the abdominal ganglion, applications of 12-KETE elicit changes in membrane potential similar to those evoked by histamine. 12(S)-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, another metabolite of 12-HPETE, is inactive. These results support the hypothesis that 12-HPETE and its metabolite, 12-KETE, participate in transduction of histamine responses in Aplysia neurons.
- Published
- 1988
31. Metabolites of arachidonic acid in the nervous system of Aplysia: possible mediators of synaptic modulation
- Author
-
James H. Schwartz, Steven J. Feinmark, Eli Shapiro, and Daniele Piomelli
- Subjects
Nervous system ,Arachidonic Acids ,Neurotransmission ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Membrane Lipids ,Aplysia ,Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids ,medicine ,Animals ,12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid ,Neurotransmitter ,Phospholipids ,Arachidonic Acid ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,Fatty Acids ,Histaminergic ,Articles ,biology.organism_classification ,Electric Stimulation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ,Second messenger system ,Synapses ,Arachidonic acid ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Neuron ,Histamine - Abstract
Release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids is receptor- mediated and might generate second messengers in neurons. We tested this idea using the simple nervous system of the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica. Aplysia neural components metabolize arachidonic acid through lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways. We identified 2 major lipoxygenase products, 12- and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (12-HETE and 5-HETE), and 2 cyclo-oxygenase products, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. These metabolites of arachidonic acid are formed in synaptosomes, as well as in identified nerve cell bodies, indicating that both lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways are active within neurons. Application of the modulatory neurotransmitter histamine to cerebral ganglia that had been labeled with 3H-arachidonic acid induced the formation of 3H-12-HETE. This response was inhibited by the histamine antagonist cimetidine. Furthermore, release of radioactive 5- HETE and 12-HETE was observed after intracellular stimulation of the histaminergic cell C2 in cerebral ganglia labeled with 3H-arachidonic acid. Cimetidine also inhibited this response. Application of serotonin or stimulation of the giant serotonergic cell (GCN) in the cerebral ganglion did not cause detectable amounts of the labeled eicosanoids to be released. We found that intracellular stimulation of putative histaminergic neurons in the L32 cluster of the abdominal ganglion, which produces presynaptic inhibition in L10 neurons, also elicited the release of 3H-12-HETE and 3H-PGE2. Thus, for the first time we provide evidence that synaptic stimulation promotes turnover of arachidonic acid in neurons. We suggest that metabolites of arachidonic acid are likely to participate in some postsynaptic responses to histamine and may be second messengers for presynaptic inhibition.
- Published
- 1987
32. 12-keto-eicosatetraenoic acid. A biologically active eicosanoid in the nervous system of Aplysia
- Author
-
Steven J. Feinmark, Daniele Piomelli, James H. Schwartz, and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Nervous system ,Eicosatetraenoic acid ,Metabolite ,Arachidonic Acids ,In Vitro Techniques ,Nervous System ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Aplysia ,medicine ,Animals ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,Nervous tissue ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Eicosanoid ,Arachidonic acid ,Ganglia ,Biological system ,Histamine - Abstract
The lipoxygenase product 12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE), stimulates the synaptic response produced by the modulatory transmitter histamine and the neuroactive peptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide) in identified neurons of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. The 12-lipoxygenase pathway has not yet been fully characterized, but 12-HPETE is known to be metabolized further. Therefore, we began to search for other metabolites in order to investigate whether the actions of 12-HPETE might require its conversion to other active products. We have identified 12-keto-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-KETE) as a metabolite of 12-HPETE formed by Aplysia nervous tissue. 12-KETE was identified in incubations of the tissue with arachidonic acid using HPLC, UV spectrometry, and gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. [3H]12-KETE is formed from endogenous lipid stores in nervous tissue, labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid upon stimulation by application of histamine. In L14 and L10 cells, identified neurons in the abdominal ganglion, applications of 12-KETE elicit changes in membrane potential similar to those evoked by histamine. Another metabolite of 12-HPETE, 12(s)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE], is inactive. These results support the hypothesis that 12-HPETE and its metabolite, 12-KETE, participate in transduction of histamine responses in Aplysia neurons.
- Published
- 1989
33. Biophysical mechanisms contributing to inking behavior in Aplysia
- Author
-
John H. Byrne, J. Koester, Eli Shapiro, and Norbert Dieringer
- Subjects
Cell Membrane Permeability ,Physiology ,Membrane Potentials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Exocrine Glands ,Aplysia ,Reflex ,Animals ,Humans ,Membrane potential ,Motor Neurons ,Communication ,Tetraethylammonium ,biology ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,General Neuroscience ,Conductance ,Depolarization ,biology.organism_classification ,Resting potential ,Electric Stimulation ,Aggression ,Synapses ,Biophysics ,Excitatory postsynaptic potential ,Potassium ,Calcium ,Ganglia ,Current (fluid) ,business ,Agonistic Behavior - Abstract
1. The release of ink from the ink gland of Aplysia californica in response to noxious stimuli is mediated by three electrically coupled motor neurons, L14A, L14B, L14C, whose cell bodies are located in the abdominal ganglion. The initial synaptic input to the ink motor neurons is relatively ineffective in firing the cells. As a result, a pause of 1--3 s often occurs before the cells attain their maximum firing frequency and cause the release of ink. Using current and voltage-clamp techniques we have analyzed the mechanisms underlying the firing pattern of these cells. 2. The presence of a fast transient K+ current appears to play an important role in mediating the firing pattern of the ink motor neurons. Their high resting potential (-75 mV) ensures that the steady-state level of inactivation of the conductance channels for the fast K+ current will normally be low. Thus a train of EPSPs or a depolarizing current pulse can activate this current maximally, thereby reducing the initial effectiveness of the excitatory input. 3. In addition to the fast transient K+ current, four other currents were identified: 1) a fast transient tetrodotoxin-sensitive inward current, presumed to be carried by Na+; 2) a slower tetrodotoxin-insensitive inward current, presumed to be carried by Ca2+; 3) a slow transient outward tetraethylammonium- (TEA) sensitive current; and 4) a very slow TEA-insensitive outward current. 4. A decreased conductance EPSP, which turns on over a several-second period, contributes to a late acceleration of spike discharge in the L14 cells. 5. The results suggest that a unique combination of biophysical properties of the L14 cells and the features of the synaptic input cause them to act as a low-pass filter in the reflex pathway for inking.Their high resting potential, which ensures minimal inactivation of the fast transient K+ current channel, makes these cells preferentially responsive to strong and long-lasting stimuli. The delayed recruitment of a decreased conductance EPSP augments the tendency of the L14 cells to fire in an accelerating burst pattern.
- Published
- 1979
34. Ionic Mechanisms and Behavioral Functions of Presynaptic Facilitation and Presynaptic Inhibition in Aplysia: A Model System for Studying the Modulation of Signal Transmission in Sensory Neurons
- Author
-
Marc Klein, Eli Shapiro, and Eric R. Kandel
- Subjects
biology ,Chemistry ,Presynaptic facilitation ,Presynaptic inhibition ,Sensory system ,Motor neuron ,biology.organism_classification ,Sensory neuron ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Modulation ,Aplysia ,medicine ,Receptor ,Neuroscience - Abstract
During the last decade a variety of pharmacological and physiological studies have indicated that receptors to chemical transmitter substances are located not only on the cell body and dendrites, but also on presynaptic terminals of neurons (Fig. 1). The finding of receptors on presynaptic terminals is interesting and important for three reasons.
- Published
- 1981
35. Formation and action of 8-hydroxy-11,12-epoxy-5,9,14-icosatrienoic acid in Aplysia: A possible second messenger in neurons
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro, James H. Schwartz, Steven J. Feinmark, Daniele Piomelli, and Robert Zipkin
- Subjects
Lipoxygenase ,Stimulation ,Second Messenger Systems ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid ,Isomerism ,Aplysia ,medicine ,Animals ,Neurons ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Histaminergic ,biology.organism_classification ,Electric Stimulation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Hepoxilin ,Second messenger system ,Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ,Arachidonic acid ,Ganglia ,Neuron ,Histamine ,Research Article - Abstract
In Aplysia neural tissue, the release and metabolism of arachidonic acid are stimulated by histamine or by activation of the identified L32 nerve cell circuit of the abdominal ganglion. Previously we found that histamine and intracellular stimulation of L32 cells, which are putatively histaminergic neurons, cause the production of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-icosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), a product of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway formed through 12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-icosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE). 12-HPETE, but not 12(S)-HETE, mimics the dual-action response of L14 ink motor neurons to histamine and stimulation of L32. 12-HPETE can also be further metabolized to 8-hydroxy-11,12-epoxy-5,9,14-icosatrienoic acid (8-HEpETE) which was identified by HPLC, enzymatic hydrolysis, and GC/MS. Production of 8-HEpETE is specific, as its positional isomer 10-hydroxy-11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-icosatrienoic acid is not formed after physiologic stimulation. 8-HEpETE can elicit the late component (hyperpolarization) of the dual-action response in L14 cells, suggesting that it may be a second messenger in Aplysia.
- Published
- 1989
36. Aplysia synaptosomes. I. Preparation and biochemical and morphological characterization of subcellular membrane fractions
- Author
-
James H. Schwartz, Steven S. Vogel, Gilbert J. Chin, and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Synaptosome ,Central Nervous System ,Membranes ,Calmodulin ,General Neuroscience ,Fractionation ,Articles ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Pertussis toxin ,Membrane ,Biochemistry ,Pertussis Toxin ,Aplysia ,biology.protein ,Centrifugation, Density Gradient ,Animals ,Centrifugation ,Ganglia ,Virulence Factors, Bordetella ,Protein kinase A ,Protein Kinases ,Subcellular Fractions ,Synaptosomes - Abstract
We prepared and characterized subcellular membrane fractions from the CNS of Aplysia californica that are enriched in isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Ganglia were homogenized in 1.1 M sucrose and fractionated on a 2-step sucrose gradient, yielding 50 micrograms protein/animal in the synaptosomal fraction (P3), which was enriched 3- fold in plasma membrane as compared with the initial homogenate. Quantitative morphometry of electron micrographs revealed that P3 contained 25% intact synaptosomes, a 5-fold enrichment over the homogenate. Although fractionation on a 5-step sucrose gradient reduced the yield of protein in the synaptosomal fraction to 40 micrograms/animal, this fraction (the 0.35 M/0.75 M interface) was more enriched in plasma membrane than P3 and was less contaminated by lysosomes and free mitochondria. By electron microscopy, the 0.35 M/0.75 M interface contained up to 50% synaptosomes. Synaptosomal fractions contained cAMP-, Ca2+/calmodulin-, and Ca2+/phospholipid- dependent protein kinase activities and were enriched in a Mr 40,000 pertussis toxin substrate, Gi/o. In the accompanying paper, we show that these synaptosomes retain the ability to release transmitters.
- Published
- 1989
37. VII. Members’ Shareholdings
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Political economy ,Political science - Published
- 1947
38. Credit Union Develop- Ment in Wisconsin
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Credit union ,Economics ,Financial system - Published
- 1947
39. II. Growth, Size, and Type of Membership of Wisconsin Credit Unions
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Type (biology) ,Economics ,Demographic economics - Published
- 1947
40. III. Analysis of Assets and Liabilities
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Economics ,Financial system - Published
- 1947
41. VIII. Earnings and Expenses
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Labour economics ,Earnings ,Economics - Published
- 1947
42. IV. Loans to Members
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Economics ,Financial system - Published
- 1947
43. I. Geographical Distribution of Credit Union Facilities in the United States, 1939
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
business.industry ,Credit union ,Economics ,Distribution (economics) ,Economic geography ,business - Published
- 1947
44. V. Mortgage Loans
- Author
-
Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Economics ,Financial system - Published
- 1947
45. Appendix B: Derivation of Quarterly Flows
- Author
-
David Meiselman and Eli Shapiro
46. Introduction and Summary of Findings
- Author
-
David Meiselman and Eli Shapiro
47. Appendix D: Dawson Estimates of Corporate Business Sources and Uses of Funds Statement, 1931–50
- Author
-
David Meiselman and Eli Shapiro
48. Description of the Data
- Author
-
David Meiselman and Eli Shapiro
49. Appendix C: Corporate Balance Sheets
- Author
-
David Meiselman and Eli Shapiro
50. The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in signal transduction in an identified neural network mediating presynaptic inhibition in Aplysia
- Author
-
G. Chin, Steven J. Feinmark, Daniele Piomelli, S. Vogel, James H. Schwartz, and Eli Shapiro
- Subjects
Neurons ,biology ,Presynaptic inhibition ,Arachidonic Acids ,In Vitro Techniques ,biology.organism_classification ,Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase ,Biochemistry ,Cell biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,GTP-Binding Proteins ,Aplysia ,Synapses ,Genetics ,Animals ,Arachidonic acid ,Ganglia ,Signal transduction ,Molecular Biology ,Histamine ,Signal Transduction
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