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Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from endometriosis is very rare. Moreover, endometriosis located on the pelvic side wall is uncommon, while its cancerization is quite unusual. We herein report the first case of retroperitoneal SCC arising from endometriosis. Case Presentation: A case of a 52-year-old woman with retroperitoneal pararectal right mass is presented. The pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed a retroperitoneal tumor extended to the right pelvic side wall. The neuropelveological examination completed the preoperative assessment, showing a right-sided sciatica and overactive bladder symptoms. Tumor removal was completely managed by a minimally invasive technique through the laparoscopic laterally extended endopelvic resection procedure and pelvic neurolysis. Final histology revealed a SCC in a context of diffuse endometriosis with a histologic continuity between the SCC and the endometriosis. The patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy with no recurrence after 6 months. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, the present case represents the first evidence of retroperitoneal SCC of the pelvic side wall arising from endometriosis completely resected by laparoscopic approach. Although its rare occurrence, the gynecologist oncologist should maintain a high index of suspicion for malignant endometriosis transformation in case of retroperitoneal pelvic mass and history of endometriosis.

Background It is unknown whether there is an advantage to using the wet-suction or slow-pull technique during endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) with new-generation needles. We aimed to compare the performance of each technique in EUS-FNB. Methods This was a multicenter, randomized, single-blind, crossover trial including patients with solid lesions of ≥ 1 cm. Four needle passes with 22 G fork-tip or Franseen-type needles were performed, alternating the wet-suction and slow-pull techniques in a randomized order. The primary outcome was the histological yield (samples containing an intact piece of tissue of at least 550 μm). Secondary end points were sample quality (tissue integrity and blood contamination), diagnostic accuracy, and adequate tumor fraction. Results Overall, 210 patients with 146 pancreatic and 64 nonpancreatic lesions were analyzed. A tissue core was retrieved in 150 (71.4 %) and 129 (61.4 %) cases using the wet-suction and the slow-pull techniques, respectively (P = 0.03). The mean tissue integrity score was higher using wet suction (P = 0.02), as was the blood contamination of samples (P Conclusion Overall, the wet-suction technique in EUS-FNB resulted in a higher tissue core procurement rate compared with the slow-pull method. Diagnostic accuracy and the rate of samples with adequate tumor fraction were similar between the two techniques.

Summary The first part of this overview on non-neoplastic esophagus is focused on gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s esophagus. In the last 20 years much has changed in histological approach to biopsies of patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease. In particular, elementary histologic lesions have been well defined and modality of evaluation and grade are detailed, their sensitivity and specificity has been evaluated and their use has been validated by several authors. Also if there is not a clinical indication to perform biopsies in patient with GERD, the diagnosis of microscopic esophagitis, when biopsies are provided, can be performed by following simple rules for evaluation which allow pathologists to make the diagnosis with confidence. On the other hand, biopsies are required for the diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus. This diagnosis is the synthesis of endoscopic picture (which has to be provided with the proper description on extent and with adequate biopsies number) and histologic pattern. The current guidelines and expert opinions for the correct management of these diagnosis are detailed.

Background Standard suction and slow-pull techniques have been utilized during endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of pancreatic solid lesions, but the correct sampling technique remains unclear. New needles designed to obtain samples suitable for histological evaluation have become available. We performed a study comparing the two sampling methods during endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) in patients with pancreatic solid lesions. Methods We performed EUS-FNB with a 20 Gauge FNB needle using slow-pull or standard suction techniques in a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. The primary aim was bloodiness of the collected specimens. Secondary aims were technical success and performance of the two techniques. Results 110 patients were included (55 per group). No difference in blood contamination was observed (slow-pull 80% vs. suction 74%, p = 0.917). Technical success was 95% (96% vs. 94%, p = 0315). Sensitivity (96% vs. 93%), specificity (100% vs. 100%), positive likelihood ratio (NA), negative likelihood ratio (0.04 vs. 0.07), diagnostic accuracy (96 vs. 93%) did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion EUS-FNB with slow-pull and standard suction techniques are comparable in terms of blood contamination providing similar high diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy in pancreatic solid lesions. The use of the new generation FNB needle allows to reach such high level of diagnostic adequacy regardless of the technique utilized.

Children are not simply miniature adults. The evaluation of their gastrointestinal disorders is therefore different from that in full-grown adults and requires a particular clinical/pathologic approach.Different studies have tried to assess the normal eosinophil distribution in the gastrointestinal tract in adults while very few studies have investigated the paediatric population, consequently complicating the pathologist's ability in identifying an abnormal number of eosinophils in this setting of patients.When evaluating gastrointestinal tract biopsies with eosinophilia, eosinophilic count must be considered along with other histological features like eosinophil distribution in the gastrointestinal wall, their degranulation, cryptitis and crypt abscesses, other accompanying inflammatory cells, apoptotic bodies, foreign material or microorganisms; these findings, although rarely specific, may be a useful aid for diagnosis.Reports should not include a diagnosis of primary eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EoGID) if clinical data and test results do not rule out other forms of gastrointestinal eosinophilia. A more descriptive definition like "with eosinophilic pattern" should be favoured over a specific diagnosis of "eosinophilic disorder" in order to avoid potential confusion between different entities.

Recent developments in endovascular radiological techniques and devices have rendered embolization a major therapeutic option prior to surgery in many renal vascular or neoplastic diseases. A 19-yearold female patient, with a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) in childhood, was admitted with severe anemia. Polycystic kidney disease in end-stage renal failure appeared four years before and the patient has been undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The patient’s medical history also included bilateral renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs). One year earlier, a unilateral endovascular embolization was performed to repair a bleeding aneurysm at the right renal upper pole. A second bilateral ruptured renal aneurysm was diagnosed at admission. To continue with peritoneal dialysis and prevent intrarenal hemorrhage and intraperitonal bleeding, an urgent bilateral renal AE was performed. Two months later she underwent a bilateral retroperitoneal nephrectomy. The posterior surgical approach, preserved the peritoneal surface area and adequate conditions to continue dialysis. At histology, bilateral AMLs were confirmed and a renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney was concurrently discovered. She undergoes continuous peritoneal dialysis. Urgent selective renal AE represents a feasible treatment for bilateral AML bleeding. It is safe and feasible before performing nephrectomy in patients with end-stage renal failure.

Summary Several pathological conditions, other than gastro-esophageal reflux disease and its complications, can affect the esophagus. While some of these can present with unspecific lesions (i.e. ulcers and epithelial damage) and require clinico-pathological correlation for diagnosis (i.e. drug-induced esophagitis and corrosive esophagitis) other conditions show distinctive histological lesions which enable the pathologist to reach the diagnosis (i.e. some specific infectious esophagites and Crohn’s disease). In this context eosinophilic esophagitis is the condition which has been increasingly studied in the last two decades, while lymphocytic esophagitis, a relatively new entity, still represents an enigma. This overview will focus on and describe histologic lesions which allow pathologists to differentiate between these conditions.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard of care for gallbladder (GB) pathologies. We evaluated clinical, ultrasonographic (US) data as well as histopathological findings in children affected with symptomatic cholecystic disease (SCD) who underwent LC, with the aim of defining surgical timing.Methods: We reviewed our cases who underwent elective LC (ELC) or urgent LC (ULC). Clinical, US, surgical and histological features were used to create different risk scores.Results: We considered 26 children (17 ELC/9 ULC). US signs were not different in the two groups (p > 0.05). Operating times were longer in ELC than in ULC (p = 0.01). Histopathological evaluation revealed fibrosis and atrophy in both ELC and ULC. The clinical risk score was higher in ELC compared to ULC (p < 0.001). An increased operative risk score was noted in patients with systemic inflammatory signs (OR1.98), lithotherapy (OR1.4.3) and wall thickening ≥3 mm (OR2.6). An increased histopathological risk score was detected in children with symptom duration >7 days (OR3.61), concomitant hematological disease (OR1.23) and lithotherapy (OR3.61).Conclusion: Criteria adopted in adults cannot be adopted to detect the severity of GB damage in children. A dedicated clinical and US score is mandatory to define the most appropriate surgical timing.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a global health problem with a significant percentage of patients progressing to chronic inflammation and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Whether or not γδ T cells contribute to initiation and maintenance of inflammation in IBD and in the development of CAC is not known. We have evaluated the frequency, phenotype, and functions of γδ T cells among tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes in healthy donors and IBD and CAC patients. Results show that Vδ1 T cells are the dominant γδ T-cell population in healthy tissue, whereas Vδ2 T significantly abound in chronic IBD. Vδ2 T cells produce more IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 than Vδ1 T cells in chronic inflamed IBD. In CAC patients no significant cytokine production was detected in tissue-resident Vδ1 T cells, but Vδ2 T cells produced remarkable amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α; these data were confirmed by the analysis of an independent cohort of IBD transcriptomes. Moreover, transcriptomes of IBD patients revealed a clear-cut clusterization of genes related with the maintenance of the inflammatory status. In conclusion, our results demonstrating that Vδ2 T cells have a proinflammatory profile in chronic IBD are suggestive of their participation in IBD and CAC pathogenesis.

Tumors of the submandibular salivary gland (SMG) are uncommon but sufficiently frequent for the physician to consider them in routine examinations and for the pathologist to be prepared to differentiate them from other tissue abnormalities. However, scarcity of specimens makes training difficult, a situation compounded by the lack of accepted universal diagnostic guidelines. Furthermore, there is little information on the chaperone system (CS) of the gland, despite the increasing evidence of its participation in carcinogenesis as a biomarker for diagnosis and patient follow up, and in the mechanisms by which the tumor cells thrive. We are investigating this aspect of various tumors, and here we describe standardized methods for assessing the tissue levels of two chaperones, Hsp27 and Hsp60, in normal SMG and its tumors. We present illustrative results obtained with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy (IF-CM), which we propose as a platform onto which a data base could be built by adding new information and which would provide material for developing guidelines for tumor identification and monitoring. The initial findings are encouraging in as much as the tumors surveyed showed quantitative patterns of Hsp27 and Hsp60 that distinguished tumoral from normal tissue and certain tumors from the others, and the results from IHC were confirmed by IF-CM.

Background and Aims: The benefit of rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) on the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) has never been evaluated in a randomized study. This trial aimed to test the hypothesis that in solid pancreatic lesions (SPLs), diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNB without ROSE was not inferior to that of EUS-FNB with ROSE. Methods: A noninferiority study (noninferiority margin, 5%) was conducted at 14 centers in 8 countries. Patients with SPLs requiring tissue sampling were randomly assigned (1:1) to undergo EUS-FNB with or without ROSE using new-generation FNB needles. The touch-imprint cytology technique was used to perform ROSE. The primary endpoint was diagnostic accuracy, and secondary endpoints were safety, tissue core procurement, specimen quality, and sampling procedural time. Results: Eight hundred patients were randomized over an 18-month period, and 771 were analyzed (385 with ROSE and 386 without). Comparable diagnostic accuracies were obtained in both arms (96.4% with ROSE and 97.4% without ROSE, P = .396). Noninferiority of EUS-FNB without ROSE was confirmed with an absolute risk difference of 1.0% (1-sided 90% confidence interval, –1.1% to 3.1%; noninferiority P < .001). Safety and sample quality of histologic specimens were similar in both groups. A significantly higher tissue core rate was obtained by EUS-FNB without ROSE (70.7% vs. 78.0%, P = .021), with a significantly shorter mean sampling procedural time (17.9 ± 8.8 vs 11.7 ± 6.0 minutes, P < .0001). Conclusions: EUS-FNB demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy in evaluating SPLs independently on execution of ROSE. When new-generation FNB needles are used, ROSE should not be routinely recommended. (ClinicalTrial.gov number NCT03322592.)

A limited number of sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation (SANT) have been reported in pediatric age. We describe the first case of SANT occurring in a nine-week-old female infant that was admitted to our unit for severe abdominal distension and rectal bleeding. Enlarged spleen was detected on physical examination. Laboratory investigations revealed severe anemia and coagulation abnormalities. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography revealed ascites and splenomegaly with a large mass at the lower medial splenic pole. A diagnosis of intraabdominal hemorrhage was presumed and an exploratory laparotomy was performed. A complete transformation of the giant splenomegaly to bossellated masses and multiple bleeding capsular ruptures without subcapsular hematoma were found and an urgent splenectomy was performed. At histology, a SANT was diagnosed (CD34, CD31, CD8 positivity). The postoperative follow up was uneventful. SANT may also occur in infancy with a potentially lifethreatening presentation. Splenectomy may represent the only treatment in severe cases.

Background and Aims Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the human gut with no clear aetiology. Traditionally, dysregulated adaptive immune responses play an important role even though accumulating evidence suggests a role also for innate immunity. Because of the well-known plasticity of γδ T cells, we investigated their percentage occurrence, phenotypic features and effector functions in the intestinal mucosa of early-onset and long-standing IBD patients, as compared to healthy subjects. Methods Fresh biopsies from 30 Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients were obtained and digested, and cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Results We found a reduced frequency of Vδ1 T cells in tissue from early and late IBD patients (2.24% and 1.95%, respectively, vs 5.44% in healthy tissue) but an increased frequency of Vδ2 T cells in the gut of late IBD patients (3.19% in late patients vs 1.5% in early patients and 1.65% in healthy tissue). The infiltrating Vδ2 T cells had predominant effector memory and terminally differentiated phenotypes and produced elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin-17 [IL-17]. The frequency of tissue Vδ2 T cells correlated with the extent of the inflammatory response and the severity of IBD. Conclusion Our study shows that tissue Vδ1 T cells are decreased in IBD patients while Vδ2 T cells are increased in the gut of IBD patients and contribute to TNF-α production. Moreover, we identify an as yet unappreciated role of Vδ2 T cells in IL-17 production in the gut of long-standing IBD patients, suggesting that they also participate in the chronic inflammatory process.

Introduction. Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen is a rare benign vascular lesion with unknown etiopathogenesis and with definite features of imaging, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. It was first described by Martel et al. in 2004, and to date, only 151 cases have been reported.Case Description. We report a case of SANT of the spleen detected in a 66-year-old Caucasian, without comorbidities, presented to our department with epigastric pain. We, also, presented a review of the literature.Conclusions. SANT is a benign incidentally vascular condition in the majority of cases. The wide age and gender distribution in our review is in accordance with that in previous studies in English literature. In our opinion, splenectomy is the choice treatment because it is at the same time diagnostic and therapeutic in a definitive way.