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In recent years, researchers have been exploring alternative sources of starch for drug delivery. Traditional options like corn, potato, and rice starches have been widely used, but sustainability concerns have prompted the investigation of nonconventional starches. Elephant foot yam starch, derived from an agricultural polymer, has gained popularity due to its wide availability. Starches are fundamentally unsuited for the majority of applications; they must be physically and/or chemically altered to maximize their advantages and/or minimize their drawbacks. Due to the chemical toxicity, starch modification is often done using physical techniques that are inexpensive. This study aims to evaluate the impact of elephant foot yam starch on the physicochemical properties and drug delivery of potato starch. Pregelatinization, a crucial process, is found to increase amylose content and improves starch flow properties, as confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showing gelatinization in the mixture. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images reveal complete disruption of the starch granular structure after modification. Tablets made with a mixture of pregelatinized starches exhibit a slower drug release compared to those with pregelatinized starch alone. Notably, inclusion of potato starch in the mixture results in a more sustained drug release. Hence, modified starches have diverse applications for enhancing solubility of poorly soluble drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roots and tuberous plants are vital food crops used as food supplements in many parts of the tropics. Being a major food item, starch is used in food products as thickeners, adsorbent, film forming agent. Starch, naturally, possess certain limitations & starch modifications can overcome the limitations, thereby increasing its versatility and meeting the needs of consumer. Current study focuses on comparative analysis between modified Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) starch using physical methods (heat treatment method, annealing and gelatinization‐retrogradation) and to study the effect of modification on physico‐chemical, functional, structural and thermal properties. Results reveal that all physically modified starches positively altered the functional and physiological characteristics of native yam starch. However, maximum restriction in swelling power (2.54 %), solubility (2.47 %), moisture content (1.96 %), water absorption capacity (1.41 g/mL) is observed in heat moisture treated (HMT) starch. These HMT modified starches can be used in the manufacturing of baked and dairy products having reduced glycemic index, can be used as a packaging material for coating of fruits and vegetables. Henceforth, suitable and relevant application of modified starches of desired physical and functional features may be produced for industrial utilisation, or as additives fulfilling specific purposes in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the effect of various pre-treatments (Potassium metabisulphite (KMS), KMS+Ultrasonication (KMSUS), KMS+Microwave (KMSMW), KMS+Hot water (KMSHWB) followed by infrared drying on the quality of Elephant Foot Yam (EFY). KMSMW-treated samples showed the fastest drying rate and highest moisture diffusivity, whereas the KMS-treated sample had the highest weight gain (171.57 %) in rehydration (80 °C). KMSMW and KMSHWB-treated samples exhibited softer textures in rehydration compared to control. Pre-treated samples had higher water absorption capacity and lower oil absorption capacity compared to the control. Pre-treatments also influenced the amylose content and the highest amylose content was observed for KMSUS (21.25 %). Pre-treatments positively influenced the retention of bioactive compounds and reduced the calcium oxalate (117.37 mg/g to 64.09 mg/g). Among all the pre-treatments, KMSHWB showed higher retention of bioactive compounds viz., TPC (297.67 mg GAE/100 g), TFC (922.22 mg QE/100 g), DPPH scavenging activity (57.91 %), ABTS (1.42 mmol TE/100 g) and lowest calcium oxalate (64.09 mg/100 g).

Conservation agriculture (CA) is a sustainable option to adapt to climate change. Weed management is one of the most important challenges faced by CA. Information on CA in cropping systems involving elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson), an important tuber crop, is lacking. Hence, this study aimed to determine the effect of CA in elephant foot yam on crop--weed dynamics, nutrient uptake, and soil microclimate. Field experiments were conducted in randomized block design over two seasons at ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, in elephant foot yam (var. Gajendra) intercropped with banana (var. Robusta) with five treatments viz., conservation organic, conservation chemical, conventional chemical, existing conventional [package of practices (POP) as control], and existing organic package. The weed flora was dominated by broad-leaved weeds. By the fourth month, conservation chemical practice reduced the weed density by 58.8% and weed biomass by 55% over existing POP. The total biomass production and its partitioning to corms, uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), crop growth rate, corm bulking rate, and harvest index of elephant foot yam did not differ significantly under conservation or conventional practices but were higher in conservation chemical practice. The N, P, and K physiological efficiencies were higher in conventional chemical treatment. The soil microclimate was improved, with higher soil CO2 flux and soil moisture in conservation organic or organic plots. The study proved that conservation practices involving reduced tillage, residue retention, and use of herbicides was a viable alternative in banana+elephant foot yam system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years during 2018-2020 to study the effect of integrated use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure on soil health and yield performance of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paenifolius L) - black gram (Vigna mungo L) cropping system in an acid Alfisol. Highest mean corm yield of elephant foot yam (26.50t ha-1), grain and haulm yields of black gram (0.63and 1.94 t ha-1, respectively) were recorded due to integrated application of farmyard manure (FYM) @ 10t ha-1 + ½ NPK followed by soil test based doses of 80-30-80 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O. Addition of 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (N) showed a corm yield response of 21, 39 and 33% over control, whereas application of 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 of potash (K2O) fertilizers showed a yield response of 24, 39 and 46% in elephant foot yam over control, respectively. Incorporation of FYM alone recorded an increase of 24% corm yield over control. The starch, total sugars and dry matter contents in the corms of elephant foot yam were found highest due to the integrated use of FYM + ½NPK. The soil bacteria and actinomycetes are involved in nutrient transformations in the soils and had a significant relationship with yield and proximate composition of elephant foot yam and black gram. Highest dehydrogenase (1.86 µg TPF h-1g-1), fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis assay (2.86 µg TPF h-1g-1), urease (282µg NH4-N g-1 h-1), acid and alkaline phosphatase activities (82.3 and 70.3 µg PNP g-1hr-1) were observed due to conjoint application of FYM + ½NPK. Integrated application of organic manure and half of the soil test based NPK not only sustained the soil quality but also enhanced productivity of elephant foot yam - black gram cropping system in Alfisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elephant foot yam and taro are the two important aroids of tropical tuber crops, considered as underutilized in the context of climate change and food security. The present study focused to quantify the future climate suitability of aroids for future climate scenarios 2030, 2050, and 2070 for the two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). The district-wise future climate suitability of elephant foot yam and taro using MaxEnt across India is quantified. The percentage increase in climatically suitable area for taro is 49% and the same for elephant foot yam is 46% which is higher compared to those of tropical root crops. A total of 218 districts are identified as highly suitable for the cultivation of elephant foot yam for different RCPs across India. A total of 209 districts are observed as highly suitable for taro cultivation across India for the two RCPs. The information about the districtlevel suitability can assist decision-makers to understand the possible shifts in the climate suitability of aroids in India in the context of food security as they have higher productivity compared to other major food grain crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elephant foot yam and taro are the two important aroids of tropical tuber crops, considered as underutilized in the context of climate change and food security. The present study focused to quantify the future climate suitability of aroids for future climate scenarios 2030, 2050, and 2070 for the two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). The district-wise future climate suitability of elephant foot yam and taro using MaxEnt across India was quantified. The percentage increase in climatically suitable area for taro is 49% and the same for elephant foot yam is 46% which is higher compared to those of tropical root crops. A total of 218 districts were identified as highly suitable for the cultivation of elephant foot yam for different RCPs across India. A total of 209 districts were observed as highly suitable for taro cultivation across India for the two RCPs. The information about the districtlevel suitability can assist decision-makers to understand the possible shifts in the climate suitability of aroids in India in the context of food security as they have higher productivity compared to other major food grain crops.

The present study focused on the effect of different drying temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) and combination of pre-treatments: potassium metabisulphite (KMS), potassium metabisulphite + Citric acid + blanching (KCB)] on functional, thermo-pasting and antioxidant properties of elephant foot yam (EFY) powder. Drying temperature and pretreatment reduces the water and oil absorption capacity, and the highest values were 2.34 g/g and 1.19 g/g for drying at 40 °C for the untreated sample, respectively. KMS pretreatment enhanced the bulk density, foaming capacity, emulsion capacity, and emulsion stability with an increase in drying temperature. Pasting temperature and viscosity decreased with an increase in drying temperature, and the maximum was observed at 40 °C for KMS pretreatment. Blanching increases the gelatinization temperature resulting in higher mid-and end-temperatures for KCB pretreatment. The antioxidant properties decreased with an increase in the drying temperature and were found to be minimal in the case of KCB treated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Elephant foot yam (EFY) includes a high degree of nutritious fiber, carbohydrates, glucose, protein, and sugars. It also has plenty of calcium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin C, and is a promising source of starch. Due to the presence of oxalate and acridity, EFY has been extensively underused. Researchers have employed a variety of ways to decrease calcium oxalate, including boiling and NaCl treatment. A novel technique like ultrasound is a promising technique for the reduction of antinutritional factors effectively by keeping the natural phytoconstituents in it. The reduction of antinutritional factors by ultrasonication resulted from the high temperatures and pressures generated amid the collapse phase of cavitation bubbles. Microwave heating depends on the dielectric properties of the food. The dielectric constant is the ability to absorb the energy, and dielectric loss is the ability to reflect where it is dissipated as heat. Because of its heat‐labile nature and the formation of insoluble complexes, microwave treatment reduces the antinutrient component. This review focused on several studies on yam oxalate concentrations that were conducted using various treatments. This would help researchers and the food industry find more effective strategies to reduce the antinutritional factor using frequency‐controlled power ultrasound.

The objective of this study was to observe the interactions between salt-soluble proteins extracted from beef and elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus) flour in heat-induced gel matrix development. The effect of salt concentration; 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% in weight/weight basis (w/w), during protein extraction on pH, salt-soluble protein concentration and myofibril fractions of beef extract was determined firstly, and no significant effect was found. The beef salt-soluble proteins extracted using salt solution at different concentrations were then added with elephant foot yam flour at 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w, gelatinized at 90°C for 20 min, and cooled down at 4°C for 12 h. The interactions between beef salt-soluble proteins and elephant foot yam flour resulted in an improved gel strength (p < 0.01) and the addition level of elephant foot yam flour affected the pH, instrumental color, moisture, crude protein, and ash content significantly. The addition of elephant foot yam flour also reduced the size of the pores in the gel matrix as shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs. These suggest that elephant foot yam flour well interacts with beef salt-soluble proteins to form gel matrix.

Agrobased industries are contributing socio-economic development of the country, distillery industries are using sugarcane molasses as a raw material for alcohol production. Every litre of alcohol production ten to fifteen litres of waste water generated named as spentwash. The disposal of spentwash is a seroious issue and looking for recycling option to enhance soil health.r Distillery Spentwashis important organic liquid manure contain high amount of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulfur and also it contains high amount of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron and molybdenum. Field experiment was conducted to study the efficiency of Biomethanated distillery spentwash, on improving the yield and quality of Yam at Research and Development farm of Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd., Modur, Sathyamangalamtaluk, Erode district. Distillery Spentwashwas applied in a field with the treatments from 10 to 60 KL/ha and soil samples are collected at initial, vegetative and harvesting stage of Elephant foot yam. The application of spent wash as manure was improved soil health and resulted in increasedroot and shoot length quality and yield of Elephant foot Yam. There was enhanced available N andK status of soil with the application of spent wash, particularly for K.The increase in yield and quality parameters was observed at harvest stage of Elephant foot Yam.Application of Biomethanated Distillery Spentwashat 50 KL/ha recorded higher yield of 38.20 t /ha. Elephant foot yam quality parameters like Carbohydrate, Vitamin C, Beta carotene were significantly increased when compared to control field.

Agrobased industries are contributing socio-economic development of the country, distillery industries are using sugarcane molasses as a raw material for alcohol production. Every litre of alcohol production ten to fifteen litres of waste water generated named as spentwash. The disposal of spentwash is a seroious issue and looking for recycling option to enhance soil health.r Distillery Spentwashis important organic liquid manure contain high amount of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulfur and also it contains high amount of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron and molybdenum. Field experiment was conducted to study the efficiency of Biomethanated distillery spentwash, on improving the yield and quality of Yam at Research and Development farm of Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd., Modur, Sathyamangalamtaluk, Erode district. Distillery Spentwashwas applied in a field with the treatments from 10 to 60 KL/ha and soil samples are collected at initial, vegetative and harvesting stage of Elephant foot yam. The application of spent wash as manure was improved soil health and resulted in increasedroot and shoot length quality and yield of Elephant foot Yam. There was enhanced available N andK status of soil with the application of spent wash, particularly for K. The increase in yield and quality parameters was observed at harvest stage of Elephant foot Yam. Application of Biomethanated Distillery Spentwashat 50 KL/ha recorded higher yield of 38.20 t/ha. Elephant foot yam quality parameters like Carbohydrate, Vitamin C, Beta carotene were significantly increased when compared to control field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Below ground crops in general are regarded as the Treasures in the soil in view of their very high-yield potentialwhich in turn is hidden inside the soil. Taking into account the potentialities of below ground crops under the presentscenario of global environmental change, these crops can be regarded as the Future crops for the millennium. Belowground crops are the most important land-grown food crops after cereals and grain legumes. They are either thestaple or subsidiary food for large share of the human population, mostly in the developing countries of the tropicsor sub-tropics and even in the temperate climatic conditions. In spite of the fact that below ground foods contributesubstantially to the world food needs but it is not well recognized. Potato is the fourth major supplier of carbohydratesafter wheat, rice, and maize and in many countries; cassava is a major food for the poor households especially in Africancountries. Groundnut is a major oilseed in India. What is not recognized is its contribution to meeting the proteinneeds of the people. Below-ground root crops meet about 30% energy needs of people in some African countries.Hence, below ground food-producing crops contribute significantly to the world food and energy requirements andneed to be promoted for further their share through basic and applied research.

Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson), is an important edible tropical tuber crop, belonging to the family Araceae. Corms produced by this plant is very big and they are rich in starch, protein, mineral, vitamins, and dietary fiber but has acridity problem. This crop is susceptible to virus and phytoplasma diseases which affects crop growth and corm yield. Even though this crop has high commercial value, the problems like susceptibility to viral diseases, acridity problems, and lack of genetic diversity made hindrance in their exploitation. These issues can be resolved only by improving the characters through genetic transformation. To achieve genetic transformation in this important crop, a study was conducted to optimize various parameters for efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation using embryogenic calli with vectors having gus reporter gene. Calli were developed using petiole and leaves of in vitro plantlets of elephant foot yam cultivar Gajendra and experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of calli to different doses of antibiotics viz. geneticin, hygromycin, ticarcillin. It was observed that complete death and discoloration of the calli were obtained with 25 mgl−1 geneticin and 10 mgl−1 hygromycin. The lowest lethal concentration of ticarcillin against Agrobacterium growth was found to be 500 mgl−1 which did not affect calli growth. Optimized parameters for efficient transformation in elephant foot yam include 100 μM acetosyringone concentration with 2 days of co-cultivation at temperature 22 °C using LBA4404 strain. The putative transformants were characterized for the integration of the gus gene using PCR and nucleic acid spot hybridization. The optimized protocol is simple and reproducible and may be adapted for other cultivars also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic patients usually avoid germinated endosperm of sugar palm (GESP) and elephant foot yam tuber (EFYT), fearing that these may further deteriorate existing hyperglycemia. In the present study, this suspicion was investigated by analyzing the nutrients and following the animal experiments by supplementary feeding powder of GESP, EFYT, and their mixture in addition to the regular diet for the six consecutive weeks. Next three weeks, the powder was withdrawn, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were recorded from the beginning. The results clearly showed that these foodstuffs significantly (P

A field experiment was conducted during 2015–18 to study the effect of integrated use of lime, inorganic and organic manures on soil health and yield performance of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paenifolius L) – black gram (Vigna mungo L) system in an acid Alfisol of Eastern India. Significantly highest mean corm yield of elephant foot yam (22.72 t ha−1), grain and haulm yields of black gram (7.33 and 23.87 q ha−1, respectively) were recorded due to integrated application of lime + FYM + ½ NPK + MgSO4. Graded doses of NPK showed a corm yield response of 29, 70 and 105% in elephant foot yam due to addition of 50, 100, and 150% of NPK over control, respectively. Among the organic sources, incorporation of vermicompost showed the highest corm yield (13.92 t ha−1) with a yield response of 46% over control at par with neem cake (13.60 t ha−1). The bio-chemical constituents in the corms of elephant foot yam were found highest due to integrated use of lime + FYM + ½ NPK + Borax. The soil fungi and actinomycetes were dominant in the soils and are involved in nutrient transformations. Highest dehydrogenase activity (0.521 µg TPF hr−1 g−1), fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis assay (0.709 µg TPF hr−1 g−1), and urease activity (142 µg NH4-N g−1 hr−1) were observed due to integrated application of lime + FYM + ½ NPK + MgSO4. Integrated application of lime, organic manure and half of the recommended doses of NPK in combination with secondary/micro nutrients not only sustains the soil quality but also enhanced the productivity of elephant foot yam – black gram cropping system in Alfisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanolic extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius was peracetylated to obtain an unusual peracetylated γ-lactone backbone. Structure elucidation revealed that this compound is an outcome of the chemical transformation of heptonic acid γ-lactone.

Field experiment was conducted in a farmer‘s field at Alathara, Kattela, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, during 2016-2017, to evaluate and identify varieties of elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeniifolius (Dennst. Nicolson)] adapted to conservation agriculture, to validate the resource conservation technologies for elephant foot yam in banana (Musa ABB) (var. Nendran) based system and to assess its impact on growth, yield, soil physico-chemical-biological properties, system productivity and profitability. Four varieties of elephant foot yam (Gajendra, Sree Padma, Sree Athira and Peerumade Local) were tested under two practices, viz. farmer’s practice (FP) and conservation agriculture (CA) practice, replicated thrice in split plot design, with varieties in main plots and practices in sub plots.The effect of varieties, practices and varieties × practices interaction was not significant for corm yield and bunch yield of banana. However, among the varieties, Sree Padma produced the highest fresh corm yield (1.9 kg/plant and 17.1 t/ha respectively). The bunch yield of banana (12.2 kg/plant and 30.5 t/ha respectively) was also highest under intercropping with elephant foot yam var. Sree Padma. Conservation agriculture out yielded farmer’s practice by 46.9% with respect to elephant foot yam yield and 4.2% for banana yield. Among the varieties × practices interaction, Sree Padma under conservation practice was the most productive (fresh corm yield and bunch yield of 23.1 t/ha and 31.7 t/ha respectively). The major, secondary and micronutrient status of the soil, except available Mn, physical properties of the soil, actinomycetes count, acid phosphatase and urease enzyme activities remained identical in the various treatments, indicating the equal efficiency of conservation agriculture to the existing farmer’s practice. Available Mn status was higher under conservation practice with Sree Padma var. The conservation treatment proved to be the most productive (by 11.1% over FP) and profitable (by 41.2% over FP) as revealed from the highest tuber equivalent yield (75.8 t/ ha), production efficiency (252.6 kg/ha/day), gross income (₹ 2273615/ha), net income (₹1743 454/ha) and B:C ratio (4.3). Among the treatment combinations, highest productivity (86.5t/ha) and profitability (net income of ₹ 2065307/ha; B:C ratio of 4.9), was realized from Sree Padma variety of elephant foot yam intercropped with Nendran banana under conservation agriculture.

Aim and Objectives: The aim of the current study is to isolate the starch from elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeonifolius) and investigate its potential as a disintegrant in tablet formulation as compare to standard corn starch. The objective of the study is to explore the applications of natural resources and develop an alternative to commercially available starches. Materials and Methods: Starch was isolated by a simple method, evaluated for phytochemical and physico-chemical properties. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation by varying concentrations of elephant foot yam or corn starch in the range of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%. Further granules were evaluated for flow properties and tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters. Results: It was found that the pH of the isolated starch sample was found to be neutral; it exhibited good swelling capacity and fair flow properties. P-XRD pattern showed a C-type diffraction pattern, SEM studies indicated that starch granules had a smooth surface. Granules possessed good flow properties and tablets complied with standard limits of weight variation. Hardness and friability were found in the range of 4.11-4.69 kg/cm2 and 0.11-0.50% respectively. The wetting time was found in the range of 7 to 35 sec for elephant foot yam starch and 16-49 sec for corn starch. Disintegration time for elephant foot yam starch was found to be 28 to 84 sec and for corn starch, it was 40 to 90 sec. Conclusion: Formulations containing elephant foot yam starch showed a similar dissolution profile as that of corn starch. Stability studies were performed on F4 batch and it was found stable for three months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were carried out to study the effect of various weed management practices on soil quality, microbial activities, and yield performance of elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson] in an Alfisol of coastal Odisha during kharif, 2015-16 at the Regional Centre of ICARCentral Tuber Crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The results of the study revealed that weed control ground cover has recorded lower weed biomass and greater weed control efficiency. Significantly highest corm yield of elephant foot yam was registered with weed control ground cover (37.4 t ha-1) with an increase of 335% over control followed by four manual weedings at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after planting (DAP) (33.7 t ha-1) and two manual weedings at 30 and 60 DAP along with the post-emergence application of glyphosate at 90 DAP (32.9 t ha-1). Maximum gross returns were observed in weed control ground cover, however, the highest benefit-cost ratio was noticed due to two manual weedings at 30 and 60 DAP + spraying of glyphosate at 90 DAP. Use of weed control ground cover resulted in greater soil available N, P, K, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn as well as microbial (fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes) counts and soil enzyme (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, acid and alkaline phosphatase) activities. The study emphasized that weed control ground cover, manual weeding at periodic intervals or manual weeding combined with the application of post-emergence herbicides not only enhanced the corm yield but also improved the soil quality parameters and microbial activities in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cake is a wheat-based bakery product in which the gluten network development is restricted by fat and sugar. The addition of gluten-free flour is an efficient method to dilute wheat flour for weak gluten. Elephant foot yam is a tuber having multiple health benefits. Therefore, composite flour was prepared by mixing elephant foot yam flour (EFYF) and wheat flour (WF) for cake development. The effect of the addition of EFYF on the quality of the formulated dough and cake was determined. The water and fat absorption capacity varied among the powders obtained from the mixture of EFYF and WF, depending on flours ratios. EFYF was incorporated in WF at different concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40%) and the dough quality was evaluated. As the EFYF lacks gluten, its addition weakened the gluten network. Cakes prepared from EFYF enriched flours up to 20% addition had similar texture and sensorial characteristics (p>0.05) in comparison to the control cake. The cake having 20% EFYF showed the best results in all quality attributes, and is therefore recommended for cake preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elephant foot yam (EFY) Lacto-pickles are crisp, tangy and are prepared by Lacto-fermentation. The study investigated the production of EFY Lacto-pickles in submerged fermentation (SmF) from EFY tubers using Lactobacillus (Lb) plantarum (MTCC-1325) as a controlled starter culture. Taguchi statistical method was used to estimate the effects of three optimum variables, [i.e., salt concentration (NaCl 8%, w/v), inoculum volume (10%, v/v), and incubation period (22 days)] on lactic acid (LA) production and shelf-life (SL) of Lacto-pickles using an L9 orthogonal array (OA) analysis. The optimum setting of the predicted value for LA production (i.e., 3.69289 g/kg) and SL of EFY Lacto-pickles (42 days) was found very approaching to the experimental value [LA (i.e., 3.873 g/kg) and SL (42 days)] supporting the validity of the technique. A significant reduction in hardness (215.0–179.0 N) and change in colour was attained with an increase in storage/shelf-life (42 days) (p ≤ 0.05) of EFY Lacto-pickles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine ofdifferences in physical, chemical and sensory properties of suweg flour from the dormant and vegetative phases. Physical parameters include yield, edible portion, bulk density, brightness, particle size index, water absorption index and water solubility index. Chemical parameters include the moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates, starches and sugars reduction. Sensory parameters include hedonic test of color and aroma as well as descriptive test of color and aroma. The results showed that the physical characteristics of flour suweg dormant phase and vegetative phase significantly different at all parameters. Yield, edible portion, bulk density, brightness, particle size index of dorman phase higher than vegetative phase. Chemical characteristics from dormant phase and vegetative phase were significantly different at all parameters, except fat and carbohydrate. Starch contain in dorman phase higher than vegetative phase. But in contrast to the sugar reduction contain. Panellists assess the suweg flour produced from the vegetative phase has a more brown color and smells stronger than the dormant phase so it is less preferred color and aroma. Suweg flour should be selected from the dormant phase. Utilization of flour suweg is recommended for products such as cookies and biscuits that can be grown ingredients to cover the presence of brown and off flavor.

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius known as elephant foot yam is an underutilized tuberous food crop grown primarily in Africa, South Asia, and tropical Pacific islands. Aim of the present work was to isolate, identify and study various physicochemical characteristics of calcium oxalate crystals present in elephant foot yam. The calcium oxalate crystals from elephant foot yam were isolated using freeze thawing followed by aqueous extraction method. The optimum isolation conditions for maximum calcium oxalate yield was found as grinding time of 12.5 min, solid to liquid ratio of 1:2, temperature of 50 °C, grinding speed of 2000 rpm and 3 extraction cycles. Morphological characteristics of isolated calcium oxide crystals were studied using Scanning Electron Microscope and the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the form of whewellite was confirmed. The purity of isolated calcium oxalate crystals was confirmed using Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy. The spherical and oval shapes of calcium oxalate crystals were confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscope. X-Ray Diffraction analysis has confirmed the tetragonal phase structure of isolated calcium oxalate crystals with good crystal stability. Calcium oxalate crystals from elephant foot yam were found stable at 175 °C using Thermal Gravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elephant foot yam starch (EFYS) granules were subjected to heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at 110 °C for 3 h with different moisture levels ranging from 15% to 35%. The effects of HMT on the morphology, crystalline structure, and pasting properties of the EFYS granules as well as the thermal and functional properties of HMT-modified starch (HMTS) granules were examined. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the EFYS granules were spherical, but the HMTS granules exhibited granular aggregation and fissures and cavities on the granule surfaces. After HMT, significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed in the color, crystallinity, and water activity between the EFYS and HMTS granules. Both the type of granules exhibited C-type crystalline structure. The solubility and pasting temperature was significantly higher (p < 0.05) but swelling power was significantly lower in the HMTS than in the EFYS granules. The HMTS granules exhibited higher gelatinization temperatures and lower gelatinization enthalpy than the EFYS granules. The results showed that HMT significantly changed the physicochemical and functional properties of EFYS; thus, HMT can considerably expand the range of EFYS applications and enable its use in manufacturing products, such as extruded foods, thickeners, and binding agents, which require processing at high temperatures. • Elephant foot yam starch was modified by heat-moisture treatment. • Heat-moisture treatment reinforced in altering elephant foot yam starch structure. • Heat capacity (T o , T p , T c) increased with heat-moisture treatment. • XRD pattern displayed C-type crystalline structure for all the starches. • The infrared spectrum of the starches did not change after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel adsorbent manufactured from Amorphophallus campanulatus (Porang or Suweg or Elephant Foot Yam or Foot Yam) starch and employed to adsorb water from wet air. The experiment focused on the adding of sodium hydroxide in various concentration of sodium hydroxide (10:1, 10:2.5, 10:5 10:10, 10:20, 10:30, 10:40 mmol/mmol) and its effect to form the new adsorbents shape and chemical bonds. Experimental data were also fitted with several models of isotherm adsorption and adsorption kinetics.Analysis with FTIR and SEM showed that sampel C7 (modified starch with NaOH 40:10 mol) is the adsorbent that could adsorp more water from air and also proofed that foot yam starch can be feasible to be synthesize as an adsorbent for water adsorption.The results also showed that this novel adsorbent fitted with pseudo second order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity calculated 2.006 g water/g adsorbent. Keywords: elephant foot yam; starch; sodium hydroxide; water adsorption Abstrak PATI UMBI AMORPHOPHALLUS CAMPANULATUS TERMODIFIKASI SEBAGAI ADSORBEN BARU UNTUK ADSORPSI AIR.Adsorben baru berhasil dibentuk dari pati umbi Amorphophallus campanulatus (Porang atau Suweg) yang kemudian digunakan untuk mengadsorp air dari udara lembab. Penelitian berfokus kepada pengaruh penambahan variasi konsentrasi dari natrium hidroksida (NaOH) (10:1, 10:2,5, 10:5, 10:10, 10:20, 10:30, 10:40 mmol pati/mmol NaOH) atas pembentukan morfologi serta ikatan kimia dari adsorben baru. Data eksperimen kemudian dicocokkan dengan beberapa model isoterm serta kinetika adsorpsi. Analisis dengan menggunakan FTIR dan SEM menunjukkan bahwa sampel C7 (perbandingan pati modifikasi dengan NaOH 40:10 mol) adalah adsorben yang dapat menjerab air lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan adsorben yang lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa adsorben dapat menjerab air dari udara lembab dan membuktikan bahwa umbi porang ini layak untuk dijadikan sebuah sumber adsorben alami yang baru. Hasil juga menunjukkan bahwa data eksperimen menunjukkan kesesuaian dengan model kinetika semu orde dua dan model isoterm Freundlich dengan kapasitas adsorpsi maksimal 2,006 g air/g adsorben Kata kunci: umbi Suweg; pati; NaOH; adsorpsi air

Field experiments were carried out on elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson] during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 to study the effect of different irrigation schedules in order to arrive at an optimum schedule for attaining maximum corm yield and water productivity. Two methods (Drip and Flood methods ) and two levels of irrigation (75% and 100% pan evaporation) were applied at different stages of growth as first 12 weeks, 13-24 weeks, 1-24 weeks, 75% during first 12 weeks and 100% during 13-24 weeks after planting and vice versa. Whole corm size of 500 g each of the variety 'Gajendra' was uniformly used as the planting material. Pooled analysis of the data showed superiority of drip irrigation over flood irrigation. Among the treatment combinations, drip irrigation at 100% pan evaporation during 13-24 weeks after planting resulted in the maximum corm yield (40.59 t/ha). However, this was at par with drip or flood irrigation given during the entire period of 1-24 weeks at 75% and 100% levels. Drip irrigation at 100% pan evaporation during 13-24 weeks resulted in maximum water productivity (4.57 kg/m3). Under flood irrigation, maximum water productivity recorded was 3.87 kg/m3. Irrigation during 13-24 weeks after planting coinciding with corm development stage was found to be more critical than irrigation given during the initial stages of planting. The study revealed that drip irrigation at 100% pan evaporation during 13-24 weeks after planting is the most ideal for attaining maximum corm yield and water productivity in elephant foot yam.