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1. Geographical variability in the likelihood of bloodstream infections due to gram-negative bacteria: correlation with proximity to the equator and health care expenditure.

Author

David Fisman, Eleni Patrozou, Yehuda Carmeli, Eli Perencevich, Ashleigh R Tuite, Leonard A Mermel, and Geographical Variability of Bacteremia Study Group

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

OBJECTIVE:Infections due to Gram-negative bacteria exhibit seasonal trends, with peak infection rates during warmer months. We hypothesized that the likelihood of a bloodstream infection due to Gram-negative bacteria increases with proximity to the equator. We tested this hypothesis and identified geographical, climatic and social factors associated with this variability. DESIGN:We established a network of 23 international centers in 22 cities. SETTING:De-identified results of positive blood cultures from 2007-2011 and data sources for geographic, climatic and socioeconomic factors were assembled for each center. PARTICIPANTS:Patients at the 23 centers with positive blood cultures. MAIN OUTCOME:Due to variability in the availability of total culture volumes across sites, our primary outcome measure was the fraction of positive blood cultures that yielded Gram-negative bacteria; sources of variability in this outcome measure were explored using meta-regression techniques. RESULTS:The mean fraction of bacteremia associated with Gram-negative bacteria was 48.4% (range 26.4% to 61.8%). Although not all sites displayed significant seasonality, the overall P-value for seasonal oscillation was significant (P

Published
2014
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2. Management of Human Bites

Author

Eleni Patrozou

Subjects
Human bites, Point (typography), business.industry, medicine, Medical emergency, medicine.disease, business
Published
2017

3. List of Contributors

Author

Fredrick M. Abrahamian, Michael J. Aldape, Edelweiss Aldasoro, Upton D. Allen, Hythem Al-Sum, Milan J. Anadkat, Katherine Anders, Emmanouil Angelakis, Brian John Angus, Anastasia Antoniadou, Fabio Arena, Joop E. Arends, Jose R. Arribas, Andrew W. Artenstein, John C. Atherton, John N. Aucott, Tar-Ching Aw, Hilary M. Babcock, Robin Bailey, Thomas C. Bailey, Adam Z. Banks, David J. Barillo, Ernie-Paul Barrette, Martijn P. Bauer, Roger Bayston, C. Ben Beard, Justin Beardsley, Nick J. Beeching, Rodolfo E. Bégué, Guido Beldi, Constance A. Benson, Elie F. Berbari, Jean-Michel Berenger, Christoph Berger, Jose I. Bernardino, Jacques Bille, Alexander C. Billioux, Ari Bitnun, Iain Blair, Stéphane Blanche, Thomas P. Bleck, Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers, Gijs Bleijenberg, Karen C. Bloch, Johannes Blum, Emily A. Blumberg, Robert A. Bonomo, Marc J.M. Bonten, Rafik Bourayou, Emilio Bouza, K. Ashley Brandt, Florence Bretelle, Sylvain Brisse, Warwick J. Britton, Itzhak Brook, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Sarah K. Browne, Amy E. Bryant, Silja Bühler, Eileen M. Bulger, R. Mark L. Buller, Leah A. Burke, Christian Burri, Marcus W. Butler, Thierry Calandra, David P. Calfee, Antonia Calvo-Cano, D. William Cameron, Joseph A. Carcillo, Gail Carson, Stephen T. Chambers, Remi N. Charrel, Vinh Chau Van Nguyen, Stéphane Chevaliez, Tom M. Chiller, Eirini Christaki, Kevin K. Chung, David B. Clifford, Nathan Clumeck, Jonathan Cohen, John Collinge, Christopher P. Conlon, Curdin Conrad, Fiona J. Cooke, Jennifer Rittenhouse Cope, G. Ralph Corey, John H. Cross, Burke A. Cunha, Cheston B. Cunha, Benoit D'Journo, George L. Daikos, Johannes M.A. Daniels, Robert N. Davidson, Nicholas P.J. Day, Kevin M. De Cock, Thushan I. de Silva, Henry J.C. de Vries, Stéphane de Wit, Julie Delaloye, David W. Denning, David T. Dennis, Shireesha Dhanireddy, Elodi J. Dielubanza, David J. Diemert, Mehmet Doganay, Tom Doherty, Christiane Dolecek, Arjen M. Dondorp, Abby Douglas, Michel Drancourt, Grégory Dubourg, Michael N. Dudley, Guillaume Durand, Benjamin J. Eckhardt, Androulla Efstratiou, Miquel B. Ekkelenkamp, Ambika Eranki, Hakan Erdem, Gerome V. Escota, Heather L. Evans, Alice Chijioke Eziefula, Florence Fenollar, Alan Fenwick, Joshua Fierer, Roger G. Finch, James M. Fleckenstein, Christina Forstner, Federico Foschi, Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Martyn A. French, Kenneth L. Gage, Lynne S. Garcia, Joaquim Gascon, Arturo S. Gastañaduy, Philippe Gautret, William M. Geisler, Khalil G. Ghanem, Tommaso Giani, Maddalena Giannella, Bruce L. Gilliam, Michel Gilliet, Carol A. Glaser, Youri Glupczynski, John W. Gnann, Ellie J.C. Goldstein, Bruno Gottstein, Frederique Gouriet, Patti E. Gravitt, Michael D. Green, Stephen T. Green, Andreas H. Groll, Roy M. Gulick, Arjun Gupta, Gilbert Habib, Stephan Harbarth, Marianne Harris, Frederick G. Hayden, David J. Hetem, Philip C. Hill, Bernard Hirschel, Aimee C. Hodowanec, Louis Hoffart, Christian Hoffmann, Steven M. Holland, Peter W. Horby, David J. Horne, Sami Hraiech, Mark W. Hull, Angela Huttner, Richard J.M. Ingram, Jasmin Islam, Michael G. Ison, Scott H. James, Claire Jenkins, Stephen G. Jenkins, Jørgen Skov Jensen, Christine Johnston, Theodore B. Jones, Stephen J. Jordan, Kathleen G. Julian, Yasuyuki Kato, Carol A. Kauffman, Keith S. Kaye, Michael P. Keane, James Keeney, Paul Kelly, Stephen J. Kent, Winfried V. Kern, Yoav Keynan, Andrea A. Kim, Isabelle Koné-Paut, Chris Kosmidis, Aloys C.M. Kroes, Frank P. Kroon, Thomas G. Ksiazek, F. Matthew Kuhlmann, Ed J. Kuijper, Jennie H. Kwon, George B. Kyei, Karine Lacombe, Philippe Lagacé-Wiens, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Theresa Lamagni, Luce Landraud, Fanny Lanternier, Kerry L. LaPlante, Stephen D. Lawn, Steven J. Lawrence, Hakan Leblebicioglu, Nelson Lee, James E. Leggett, Philippe Lehours, Pierre-Yves Levy, Rainer G. Leyh, Rebecca A. Lillis, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Jennifer Lin, H.D. Alan Lindquist, Benjamin A. Lipsky, Christina Liscynesky, David Looney, Olivier Lortholary, Franklin D. Lowy, Benjamin J. Luft, Philip A. Mackowiak, Paul A. MacPherson, Valérie Maghraoui-Slim, Patrick W. Mallon, Julie E. Mangino, Oriol Manuel, Oscar Marchetti, Kristen M. Marks, Kieren A. Marr, Jeanne Marrazzo, Jonas Marschall, David H. Martin, Frédéric Matonti, Richard S. Matulewicz, Kenneth H. Mayer, Russell J. McCulloh, Rose McGready, Rennatus Mdodo, Simon Mead, Francis Mégraud, Graeme Meintjes, Sarah C. Metcalf, Marian G. Michaels, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Michael A. Miles, Alastair Miller, Matthew J. Mimiaga, Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq, Elizabeth Ann Misch, Makedonka Mitreva, Julio S.G. Montaner, Caroline B. Moore, Patricia Muñoz, Jose Muñoz, Clinton K. Murray, Didier Musso, Mable Mutengo, Misha M. Mutizwa, Kurt G. Naber, Pavithra Natarajan, Santiago Neme, Paul N. Newton, Ronald A. Nichols, Lindsay E. Nicolle, François Nosten, Luigi D. Notarangelo, Thomas B. Nutman, Paul Nyirjesy, P. Ronan O'Connell, Steven M. Opal, L. Peter Ormerod, Douglas R. Osmon, Marie Boulze Pankert, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Laurent Papazian, Diane M. Parente, Philippe Parola, Shadi Parsaei, Manuel A. Pascual, Rupa Patel, Eleni Patrozou, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Sharon J. Peacock, Jean-Claude Pechère, Ivan Pelegrin, Barry S. Peters, Edgar J.G. Peters, Jeannine M. Petersen, Lyle R. Petersen, Vidmantas Petraitis, Luu-Ly Pham, Albert Picado, Adrian Pilatz, Benoit Pilmis, María-Jesús Pinazo, Mathias W. Pletz, Jason M. Pogue, Evelyn L. Polgreen, Philip M. Polgreen, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, William G. Powderly, Rachel Presti, Guy Prod'hom, Mirja Puolakkainen, Thomas C. Quinn, Didier Raoult, Raymund R. Razonable, Robert C. Read, Robert R. Redfield, Rob J. Rentenaar, Steven J. Reynolds, Camillo Ribi, Malcolm D. Richardson, Michele L. Ritter, Antoine Roch, Jürgen Kurt Rockstroh, Amanda Rojek, José R. Romero, Suzan H.M. Rooijakkers, Daniel Rosenbluth, Sergio D. Rosenzweig, Gian Maria Rossolini, Ethan Rubinstein, Greg Ryan, Steven A. Safren, Vikrant V. Sahasrabuddhe, Pekka A.I. Saikku, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Michelle R. Salvaggio, Carlos A.Q. Santos, Michael J. Satlin, Anthony J. Schaeffer, Christoph Schimmer, Robert T. Schooley, Richard F. Schumacher, Beverly E. Sha, Daniel S. Shapiro, Gerard Sheehan, David M. Shlaes, Shmuel Shoham, Cameron P. Simmons, Dennis W. Simon, Matthew S. Simon, Kari A. Simonsen, Mary P.E. Slack, Tyrel T. Smith, Jack D. Sobel, Maria Souli, Shruti Sridhar, James M. Steckelberg, Dennis L. Stevens, Heather Strah, A. Willem Sturm, Somnuek Sungkanuparph, Sarah J. Tabrizi, Evelina Tacconelli, Chen Sabrina Tan, Randy A. Taplitz, Guillemette Thomas, Lora D. Thomas, Franck Thuny, Guy Thwaites, Frederic Tissot, Tone Tønjum, Francesca J. Torriani, Christian Toso, Paul M. Tulkens, Allan R. Tunkel, Claire E. Turner, Andrew P. Ustianowski, Françoise van Bambeke, Reinout van Crevel, Diederik van de Beek, Christian van Delden, Menno M. van der Eerden, Jos W.M. van der Meer, Tom van der Poll, Jakko van Ingen, Jos van Putten, Bernard P. Vaudaux, Sten H. Vermund, Raphael P. Viscidi, Kumar Visvanathan, Govinda S. Visvesvara, Lorenz von Seidlein, Florian M.E. Wagenlehner, Anna Wald, Thomas J. Walsh, David C. Warhurst, David W. Warnock, David A. Warrell, Mary J. Warrell, Adilia Warris, Richard R. Watkins, David J. Weatherall, Rainer Weber, Wolfgang Weidner, Jonathan R. White, Peter J. White, James Whitehorn, Richard J. Whitley, Christopher J.M. Whitty, Willem Joost Wiersinga, Mark H. Wilcox, Thomas N. Williams, Cara C. Wilson, Mary Elizabeth Wilson, Hilmar Wisplinghoff, Robin Wood, Richard G. Wunderink, David Wyles, Zhi-Tao Yang, Jonathan S. Yoder, Najam A. Zaidi, Andrea J. Zimmer, Jane N. Zuckerman, and Alimuddin Zumla

Published
2017

4. Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) Drainage of Salmonella enteritidis Empyema and Needle-localization for Retrieval of a Dropped Gallstone

Author

Staci Fischer, Eleni Patrozou, Yee Lee Cheah, Kinjal Shah, and Thomas Ng

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Subphrenic abscess, Gallstones, medicine, Humans, Empyema, Abscess, Aged, Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted, business.industry, General surgery, Gallbladder, Abdominal Abscess, medicine.disease, Surgery, medicine.anatomical_structure, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella Infections, Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, Cholecystitis, Drainage, business
Abstract

Introduction Spillage of gallstones into the peritoneal cavity (dropped gallstones) is more common in laparoscopic compared with open cholecystectomy. Subsequent infectious complications are often delayed, occurring in 0.1% to 2.9% of cases. We present the first reported case of Salmonella enterica subphrenic abscess and empyema complicating dropped gallstones, treated with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), and surgical retrieval. Case report A 67-year-old male with symptomatic cholelithiasis underwent an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Four years later, he presented with a mass in his right flank, and an abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a right flank intramuscular abscess containing gallstones. The abscess was drained surgically with removal of gallstones. He was readmitted 15 months later with right upper quadrant pain, fever, and dyspnea. Chest and abdominal computer tomography (CT) showed a right pleural effusion and a right subphrenic abscess containing a dropped gallstone. The gallstone was localized with a needle using CT guidance. He subsequently underwent a right VATS for decortication. A separate flank incision was made at the site of the needle to drain the subphrenic abscess and retrieve the gallstone. Cultures from his empyema grew S enteritidis. The patient made an uneventful recovery. Discussion During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, efforts should be made to retrieve dropped gallstones as they can cause abscess and empyema, which might necessitate furthermore surgical intervention. The use of VATS has been established as a safe and effective alternative to thoracotomy, including the treatment of empyema. Needle-localization resulted in a successful retrieval of the gallstone in our patient. Culture of the abscess is important, as unusual organisms such as Salmonella could be present. S. enteritidis has not been implicated as a cause of cholecystitis and is rarely associated with abdominal abscesses. We postulate that the organism reached the gallbladder through the bile or bloodstream after gastrointestinal colonization and that its persistence in the gallbladder may have been facilitated by gallstones.

Published
2010

5. Red cell exchange transfusion for babesiosis in Rhode Island

Author

Joseph D. Sweeney, Eleni Patrozou, Joshua P. Spaete, and Josiah D. Rich

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Urology, Parasitemia, Hematocrit, Red cell exchange transfusion, Babesiosis, parasitic diseases, Humans, Medicine, Aged, Chemotherapy, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, Red Cell, business.industry, Rhode Island, Hematology, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Surgery, Cytapheresis, Apheresis, Babesia, Female, Erythrocyte Transfusion, business, Algorithms
Abstract

We report four cases of clinically severe tick borne babesiosis treated with chemotherapy and adjunctive red cell exchange (RCE) at two Rhode Island hospitals from 2004 to 2007. All RCE procedures were performed using a Cobe Spectra device and were well tolerated without complications. The volume of allogeneic red cells used in the exchange was determined using the algorithm in the apheresis device with the input variables of preprocedure hematocrit, weight, height, an assumed allogeneic red cell hematocrit of 55 and a desired post procedure hematocrit of 27. The preprocedure level of parasitemia varied between 2.4% and 24% and the postprocedure level of parasitemia between 0.4 and 5.5% with an average overall percent reduction in parasitemia of 74%. Retrospectively, application of a new formula to calculate red cell mass appeared to correlate better with the percent reduction in parasitemia. Previous reports of RCE in babesiosis were reviewed. The reported reduction in parasitemia varied from 50% to >90%. Although a preprocedure level of parasitemia of 10% is sometimes used as a threshold for RCE in clinically severe babesiosis, this threshold does not have a firm empirical basis. No postprocedure desired level of parasitemia is indicated nor the mass of allogeneic red cells needed to achieve such a level. We conclude that current estimates of the dose of allogeneic red cells used in RCE are probably inaccurate, advocate a new formula to estimate this dose and suggest that a 90% reduction in parasitemia should be the minimally desired target of RCE in babesiosis. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Published
2009

6. Translational research in the development of novel sepsis therapeutics: Logical deductive reasoning or mission impossible?

Author

Steven M. Opal and Eleni Patrozou

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Biomedical Research, Deductive reasoning, Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic, Critical Care, business.industry, Age Factors, Genetic Variation, Translational research, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, medicine.disease, Research findings, Sepsis, Clinical trial, Disease Models, Animal, Treatment intervention, Sex Factors, Basic research, Small animal, medicine, Animals, Humans, Intensive care medicine, business
Abstract

The successful translation of promising research findings from basic research laboratories into useful clinical products for the management of septic patients has proven to be a daunting challenge. The complexity and variability of the clinical entity referred to as sepsis makes it intrinsically difficult to model preclinical systems and predict efficacy of potentially useful, experimental, therapeutic agents. Technological innovations in microarrays, microfluidics, and nanotechnology make it feasible to study the evolution of sepsis in small animal models in considerable detail. The recognized limitations of standard preclinical platforms used to study sepsis have lead to innovative approaches to study sepsis in silico, and in more complex and clinically more valid ex vivo tissue perfusion models and animal systems. It is abundantly clear that sepsis researchers need to do a better job informing clinicians about the possible benefits and potential risks of new treatment interventions as they traverse the gap between the bench and the bedside.

Published
2009

7. Our changing world: Impacts on health and infectious diseases

Author

Eleni Patrozou

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Focus (computing), Climate Change, Immunology, Climate system, Climate change, Biology, Global Health, Communicable Diseases, Microbiology, Editorial, Infectious Diseases, Section (archaeology), Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Parasitology, Environmental planning
Abstract

This special focus section of Virulence is dedicated to the topic of climate change and health. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are u...

Published
2015

8. Contributors

Author

SONYA S. ABDEL-RAZEQ, ABDULRAHMAN ABDULBAKI, WAFFIYAH AFRIDI, MONZR M. AL MALKI, TANYA ALI, PHILIP J. ALIOTTA, RUBEN ALVERO, SRIVIDYA ANANDAN, MEL L. ANDERSON, KATHRYN TAYLOR ANILOWSKI, MICHELLE STOZEK ANVAR, ETSUKO AOKI, NICOLE APPELLE, WISSAM S.Z. ASFAHANI, DANIEL K. ASIEDU, SUDEEP KAUR AULAKH, CRISOSTOMO R. BALIOG, PRIYA BANSAL, KRISHNA BARADHI, ROWLAND P. BARRETT, KERRI BATRA, VIKRAM BEHERA, OMRI BERGER, ARNALDO A. BERGES, SETH A. BERKOWITZ, JAYDEEP BHAT, HARIKRASHNA BHATT, COURTNEY CLARK BILODEAU, KENNETH D. BISHOP, MICHAEL BLUNDIN, SHEENAGH M. BODKIN, NIRALI BORA, JEFFREY M. BORKAN, ALEXANDRA BOSKE, LYNN BOWLBY, MARK F. BRADY, MANDEEP K. BRAR, ELIZABETH J. BROWN, GAVIN BROWN, JENNIFER BUCKLEY, JONATHAN BURNS, D. BRANDON BURTIS, DOUGLAS BURTT, STEVEN BUSSELEN, CLAUDIA RODRIGUEZ CABRERA, NIDA CHAUDHARY, VICKY CHENG, GAURAV CHOUDHARY, STEPHANIE W. CHOW, LISA COHEN, SCOTT COHEN, KAILA COMPTON, MARIA A. CORIGLIANO, BRIAN J. COWLES, DAN A. CRISTESCU, PATRICIA CRISTOFARO, ALICIA J. CURTIN, KRISTY L. DALRYMPLE, GEORGE T. DANAKAS, ALEXANDRA DEGENHARDT, JOSEPH A. DIAZ, JIMMY DIEP, MICHAEL R. DOBBS, NATHALIA DOOBAY, WILLIAM F. DOTSON, ANDREW DUKER, STUART J. EISENDRATH, PAMELA ELLSWORTH, HODA ELTOMI, PATRICIO SEBASTIAN ESPINOSA, VALERIA FABRE, MARK J. FAGAN, GIL M. FARKASH, TIMOTHY W. FARRELL, MITCHELL D. FELDMAN, FRED F. FERRI, GLEN FINNEY, STACI A. FISCHER, MARLENE FISHMAN, TAMARA G. FONG, PHILIP FORMICA, FRANK G. FORT, GLENN G. FORT, DAVID J. FORTUNATO, GREGORY K. FRITZ, SAINATH GADDAM, GENNA GEKHT, PAUL F. GEORGE, ANNGENE A. GIUSTOZZI, CINDY GLEIT, RICHARD J. GOLDBERG, ALLA GOLDBURT, GEETHA GOPALAKRISHNAN, PAUL GORDON, NANCY R. GRAFF, JOHN A. GRAY, ELLIOTT M. GROVES, PAVAN GUPTA, PRIYA SARIN GUPTA, NAWAZ HACK, WILLIAM O. HAHN, HARALD ALEXANDER HALL, MICHELE HALPERN, SAJEEV HANDA, TAYLOR HARRISON, DON HAYES, N. WILSON HOLLAND, SUSIE L. HU, ANNE L. HUME, HARKAWAL S. HUNDAL, SHARLISA HUTSON, SARAH M. HYDER, RICHARD S. ISAACSON, AHMAD M. ISMAIL, MATTHEW D. JANKOWICH, NOEL S.C. JAVIER, JENNIFER JEREMIAH, MICHAEL P. JOHNSON, BREE JOHNSTON, KIMBERLY JONES, KOHAR JONES, LUCY KALANITHI, EMILY R. KATZ, ALI KAZIM, BROOKE E. KEELEY, KARA A. KENNEDY, BEVIN KENNEY, LARA KFOURY, JIWON KIM, WAN J. KIM, ROBERT M. KIRCHNER, MICHAEL KLEIN, MELVYN KOBY, ROBERT KOHN, ARAVIND RAO KOKKIRALA, KENNETH KORR, KRISTINA KRAMER, DAVID KURSS, CINDY LAI, EDWARD V. LALLY, QUANG P. LE, KACHIU LEE, MARGARET LEKANDER, MATTHEW A. LEVINE, DONITA DILLON LIGHTNER, CHUN LIM, CUI LI LIN, RICHARD LONG, ELIZABETH A. LOWENHAUPT, ZEINA W. MAANI, SUSANNA R. MAGEE, ACHRAF A. MAKKI, ATIZAZUL H. MANSOOR, DOUGLAS W. MARTIN, ELISABETH B. MATSON, DANIEL T. MATTSON, KATE MAVRICH, ALISON C. MAY, LAUREN MAY, MAITREYI MAZUMDAR, JEFFREY C. McCLEAN, KELLY A. McGARRY, LYNN McNICOLL, LAURA H. McPEAKE, AKANKSHA MEHTA, DANIEL E. MENDEZ-ALLWOOD, LONNIE R. MERCIER, DENNIS J. MIKOLICH, THERESA A. MORGAN, NADIA MUJAHID, VINCENT A. MUKKADA, BILAL H. NAQVI, JACK H. NASSAU, JUDY NEE, TAKUMA NEMOTO, JAMES J. NG, MELISSA NOTHNAGLE, BETH NOWAK, GAIL M. O’BRIEN, CAROLYN J. O’CONNOR, ALEXANDER B. OLAWAIYE, MICHAEL K. ONG, STEVEN M. OPAL, JOSEPH R. OWENS, CHRISTINA ANTONIO PACHECO, ROBERTO PACHECO, JANICE PATACSIL-TRULL, BIRJU B. PATEL, PRANAV M. PATEL, ELENI PATROZOU, ALISON PATTERSON, STEVEN PELIGIAN, HEIDI H. PETERSON, KATHARINE A. PHILLIPS, PAUL A. PIRRAGLIA, WENDY A. PLANTE, ANGELA M. PLETTE, SHARON S. HARTMAN POLENSEK, SAMUEL H. POON, DONN POSNER, ARUNDATHI G. PRASAD, AMANDA PRESSMAN, KITTICHAI PROMRAT, SHAHNAZ PUNJANI, IFAD U. RAHMAN, RADHIKA A. RAMANAN, CHRISTIAN N. RAMSEY, WASIM RASHID, RICHARD REGNANTE, VICTOR I. REUS, HARLAN G. RICH, JESSICA RISSER, RACHEL ROACH, LUTHER K. ROBINSON, JAMISON ROGERS, ANISHKA S. ROLLE, JULIE L. ROTH, LAUREN ROTH, AMITY RUBEOR, IMMAD SADIQ, NUHA R. SAID, BHARATH SATHYA, HEMANT K. SATPATHY, RUBY K. SATPATHY, JASON M. SATTERFIELD, SEAN I. SAVITZ, SYEDA M. SAYEED, PETER J. SELL, CATHERINE SHAFTS, MADHAVI SHAH, GRACE SHIH, ASHA SHRESTHA, MARK SIGMAN, JOANNE M. SILVIA, DIVYA SINGHAL, JOHN SLADKY, JEANETTE G. SMITH, U. SHIVRAJ SOHUR, DIVJOT SOOCH, HEATHER SUNTER, MARY BETH SUTTER, JULIE ANNE SZUMIGALA, DOMINICK TAMMARO, SARAH TAPYRIK, GLADYS TELANG, TAHIR TELLIOGLU, IRIS L. TONG, ALEXANDER G. TRUESDELL, MARGARET TRYFOROS, JOSEPH RALPH TUCCI, EROBOGHENE E. UBOGU, SEAN H. UITERWYK, NICOLE J. ULLRICH, MARISA E. VAN POZNAK, NITANTH R. VANGALA, JORGE A. VILLAFUERTE, TARA M. WAYT, DENNIS M. WEPPNER, JORDAN WHITE, LAUREL M. WHITE, HILARY B. WHITLACH, MATTHEW P. WICKLUND, AMANDA WOJTUSIK, CHARLES WOLFF, MARIE ELIZABETH WONG, WEN-CHIH WU, WEN Y. (HELENA) WU-CHEN, BETH J. WUTZ, SARAH L. XAVIER, AUGUSTIN G. YIP, JOHN Q. YOUNG, CANDICE YUVIENCO, CINDY ZADIKOFF, FARIHA ZAHEER, MARK ZIMMERMAN, BERNARD ZIMMERMANN, SCOTT J. ZUCCALA, and RYAN W. ZUZEK

Published
2013

10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Author

Purva Agarwal, Tanya Ali, George O. Alonso, Ruben Alvero, Srivdya Anandan, Mel L. Anderson, Michelle Stozek Anvar, Kelly Bossenbrok, Maria A. Corigliano, George T. Danakas, Rami Eltibi, Mark J Fagan, Gil M. Farkash, Staci A. Fisher, Glenn G. Fort, Joseph Grillo, Mohammed Hajjiri, Sajeev Handa, Christine Hartley, Jennifer Jeremiah, Michael P. Johnson, Joseph Masci, Lonnie R. Mercier, Dennis Mickolich, James J. Ng, Gail M. O’Brien, Steven M. Opal, Pranav M. Patel, Eleni Patrozou, Peter Petropoulos, Arundathi G. Prasad, Deborah L. Shapiro, Jennifer Souther, Dominick Tammaro, Iris Tong, Tom Wachtel, and Marie Elizabeth Wong

Published
2011

11. Contributors

Author

George J. Alangaden, Michael J. Aldape, Jérôme Allardet-Servent, Upton D. Allen, Heidi S.M. Ammerlaan, Emmanouil Angelakis, Andrew Artenstein, David Asboe, Kingsley B. Asiedu, John C. Atherton, Tar-Ching Aw, Seema Baid-Agrawal, Robin Bailey, Christopher Bandel, Philip S. Barie, David J. Barillo, Pierre-Alexandre Bart, Roger Bayston, C. Ben Beard, Nick J. Beeching, Rodolfo E. Bégué, Yves Benhamou, Constance A. Benson, Elie F. Berbari, Anthony R. Berendt, Madhav P. Bhatta, Jacques Bille, Ari Bitnun, Finn T. Black, Iain Blair, Stéphane Blanche, Thomas P. Bleck, Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers, Gijs Bleijenberg, Karen C. Bloch, Marc J.M. Bonten, Charles A.B. Boucher, Rafik Bourayou, Emilio S. Bouza, William R. Bowie, Barry D. Brause, Sylvain Brisse, Warwick Britton, Itzhak Brook, David W.G. Brown, Christian Brun-Buisson, James C.M. Brust, Amy E. Bryant, André Bryskier, R. Mark L Buller, Karen Bush, Thierry Calandra, D. William Cameron, Michel Caraël, Michael J. Carr, Inmaculada Casas, Stephen T. Chambers, Katarina G. Chiller, Tom M. Chiller, Peter L. Chiodini, Ian Chopra, Anthony C. Chu, Kevin K. Chung, Benjamin M. Clark, Nathan Clumeck, Clay J. Cockerell, Jonathan Cohen, John Collinge, Christopher P. Conlon, G. Ralph Corey, Alan Cross, John H. Cross, Judith Currier, Carmel M. Curtis, Gina Dallabetta, Robert N. Davidson, Jane Davies, Jeremy Day, Nicholas P.J. Day, Cillian F. De Gascun, Stéphane de Wit, Jean Delmont, David T. Dennis, David J. Diemert, Mehmet Doganay, Tom Doherty, Christiane Dolecek, Stéphane Y. Donati, Arjen M. Dondorp, Barbara Doudier, Michel Drancourt, Dimitri M. Drekonja, Richard H. Drew, Jay S. Duker, J. Stephen Dummer, Charles N. Edwards, Miquel B. Ekkelenkamp, Mark C. Enright, Paul R. Epstein, Veronique Erard, Alice Chijioke Eziefula, Mark B. Feinberg, Florence Fenollar, Alan Fenwick, Luis Fernandez, Joshua Fierer, Roger G. Finch, Charles W. Flexner, Ad C. Fluit, Elizabeth Lee Ford-Jones, Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Victoria Fraser, Martyn A. French, Jon S. Friedland, Joseph M. Fritz, E. Yoko Furuya, Kenneth L. Gage, Lynne S. Garcia, Arturo S. Gastañaduy, Khalil G. Ghanem, Maddalena Giannella, Carol A. Glaser, Marshall J. Glesby, Sarah Glover, Youri Glupczynski, John W. Gnann, Andrew F. Goddard, Ellie J.C. Goldstein, Iveth J. González, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Bruno Gottstein, Ravi Gowda, John D. Grabenstein, John M. Grange, Michael D. Green, Stephen T. Green, Danielle T. Greenblatt, Brian Greenwood, Aric L. Gregson, Andreas H. Groll, Aditya K. Gupta, Kok-Ann Gwee, William Hall, Scott M. Hammer, Sajeev Handa, Diane Hanfelt-Goade, Alexandre Harari, Marianne Harris, Barry J. Hartman, Roderick J. Hay, David K. Henderson, Lisa E. Hensley, Luke Herbert, David R. Hill, Timothy J. Hills, John David Hinze, Hans H. Hirsch, Bernard Hirschel, Andy I.M. Hoepelman, Steven M. Holland, Mary M. Horgan, Robin Howe, James M. Hughes, Mark W. Hull, Clark B. Inderlied, Michael G. Ison, Peter J. Jenks, James R. Johnson, Theodore Jones, Mettassebia Kanno, Carol Kauffman, Patrick Kelly, Jason S. Kendler, Yoav Keynan, Ali S. Khan, Grace T. Kho, George R. Kinghorn, Paul E. Klapper, Jan AJW Kluytmans, Menno Kok, Isabelle Koné-Paut, John N. Krieger, Aloys C.M. Kroes, Frank P. Kroon, Christine J. Kubin, Alberto M. La Rosa, Tahaniyat Lalani, David G. Lalloo, Harold Lambert, Luce Landraud, Stephen D. Lawn, Phillipe Lehours Pharm, Marc Leone, Itzchak Levi, Alexandra M. Levitt, H. D. Alan Lindquist, Graham Lloyd, David J. Looney, Franklin D. Lowy, Benjamin J. Luft, William A. Lynn, Mark J. Macielag, Philip A. Mackowiak, Paul A. MacPherson, Valérie Maghraoui-Slim, Janice Main, Vincent Mallet, Julie E. Mangino, Oriol Manuel, Oscar Marchetti, Kristen Marks, Kieren A. Marr, Claude Martin, Pablo Martín-Rabadán, Augusto Julio Martinez, Ellen M. Mascini, Kenneth H. Mayer, Joseph B. McCormick, Rose McGready, Michael W. McKendrick, Simon Mead, Francis Mégraud, André Z. Meheus, Graeme Meintjes, Marian G. Michaels, Michael Miles, Alastair Miller, Matthew J. Mimiaga, Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq, Thomas G. Mitchell, Pamela A. Moise, Julio Montaner, Caroline B. Moore, Philippe Moreillon, Peter Morgan-Capner, Valentina Montessori, Peter Moss, Patricia Muñoz, Kurt G. Naber, Sammy Nakhla, Jai P. Narain, Dilip Nathwani, Paul Newton, Chinh Nguyen, Lindsay E. Nicolle, Michael S. Niederman, Gary J. Noel, S. Ragnar Norrby, François Nosten, Luigi Daniele Notarangelo, Paul Nyirjesy, P. Ronan O'Connell, Jon S. Odorico, Edmund L.C. Ong, Steven M. Opal, L. Peter Ormerod, Douglas R. Osmon, Eric A. Ottesen, Gustavo Palacios, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Laurent Papazian, Philippe Parola, Manuel A. Pascual, Eleni Patrozou, Carlos Paya, Sharon J. Peacock, Jean-Claude Pechère, Mark D. Perkins, Barry Peters, Gaby E. Pfyffer, Paul A. Pham, Peter Piot, Geraldine Placko-Parola, Stainslas Pol, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, William G. Powderly, Anton Pozniak, Guy Prod'hom, Thomas C. Quinn, Daniel W. Rahn, Aadia I. Rana, Didier Raoult, Raul Raz, Raymund Razonable, Robert C. Read, Stephen J. Reynolds, Malcolm D. Richardson, Christopher C. Robinson, Suzan H.M. Rooijakkers, Daniel Rosenbluth, Sergio D. Rosenzweig, Clarisse Rovery, Robert H. Rubin, Bina Rubinovitch, Kathleen H. Rubins, Ethan Rubinstein, Greg Ryan, Stephen Ryder, Steven Safren, Vikrant V. Sahasrabuddhe, Pekka A.I. Saikku, George Sakoulas, Juan Carlos Salazar, Michelle R. Salvaggio, Kirsten Schaffer, Franz-Josef Schmitz, Robert T. Schooley, Richard-Fabian Schumacher, Euan M. Scrimgeour, James Seddon, Harald Seifert, Graham R. Serjeant, Beverly E. Sha, Keerti V. Shah, Daniel S. Shapiro, Gerard Sheehan, Shmuel Shoham, Cameron P. Simmons, Kari A. Simonsen, Neeraj Singh, Mary P.E. Slack, Jack D. Sobel, Madhuri M. Sopirala, Lisa A. Spacek, Shiranee Sriskandan, Samuel L. Stanley, James M. Steckelberg, Iain Stephenson, Dennis L. Stevens, Walter L. Straus, Willem Sturm, Richard C. Summerbell, Joseph S. Susa, Sarah J. Tabrizi, Marc A. Tack, Randy Taplitz, Pablo Tebas, Marleen Temmerman, Steven F.T. Thijsen, Lora D. Thomas, Gail Thomson, Guy E. Thwaites, Umberto Tirelli, Nina E. Tolkoff-Rubin, Tone Tønjum, Francesca J. Torriani, Gregory C. Townsend, Gloria Trallero Masó, Paul M. Tulkens, Allan R. Tunkel, Emanuela Vaccher, Anaïs Vallet-Pichard, Françoise Van Bambeke, Diederik van de Beek, Jos W.M. van der Meer, Anton M. van Loon, Jos van Putten, Bernard P. Vaudaux, Sten H. Vermund, Hans Verstraelen, Paul Verweij, Raphael P. Viscidi, Kumar Visvanathan, Govinda S. Visvesvara, Lorenz von Seidlein, Florian M.E. Wagenlehner, Victoria Wahl-Jensen, Thomas J. Walsh, David C. Warhurst, David W. Warnock, David A. Warrell, Mary J. Warrell, Adilia Warris, Rainer Weber, Wolfgang Weidner, Vivienne C. Weston, Estella Whimbey, Michael Whitby, Peter J. White, Christopher J.M. Whitty, Rob J.L. Willems, Emrys Williams, Cara Wilson, Mary E. Wilson, Richard E. Winn, Kevin L. Winthrop, Martin J. Wiselka, Hilmar Wisplinghoff, Cameron R. Wolfe, Robin Wood, Natalie Wright, James R. Yankaskas, Najam A. Zaidi, Jonathan M. Zenilman, Yaobi Zhang, Arie J. Zuckerman, Jane Nicola Zuckerman, and Alimuddin Zumla

Published
2010

12. List of Contributors

Author

Moustafa Ahmed, A. Katie Allen, Penny Andrews, Djillali Annane, Valerie A. Arkoosh, John G.T. Augoustides, Joan R. Badia, Dimitry Baranov, Philip S. Barie, Adrian Barbul, John Bates, Simon V. Baudouin, Rinaldo Bellomo, Mette M. Berger, Yuval Bitan, Edward A. Bittner, Josée Bouchard, Pavan Brahmamdam, Jason Brainard, Aimee Brame, Benjamin Braslow, John Brennan, Veronica Brito, Alain F. Broccard, Naomi E. Cahill, Maurizio Cecconi, Maurizio Cereda, John Chandler, Jill Cherry-Bukowiec, Jason D. Christie, Terence M. Cone, Maya Contreras, David James Cooper, Craig M. Coopersmith, Bryan A. Cotton, Caitlin S. Curtis, Heidi Dalton, Tracey Dechert, Edwin A. Deitch, Clifford S. Deutschman, Carol Donagh, Todd Dorman, Tomas Drabek, Craig Dunlop, Charles G. Durbin, Soumitra R. Eachempati, Luminita Eid, Ali A. El Solh, John E. Ellis, E. Wesley Ely, Timothy W. Evans, Adam Fang, Niall Fanning, Niall D. Ferguson, Katherine Finan, Marianne Fitzgerald, Lee A. Fleisher, Noel M. Flynn, Jonathan K. Frogel, Wesley M. Garmon, Erik Garpestad, Gerd G. Gauglitz, Jane M. Gervasio, Anthony C. Gordon, Vicente Gracias, Jacob Gutsche, Nader M. Habashi, Rachel A. Hadler, Isaac Halickman, Scott D. Halpern, C. William Hanson, Patrick Hassett, J. Steven Hata, Ivan Hayes, Daren K. Heyland, Nicholas S. Hill, Eliotte Hirshberg, R. Duncan Hite, Daniel Holena, Steven M. Hollenberg, Jiri Horak, Richard S. Hotchkiss, John R. Hotchkiss, Marc G. Jeschke, Jeremy M. Kahn, Sunil Karhadkar, Mark T. Keegan, Rachel R. Kelz, Leo G. Kevin, Rachel G. Khadaroo, Kurt Kleinschmidt, Patrick M. Kochanek, W. Andrew Kofke, Benjamin A. Kohl, Jay L. Koyner, Corry J. Kucik, Kenneth A. Kudsk, John G. Laffey, David Lappin, Peter Le Roux, Joshua M. Levine, Richard J. Levy, Pamela A. Lipsett, Kathleen D. Liu, Conan MacDougall, Larami MacKenzie, Brian Marsh, John C. Marshall, Jeevendra A. Martyn, Michael A. Matthay, Mervyn Maze, Danny F. McAuley, Gráinne Mc Dermott, E.R. McFadden, Michael McKenny, James S. McKinney, Maureen O. Meade, Ravindra L. Mehta, Steven R. Messé, Ben Messer, Vivek K. Moitra, Alan H. Morris, Patrick T. Murray, Lena Napolitano, Patrick J. Neligan, Ana Paula Neves, Alistair Nichol, Michael S. Niederman, Sean A. Nix, Mark E. Nunnally, Rory O'Donoghue, Michael O'Connor, Hollis R. O'Neal, Anthony O'Regan, Michelle O'Shaughnessy, Mauro Oddo, Thida Ong, Steven M. Opal, Pratik P. Pandharipande, Eleni Patrozou, Ville Pettila, Vadim Pisarenko, Lauren A. Plante, David J. Powner, Jean-Charles Preiser, John P. Pryor, Caroline M. Quill, Madhav V. Rao, Lynn Redahan, Donal Reddan, Patrick M. Reilly, Andrew Rhodes, William P. Riordan, James A. Russell, Ho-Geol Ryu, Robert D. Sanders, Babak Sarani, Michael Scully, Chirag V. Shah, Adam Shiroff, Chuin Siau, Carrie A. Sims, Renee D. Stapleton, Kimberly D. Statler, S. Peter Stawicki, Andrew C. Steel, Thomas E. Stewart, Michelle L. Strong, Ramakrishnan Subramaniam, Rob Mac Sweeney, Kyla P. Terhune, Stephen R. Thom, Joss Thomas, Samuel A. Tisherman, Maria Tuccillo, Avery Tung, Shigehiko Uchino, Tatiana Veloso, Jean-Louis Vincent, Criona M. Walshe, Lorraine B. Ware, Edward Warren, Liza Weavind, Alan Weier, Yoram G. Weiss, Stuart Joel Weiss, Linda C. Wendell, Pauline Whyte, Jeanine Wiener-Kronish, Katherine Yang, and Zdravka Zafirova

Published
2010

13. Does influenza transmission occur from asymptomatic infection or prior to symptom onset?

Author

Leonard A. Mermel and Eleni Patrozou

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, virus diseases, Orthomyxoviridae, Asymptomatic, Virus, Virus Shedding, Systematic review, Viewpoint, Immunology, Pandemic, Communicable Disease Control, Influenza, Human, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Medicine, Infection control, Animals, Humans, Viral shedding, medicine.symptom, business, Contact tracing
Abstract

A better understanding of transmission dynamics is essential in influenza pandemic planning. If a substantial proportion of transmissions were to occur during the presymptomatic phase or from asymptomatic individuals, then infection control measures such as contact tracing and quarantine of exposures would be of limited value. Infectiousness has been inferred based on the presence of influenza in the upper respiratory tract rather than from transmission experiments. Although asymptomatic individuals may shed influenza virus, studies have not determined if such people effectively transmit influenza.We performed a systematic review of published studies describing the relationship between viral shedding and disease transmission. Based on the available literature, we found that there is scant, if any, evidence that asymptomatic or presymptomatic individuals play an important role in influenza transmission. As such, recent articles concerning pandemic planning, some using transmission modeling, may have overestimated the effect of presymptomatic or asymptomatic influenza transmission. More definitive transmission studies are sorely needed.

Published
2009

14. A cluster of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospital security guards

Author

Kim Reid, Leonard A. Mermel, Julie Jefferson, and Eleni Patrozou

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Adult, Male, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional, Epidemiology, medicine.disease_cause, Disease cluster, Security Measures, Disease Outbreaks, Young Adult, Internal medicine, Medicine, Humans, Hospitals, Teaching, Cross Infection, business.industry, Infectious disease transmission, Soft Tissue Infections, Emergency department, Staphylococcal Infections, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Subtyping, Community-Acquired Infections, Personnel, Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, Female, business, Emergency Service, Hospital
Abstract

We investigated a cluster of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft-tissue infections in 5 security guards employed in a hospital emergency department. An epidemiologic investigation and molecular subtyping of isolates revealed that the source was a patient and that a community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain (USA-300) was transmitted to healthcare workers through physical contact.

Published
2009

15. Bioterrorism

Author

Eleni Patrozou and Andrew W. Artenstein

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, biology, business.industry, Q fever, Bacillus sp, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Viral hemorrhagic fever, Tularemia, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Epidemiology, Medicine, Smallpox, business, Intensive care medicine, Francisella tularensis
Published
2008

16. Intracerebral aspergillosis

Author

David L, Ain, Eleni, Patrozou, Edward, Feller, Suzanne, de La Monte, and Maria, Mileno

Subjects
Adult, Male, Brain Diseases, Fatal Outcome, Risk Factors, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillosis, Humans
Published
2008

17. Nosocomial dissemination of Providencia stuartii isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases VEB-1 and SHV-5, metallo-β-lactamase VIM-1, and RNA methylase RmtB

Author

Helen Giamarellou, Ilias Karaiskos, Lamprini Galani, Maria Souli, Irene Galani, Eleni Patrozou, Emanouella Katsouda, Charalampos Paskalis, and Fotini Baziaka

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Providencia stuartii, β lactamases, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, RNA, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, Metallo β lactamase
Abstract

Lamprini Galani , Irene Galani , Maria Souli , Ilias Karaiskos , Emanouella Katsouda , Eleni Patrozou , Fotini Baziaka , Charalampos Paskalis , Helen Giamarellou * a 6th Department of Internal Medicine, Hygeia Hospital, 4 Erythrou Stavrou Street & Kifisias Avenue, 151 23 Marousi, Athens, Greece b Intensive Care Unit, Hygeia Hospital, 4 Erythrou Stavrou Street & Kifisias Avenue, 151 23 Marousi, Athens, Greece Hygeia Hospital, 4 Erythrou Stavrou Street & Kifisias Avenue, 151 23 Marousi, Athens, Greece

Published
2013

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