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Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the traditionally underemphasized and overlooked roles of pastoral (livestock-keeping) women in managing their livestock, demonstrating the types of, and significance of, their knowledge for pastoral livelihoods and wellbeing. Such knowledge has been regularly dismissed by male pastoralists and by Western scholarship and practice due to a long history of emphasis on men's spheres of influence with livestock (namely, herding activities away from the home) rather than women's (namely, livestock caretaking activities and milk management within the home). In re-examining the spatiality and temporality of pastoral livestock management activities through a feminist lens, this article demonstrates how women's knowledge is key to functional herd health, food security, and cultural mores in pastoral communities. Drawing from a long-term ethnographic and mixed methods research project in southern Kenya's Narok County, it also demonstrates the gendered complexity of women's labor and care in human-animal-environment entanglements. In so doing, this study de-emphasizes the notion of men's formal ownership of livestock to highlight instead the important interplay of gendered labor, spaces, and bodies for pastoralists in accessing and managing livestock and related resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue de Synthèse is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue de Synthèse is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agroalimentaria is the property of Alejandro Antonio Gutierrez Socorro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le lait de chamelle a longtemps été exclu du marché compte tenu de sa seule disponibilité dans les régions parmi les plus reculées de la planète. Ce contexte est sans doute en partie à l’origine de la conviction qu’avaient les éleveurs chameliers selon laquelle, la vente de lait de chamelle relevait d’un « tabou » à qui on donnait éventuellement une dimension religieuse. Pourtant, associée uniquement à l’économie du don, cette posture a radicalement évolué en quelques décennies vers une économie marchande pour une part capitaliste. Le présent article tente de mobiliser ces concepts d’économie du don et d’économie marchande pour comprendre les mutations en cours et s’appuie sur l’exemple du Sultanat d’Oman pour illustrer ce que peut signifier la marchandisation du lait de chamelle. Le cas du Sultanat d’Oman est emblématique au sens où l’évolution y est récente et extrêmement rapide dans un contexte environnemental et socio-politique tout-à-fait particulier. Si les changements évoqués s’appuient sur l’exemple omanais, ils apparaissent largement universels et expliquent la forte croissance attendue de ce commerce du lait à l’échelle mondiale et pas seulement dans les pays traditionnellement producteurs.

Cet article analyse la contribution potentielle de l’élevage de précision à l’amélioration des conditions de travail des éleveurs engagés dans une démarche de transition agroécologique. L’agroécologie ne conduit pas forcément à de meilleures conditions de travail (temps de travaux, complexité et charge mentale, savoirs). Les technologies de précision pourraient aider à la transition agroécologique des élevages en réduisant les charges de travail, en donnant plus de souplesse dans les horaires ou encore en aidant à la gestion de situations complexes. Cependant, pour d’autres dimensions du travail à enjeux pour la transition agroécologique – l’autonomie décisionnelle, le rapport aux animaux et à la nature –, des réserves et des questionnements subsistent. Nous concluons que plus que les fondements de l’agroécologie et de l’élevage de précision, parfois antagonistes, parfois complémentaires, c’est bien la façon dont les éleveurs vivent leur travail qui sera important à prendre en compte pour que les technologies du numérique soit un réel support à la transition agroécologique.

À Singapour récemment, un restaurant branché a servi des nuggets préparés avec de la viande de poulet in vitro. Selon les clients, le produit était semblable en goût et en texture à la « viande conventionnelle ». Dans le National Review, un magazine conservateur, le journaliste Matthew Scully se réjouit de cette innovation et en souligne le caractère réhumanisant. L’objectif de l’article est d’interroger cette réhumanisation en montrant que le développement de la viande cultivée repose sur ce que Mauss appelait « une morale de marchand ». La viande cultivée renvoie à des enjeux économiques puissants et produit des alliances plus économicopolitiques qu’éthiques. Bien loin de nous « réhumaniser », elle conduit au contraire à remplacer le travail vivant des humains et des animaux par le travail mort des machines. Autrement dit, à nous déshumaniser et à nous asservir.

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue du Financier is the property of Societe Cybel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Singapore, on 19 December 2020, a trendy restaurant served nuggets prepared with chicken meat grown by the company Eat Just. According to customers, this product was similar in taste and texture to 'conventional meat'. In the National Review, journalist Matthew Scully welcomes this innovation and emphasises its re-humanising character. The aim of our paper is to show that this innovation, described by the journalist as a 'civilisational milestone' is based on what Mauss called 'a merchant's moral'. Cultured meat refers to powerful economic issues and generates alliances that are more economic-political than ethical. Far from 'rehumanising' us, it leads instead to replacing the living work of humans and animals with the dead work of machines. In other words, it dehumanises us and enslaves us. To show this, we first question the notion of 'real meat' and the historical dynamics that have led this product to being part of a project of agriculture without breeding. We then question the links between these innovations and the 'defenders' of animals and the planet, and the representations of animals underlying these links. Finally, we show that the morality of the merchant who promotes cultured meat is opposed to the universal morality of gift that has been building our relationship with domestic animals for ten millennia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the potential contribution of precision livestock farming to improving farmers' working conditions engaged in an agro-ecological transition process. It is based on literature reviews on work transformations related to the agroecological transition and the adoption of precision livestock farming, as well as studies conducted more specifically on the use of technologies for the agroecological transition. Agroecology does not necessarily lead to better working conditions, as workloads are not reduced, complexity and mental workload may even be increased, and knowledge is not always easy to acquire. Precision livestock farming is often associated with conventional farms. These technologies could help the agroecological transition of farms by reducing workloads, giving more flexibility in schedules, or helping to manage complex situations. However, for other aspects of work at stake in the agroecological transition – decision-making autonomy, the relationship with animals and nature – more reserves and questions remain. We conclude that more than the principles of agroecology and precision farming system, which are sometimes antagonistic and sometimes complementary, it is the way in which farmers experience their work that will need taking into account if precision livestock farming is to be a real support for the agroecological transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire - Équine is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire - Équine is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les politiques publiques parviennent difficilement à rendre les systèmes alimentaires plus sains et plus durables, en particulier parce que les enjeux environnementaux, agricoles, alimentaires et de santé sont souvent considérés séparément. Le concept de One Health a justement émergé pour raisonner conjointement l’ensemble de ces enjeux et trouver des solutions qui concernent à la fois la santé et l’environnement. Il repose sur un principe simple, selon lequel la protection de la santé de l’être humain passe par celle de l’animal et de leurs interactions avec l’environnement. Pour opérationnaliser le concept, nous proposons de considérer les organismes concernés (plantes, animaux, êtres humains, microorganismes), les échelles de temps et d’espace auxquelles les flux de matières ont lieu, ainsi que les niveaux de gestion qui les sous-tendent. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que cette approche, basée sur l’analyse des relations entre la gestion des agroécosystèmes et des élevages, l’alimentation humaine et leurs effets sur le système Terre (eau, sol, biodiversité…), permettrait de définir des politiques préventives et intégrées. Des exemples portant sur l’intensification de l’agriculture, les systèmes alternatifs, les controverses sur l’élevage et les évolutions à bas bruits de variables environnementales, sont examinés selon cette approche. Nous discutons des conditions du développement d’un récit mobilisateur d’acteurs territoriaux et des politiques publiques pour la promotion d’une approche systémique One Health dans laquelle l’alimentation est considérée comme un bien commun.

Studies of changes in the steppe pastoral system of the high plateaus of eastern Morocco reflect an advanced degradation of the rangelands resources. The causes are most often anthropogenic. The subject of this work is to identify the social and territorial aspects and their effects in the rangelands use in rural communities in high plateaus of eastern Morocco. The identification of socio-territorial units and the rangelands uses were drawn from local knowledge. The toponymic districts were demarcated on topographic maps before carrying out individual interviews and group workshops with breeders in the study area. The frequencies of their uses have been calculated and then compared with the level degrees of degradation of toponymic districts. The results reveal different strategies despite the community's anchoring in the collective area. The collective has been reduced over the years to a recognized space for ethnic groups. Access to pastoral resources raises disparities between the fractions on the collective rangeland’s districts. The ‘weight’ of fractions is a determining factor in access to resources and is not always correlated with the size of flocks owned. Grazing decisions are made at the individual level and take very little account of the state of resources. This motivate a mode of use which clearly contribute to the desertification of rangelands. Attendance in toponymic districts shows that almost all of the sites are regularly exploited by herders who have become sedentary. Less degraded sites are highly sought after and therefore subject to disruption and a source of conflict. The behavior of breeders shows a lack of strategy with regard to the rangeland’s changes observed in the study area and makes difficult to forecast recovery without appropriate management methods.

Copyright of Revista de Fomento Social is the property of ETEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La sélection de la luzerne dans des zones à fortes contraintes abiotiques a peu progressé dans l’amélioration de la productivité et de la tolérance. La difficulté réside dans l’identification et la caractérisation des paramètres liés à la résistance aux différentes pressions climatiques. Divers processus phénologiques, morphologiques, physiologiques et chimiques sont à l’origine des stratégies d’évitement et de tolérance. Le but de ce travail était d’étudier les divergences morpho-physiologiques et chimiques entre huit génotypes de luzerne pérenne d’origines différentes : 3 génotypes locaux (IRA, Gabès, Chenini) et cinq exotiques (Ameristand, Bami, Prosementi, Tamentit et Tata) ayant montré une grande tolérance au bioclimat aride en dehors de l’oasis. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’identifier deux groupes de génotypes suffisamment homogènes qui pourraient être considérés comme un patrimoine génétique intéressant pour les critères de sélection choisis. Ce pool pourra être le matériel génétique de départ pour la création de variétés synthétiques adaptées aux conditions arides en dehors des oasis caractérisées par des rendements frais et secs plus élevés (Ameristand, Bami, et Tamentit), avec une excellente tolérance à la salinité (Gabès et IRA).

Copyright of Trace: Travaux et Recherches dans les Amériques du Centre is the property of Centro de Estudios Mexicanos & Centroamericanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Il existe un consensus croissant sur le fait que la conversion des habitats naturels en agrosystèmes est un facteur explicatif important du risque d'infection et d'émergence de maladies chez l'Homme. Avec une biodiversité élevée, deux mécanismes sont à l'œuvre : une amplification des risques infectieux, par une présence plus importante de pathogènes potentiels, et une dilution du risque infectieux, par régulation des pathogènes dans un réseau fonctionnel vivant complexe. Par ailleurs, lorsque la biodiversité s'effondre, plus les écosystèmes se dégradent et plus les pathogènes qui y sont adaptés sont partagés avec l'Homme. L'augmentation croissante et toujours plus rapide de la conversion des terres et des têtes de bétail laisse présager la poursuite de l'accélération des épisodes zoonotiques au niveau mondial. Il est urgent de trouver des solutions locales, notamment par une transition agroécologique, pour freiner, voire renverser, cette spirale dangereuse. There is growing consensus that converting natural habitats into agro-ecosystems increases the emergence of disease and the risk of infection to humans. A varied biodiversity both amplifies this risk of infection, due to the greater number of potential pathogens, and reduces it by regulating the pathogens in a complex living network. When biodiversity collapses, ecosystems deteriorate, and these pathogens are shared with humans. With increasing land conversion and more intense cattle farming, zoonotic diseases may escalate worldwide. Local solutions must be found, in particular through agro-ecological transition, to slow or even reverse this dangerous spiral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of camel (Camelus dromedarius) production in the traditional livestock systems is increasingly gaining significance as a strategy for household adaptation to prolonged and recurrent droughts in African arid and semi-arid lands. There is increasing interest in promoting camels as a strategy to mitigate the effects of prolonged droughts in communities where camels have not been reared before. However, the intensity of camel adoption and the factors that drive camel adoption process in semi-arid Uganda are not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the level of intensity and socio-economic factors influencing the intensity of camel adoption in Karamoja subregion in Uganda. Econometric results show that age the of a household head was significantly associated with the intensity of camel adoption; whereas household size, credit access and crop area cultivated significantly decreased with the intensity of camel adoption in the region. Increasing camel adoption was possible with increasing access to capital; as well as carefully balancing the competition for labour with crop cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Épidémiologie et Santé Animale is the property of Association pour l'Etude de l'Epidemiologie des Maladies Animales (AEEMA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerrannée is the property of Edisud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pastoral systems worldwide secure rural livelihoods in the harshest environments on Earth. Their low productivity per area unit or head makes them the subject of much criticism with regard to their environmental impact, particularly in relation to global warming, desertification and land degradation. Such is the case of the traditional pastoral systems of Patagonia, a vast and isolated region where sedentary and mobile pastoralism coexist and contribute to shape landscapes and cultures. We argue that pastoral systems provide a wide range of ecosystem services that may compensate for their negative impact on the environment. We review the scarcely available evidence from Patagonia to identify ecosystem services and disservices associated with pastoralism, and pay special attention to the carbon balance: with C footprints between 10 to 40 kg CO2-eq.kg−1 carcass, pastoral systems in dry Patagonia are below or within the range of semi-extensive livestock systems worldwide (35–45 CO2-eq. kg−1 carcass). To inform development and policy, the assessment of trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services needs to incorporate the intertwined social and ecological dynamics of complex pastoral systems, along resource regenerative trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cet article, on examine les conditions et les conséquences de la découverte du dindon Meleagris gallopavo L. (Phasianideae). Je tente de cerner comment ce nouvel animal va s’introduire et s’implanter dans les langues, à travers la terminologie, dans le savoir scientifique, et dans les usages et les pratiques en vue de préciser les étapes de son acceptation jusqu’à son inclusion dans le corpus alimentaire européen. Pour cette enquête on analyse chronologiquement les témoignages écrits successifs, c’est-à-dire les archives qui ont pu être révélées par des historiens, et surtout les livres (de cuisine, d’agriculture, dictionnaires), afin de mettre en évidence les étapes de l’adoption du dindon dans notre civilisation européenne (Espagne, Italie, France et Angleterre).

Copyright of ESSACHESS is the property of ESSACHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resource depression and garden hunting are major topics of archaeological interest, with important implications for understanding cultural and environmental change. Garden hunting is difficult to study using traditional zooarchaeological approaches, but isotopic analyses of animals may provide a marker for where and when people exploited nondomesticated animals that fed on agricultural resources. To realize the full potential of isotopic approaches for reconstructing garden hunting practices—and the impacts of agriculture on past nondomesticated animal populations more broadly—a wider range of species, encompassing many “ecological perspectives,” is needed. We use bone-collagen isotopic compositions of animals (n = 643, 23 taxa, 39 sites) associated with the Late Woodland (~AD 900−1650) in what is now southern Ontario to test hypotheses about the extent to which animals used maize, an isotopically distinctive plant central to subsistence practices of Iroquoian-speaking peoples across the region. Results show that although some taxa—particularly those that may have been hard to control—had substantial access to maize, most did not, regardless of the animal resource requirements of local populations. Our findings suggest that this isotopic approach to detecting garden hunting will be more successful when applied to smaller-scale societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The consumption of meat depends first of all on religious prescripts: unlike Christianity, Judaism and Islam prohibit certain meats. Then comes the cultural status (distinct from the legal status) of animals: in Europe, the consumption of rabbits has declined due to his assimilation to a "pet". After an increase in the post Second World War period, meat consumption has been declining in Europe since the 2000s; similarly, in North Africa and the Middle East, its consumption tends to be closer to that of Europe. These fluctuations owe more to changes in living modes and standards than to animalist activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bien que disposant d’un appui des autorités nationales dans le cadre du Plan Maroc Vert, l’élevage camelin au Maroc est encore assez mal connu. La présente étude a eu pour objectif de disposer d’une description des types d’élevages camelins dans une portion vaste du sud du pays, caractérisée par sa grande concentration des élevages camelins. Pour ce faire, dans le cadre d’une enquête sanitaire, 168 éleveurs chameliers appartenant à neuf provinces du sud du Maroc ont été interviewés sur leur système de production. Les 168 troupeaux camelins ont représenté 11 426 dromadaires soit environ 10 % de la population cameline de cette zone. Au final, un tableau comprenant 168 élevages camelins décrits par 20 variables actives (taille et structure du troupeau, organisation de la gestion et pouvoir de décision, ampleur de la mobilité, commercialisation, pratiques de complémentation alimentaire et de prévention sanitaire) et deux variables illustratives (statut de l’enquêté et région d’origine) a été soumis à une analyse multivariée (analyse des correspondances multiples et classification automatique). L’analyse a permis d’identifier quatre types d’éleveurs : a) ceux possédant de grands troupeaux laitiers traditionnels, b) les citadins possédant des petits troupeaux, c) les éleveurs pluriactifs opportunistes, et d) les éleveurs parfois pluriactifs, faiblement intégrés au marché et sous-traitant leur activité d’élevage. Cette typologie paraît être très liée à la région d’origine des éleveurs indiquant une certaine spécificité régionale.

The latest Agriculture and Food's Law (Egalim) sets up during four years an experimentation with mobile slaughter tools, which breeders have been expected for a decade in order to disconnect with the industrial slaughter system. In the Luberon, a group of breeders, supported by peasant representatives, public and private partners, is engaged in the design of a truck-slaughterhouse. This article highlights the systemic changes necessary for the successful completion of this project. It meets on one hand some administrative and socio-technical obstacles, on the other hand various forms of moral and practical traduction of an ethic animal death within peasants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anthropologica is the property of CASCA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)