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Titanium and its alloys are essential metals for orthopedic implant manufacturing due to their exceptional mechanical properties and biocompatibility, used extensively for treating various orthopedic conditions. However, Titanium (Ti) implants have a disadvantage due to lack of bioactivity, potentially affecting osseointegration and osteoconductive capabilities, and may take several months to integrate with bone tissue. In this work, we prepared a layer of 2D magnesium phosphate (MgPi) coating on the surface of titanium surfaces via the spin-coating technique. Various techniques were used to study the phase composition of the coatings, including FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, NMR, and XRD analysis. Morphology and chemical analysis were performed using Atomic force microscopy and SEM/EDX. Nano-scratch test and water contact angle measurements were used to measure adhesion strength and wettability. In addition, in vitro cell assays were used to assess cell adhesion and viability to determine how the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells reacted to the different treated Ti substrates. AFM results showed that the surface roughness became lower after coatings. MgPi-coated samples showed higher hydrophilicity, protein adsorption, and cell viability than uncoated samples. The nano-scratch test showed that the MgPi coating showed better adherence to chemically and thermally treated samples compared to untreated samples. The deposited MgPi coating has good adhesion to the Ti-substrates. Most significantly, compared to uncoated control (Ti) (p < 0.005) and chemically treated coated samples CT-MgPi (p < 0.005), MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation was significantly increased on thermochemical coated surfaces. These findings point to resorbable two-dimensional MgPi coatings as a potential candidate for promoting Ti implant osseointegration.

In industries as diverse as automotive, aerospace, medical, energy, construction, electronics, and food, the engineering technology known as 3D printing or additive manufacturing facilitates the fabrication of rapid prototypes and the delivery of customized parts. This article explores recent advancements and emerging trends in 3D printing from a novel multidisciplinary perspective. It also provides a clear overview of the various 3D printing techniques used for producing parts and components in three dimensions. The application of these techniques in bioprinting and an up-to-date comprehensive review of their positive and negative aspects are covered, as well as the variety of materials used, with an emphasis on composites, hybrids, and smart materials. This article also provides an updated overview of 4D bioprinting technology, including biomaterial functions, bioprinting materials, and a targeted approach to various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications. As a foundation for anticipated developments for TERM applications that could be useful for their successful usage in clinical settings, this article also examines present challenges and obstacles in 4D bioprinting technology. Finally, the article also outlines future regulations that will assist researchers in the manufacture of complex products and in the exploration of potential solutions to technological issues.

Articular cartilage (AC) has a low ability for endogenous repair, and current treatments are not completely efficient in generating strong and healthy repair tissue. As a result, there is a great deal of interest in cartilage repair and recovery of joint function due to the aging population and the increasing frequency of cartilage degradation and osteoarthritis. Thus, the search for better and more efficient strategies to regenerate articular cartilage to repair the joints in patients with osteoarthritis is a critical motivation. Biomaterials, which are made of natural or synthetic polymers, or a mixture of the two, serve as a scaffold for tissue regeneration. Cartilage tissue engineering (TE) seeks to develop a treatment that can effectively repair damaged AC caused by trauma or disease. In cartilage TE, scaffolds that provide a 3D environment like native articular cartilage for cells to proliferate, attach, and hence ensure tissue regeneration success are needed. For optimal cell activities, which is associated with proper cartilage regeneration, these scaffolds must meet all necessary criteria, including adequate architectural, physicochemical, and biological properties. This study briefly explores the evolution of scaffolds constructed of synthetic polymers and hybrid materials for cartilage tissue engineering. Initially, general information on AC is presented, as well as a review of medical approaches to treating cartilage injuries or disease. Following that, the requirements for scaffolds in tissue regeneration, specific materials, and techniques for producing them are briefly discussed.