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Mohsen Aghaei,1 Ali Khodadadian,1 Karimi-Nazari Elham,2 Majid Nazari,1 Emad Babakhanzadeh1,3 1Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 2Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 3Medical Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranCorrespondence: Emad Babakhanzadeh Email emad.babakhanzadeh71@gmail.comAbstract: Insulin is implicated as a leading factor in glucose homeostasis and an important theme in diabetes mellitus (DM). Numerous proteins are involved in insulin signaling pathway and their dysregulation contributes to DM. microRNAs (miRNAs) as single-strand molecules have a critical effect on gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Intensive investigation done by DM researchers disclosed that miRNAs have a significant role in insulin secretion by direct targeting numerous proteins engaged in insulin signaling pathway; so, their dysregulation contributes to DM. In this review, we presented some major miRNAs engaged in the insulin production and secretion.Keywords: insulin, diabetes mellitus, microRNAs, insulin signaling pathway