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To validate a Russian-language version of the World Health Organization's Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).We invited 2173 patients from 21 rural and urban primary health-care centres in nine Russian regions to participate in the study (143 declined and eight were excluded). In a standardized interview, patients who had consumed alcohol in the past 12 months provided information on their sociodemographic characteristics and completed the Russian AUDIT, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview to identify problem drinking and alcohol use disorders. We assessed the feasibility of administering the test, its internal consistency and its ability to predict hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders in primary health care in the Russian Federation.Of the 2022 patients included in the study, 1497 were current drinkers with Russian AUDIT scores. The test was internally consistent with good psychometric properties (Cronbach'sWith the validated Russian AUDIT, there is no longer a barrier to introducing screening and brief interventions into primary health care in the Russian Federation to supplement successful alcohol control policies.Valider une version russe du test AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé.Nous avons invité 2173 patients originaires de 21 centres de soins de santé primaires répartis dans neuf régions du pays, tant en milieu rural qu'urbain, à participer à cette étude (143 ont refusé et huit ont été exclus). Lors de chaque entretien standardisé, les patients ayant consommé de l'alcool au cours des 12 derniers mois ont fourni des informations sur leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques et complété l'AUDIT russe, l'Échelle de détresse psychologique de Kessler ainsi que le Questionnaire composite international pour le diagnostic afin d'identifier les problèmes de boisson et les troubles liés à l'abus d'alcool. Nous avons évalué la faisabilité du test, sa cohérence interne et sa capacité à prédire toute consommation dangereuse ou trouble lié à l'abus d'alcool dans le cadre des soins de santé primaires en Fédération de Russie.Sur les 2022 patients inclus dans l'étude, 1497 se sont vus octroyer un score par l'AUDIT russe. Le test a fait preuve de cohérence interne et affiché de bonnes propriétés psychométriques (CronbachGrâce à la validation du test AUDIT russe, aucun obstacle ne subsiste en matière de dépistage et d'intervention rapide dans les centres de soins de santé primaires de la Fédération de Russie. Ces derniers peuvent ainsi s'ajouter aux politiques efficaces de lutte contre l'alcoolisme.Validar una versión en ruso del Test de Identificación de Trastornos debidos al Consumo de Alcohol (AUDIT, por sus siglas en inglés) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.Invitamos a participar en el estudio a 2.173 pacientes de 21 centros de atención primaria rurales y urbanos de nueve regiones rusas (143 se negaron y ocho fueron excluidos). En una entrevista estandarizada, los pacientes que habían consumido alcohol en los últimos 12 meses proporcionaron información sobre sus características sociodemográficas y completaron el AUDIT ruso, la Escala de malestar psicológico de Kessler y la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta para identificar el consumo problemático de alcohol y los trastornos por consumo de alcohol. Se evaluó la viabilidad de la administración de la prueba, su consistencia interna y su capacidad para predecir el consumo peligroso de alcohol y los trastornos por consumo de alcohol en los centros de atención primaria de la Federación Rusa.De los 2.022 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 1.497 eran consumidores de alcohol con puntuaciones en el AUDIT. La prueba demostró consistencia interna con buenas propiedades psicométricas (Cronbach α : 0,842). También predijo con precisión los trastornos por abuso de alcohol, pero también otras consecuencias (área bajo la curva75%). Una versión más corta de la prueba con solo tres ítems se correlacionó bien con el instrumento completo y ofreció un valor predictivo similar (área bajo la curva80%). Se determinaron umbrales específicos por sexo para todos los resultados, ya que los umbrales no específicos identificaron a pocas mujeres.Con la validación del AUDIT ruso, ya no existe ningún obstáculo para el cribado y la intervención temprana en los centros de atención primaria de la Federación Rusa. Estas pueden añadirse a las políticas eficaces de control del consumo de alcohol.الغرض التصديق على كشف اضطرابات تعاطي الكحول (AUDIT) التابع لمنظمة الصحة العالمية والصادر باللغة الروسية. الطريقة قمنا بدعوة 2173 مريضًا من 21 مركزًا ريفيًا وحضريًا للرعاية الصحية الأولية في ثماني مناطق روسية للمشاركة في الدراسة (قام 143 مريضًا بالرفض، وتم استبعاد ثمانية). في مقابلة شخصية قياسية، قام المرضى الذين تناولوا الكحول خلال الاثني عشر شهرًا الماضية، بتقديم معلومات عن خلفياتهم الاجتماعية والسكانية، وأكملوا اختبار AUDIT الروسي، ومقياس كيسلر للضغط النفسي، والمقابلة الشخصية التشخيصية الدولية المركبة لتحديد مشاكل الشرب واضطرابات تعاطي الكحول. قمنا بتقييم جدوى إجراء الاختبار، واتساقه الداخل وقدرته على توقع الاضطرابات الخطرة للشرب وتعاطي الكحول في الرعاية الصحية الأولية في الاتحاد الروسي. النتائج من بين 2022 مريضًا مشمولًا في الدراسة، حصل 1497 من متعاطيي الكحوليات في اختبار AUDIT الروسي على درجة. كان الاختبار متسقًا داخليًا مع الخصائص النفسية الجيدة (Cronbach旨在确认俄语版世界卫生组织酒精使用障碍识别测试 (AUDIT)。.我们从俄罗斯 9 个地区的 21 个城乡初级卫生保健中心邀请了 2173 名患者(其中 143 例谢绝参加,8 例被排除在外)参与本次调查。在一次标准化访谈中,在过去 12 个月内曾饮酒的患者提供了其社会人口统计学特征相关信息,并完成了俄罗斯 AUDIT、凯斯勒心理困扰量表和复合性国际诊断访谈表,以确定是否存在酗酒和酒精使用障碍。我们评估了俄罗斯联邦初级卫生保健系统实施该项测试的可行性、其内部一致性以及预测危险饮酒和酒精使用障碍的能力。.在参与本次调查的 2022 名患者中,1497 名饮酒者的俄罗斯 AUDIT 得分为。该测试与良好的心理测量特性具有内部一致性(克朗巴哈系数通过使用经确认的俄罗斯 AUDIT,俄罗斯联邦初级卫生保健系统在引入筛查测试和简要干预措施方面不再存在障碍,从而可有效促进酒精控制政策的成功实施。.Провести валидацию русскоязычной версии теста Всемирной организации здравоохранения для выявления расстройств, обусловленных употреблением алкоголя (AUDIT).Для участия в исследовании были приглашены 2173 пациента из 21 сельского и городского центра первичной медико-санитарной помощи в девяти регионах России (143 пациента отказались, а 8 были исключены из исследования).В стандартизированном интервью пациенты, употреблявшие алкоголь в течение последних 12 месяцев, предоставляли информацию о своих социально-демографических характеристиках и проходили российский тест AUDIT, тесты по шкале психологического дистресса Кесслера и составное международное диагностическое интервью для выявления проблемного употребления алкоголя и расстройств, связанных с употреблением алкоголя. Авторы оценили целесообразность проведения теста, его внутреннюю согласованность и способность предсказывать чрезмерное употребление алкоголя и расстройства, связанные с употреблением алкоголя, в рамках первичной медико-санитарной помощи в Российской Федерации.Из 2022 пациентов, включенных в исследование, 1497 употребляли алкоголь и набрали баллы в российском тесте AUDIT. Тест был внутренне согласован, обладал хорошими психометрическими характеристиками (КронбахВалидированный российский тест AUDIT устраняет препятствия для внедрения скрининга и краткосрочных вмешательств в услуги первичной медико-санитарной помощи в Российской Федерации в дополнение к успешной политике по борьбе с употреблением алкоголя.

Aims To adapt and validate the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) for use in the Russian Federation and countries with Russian-speaking populations by: 1) Operationalizing alcohol use patterns to allow for the best identification of hazardous use patterns in the Russian context. 2) Determining the best cut-off values for brief advice/interventions in primary healthcare settings. 3) Determining the best cut-off values for potential alcohol use disorders. Methods Systematic review of past use and validation of the Russian-language AUDIT. Interviews to be conducted with experts to identify problems encountered in the use of existing Russian-language AUDIT versions. A pilot study using a revised translation of the Russian-language AUDIT that incorporates country-specific drinking patterns in the Russian Federation. Results and Conclusions The systematic review identified over 60 different Russian-language AUDIT versions without systematic validation studies. The main difficulties encountered with the use of the AUDIT in the Russian Federation were related to the lack of: a concept and definition for a standard drink; low-risk drinking guidelines/thresholds and inclusion of the specific drinking pattern of episodic heavy drinking. A revised version of the Russian-language AUDIT was created based on the pilot studies, and was validated in primary healthcare facilities in all regions in 2019/2020., Short Summary To introduce the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) into primary healthcare settings in the Russian Federation, consultations with experts and several initial studies were conducted to adapt the instrument. This article presents the final instrument and the steps taken to construct it. It also presents the design of the validation study to determine alcoholic intake thresholds for appropriate interventions.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is one of the most frequently used screening instrument for hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and potential alcohol dependence in primary health care (PHC) and other settings worldwide. It has been translated into many languages and adapted and modified for use in some countries, following formal adaptation procedures and validation studies. In the Russian Federation, the AUDIT has been used in different settings and by different health professionals, including addiction specialists (narcologists). In 2017, it was included as a screening instrument in the national guidelines of routine preventive health checks at the population-level (dispanserization). However, various Russian translations of the AUDIT are known to be in use in different settings and, so far, little is known about the empirical basis and validation of the instrument in Russia—a country, which is known for its distinct drinking patterns and their detrimental impact on health. The present contribution is the summary of two systematic reviews that were carried out to inform a planned national validation study of the AUDIT in Russia. Two systematic searches were carried out to 1) identify all validation efforts of the AUDIT in Russia and to document all reported problems encountered, and 2) identify all globally existing Russian translations of the AUDIT and document their differences and any reported issues in their application. The qualitative narrative synthesis of all studies that met the inclusion criteria of the first search highlighted the absence of any large-scale rigorous validation study of the AUDIT in primary health care in Russia, while a document analysis of all of the 122 Russian translations has revealed 61 unique versions, most of which contained inconsistencies and signaled obvious application challenges of the test. The results clearly signal the need for a validation study of the Russian AUDIT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13011-021-00404-8.

Background and aims Accurate and user-friendly assessment tools quantifying alcohol consumption are a prerequisite to effective prevention and treatment programmes, including Screening and Brief Intervention. Digital tools offer new potential in this field. We developed the ‘Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool’ (AAA-Tool), a mobile app providing an interactive version of the World Health Organization's Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) that facilitates the description of individual alcohol consumption via culturally informed animation features. This pilot study evaluated the Russia-specific version of the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool with regard to (1) its usability and acceptability in a primary healthcare setting, (2) the plausibility of its alcohol consumption assessment results and (3) the adequacy of its Russia-specific vessel and beverage selection. Methods Convenience samples of 55 patients (47% female) and 15 healthcare practitioners (80% female) in 2 Russian primary healthcare facilities self-administered the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool and rated their experience on the Mobile Application Rating Scale – User Version. Usage data was automatically collected during app usage, and additional feedback on regional content was elicited in semi-structured interviews. Results On average, patients completed the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool in 6:38 min (SD = 2.49, range = 3.00–17.16). User satisfaction was good, with all subscale Mobile Application Rating Scale – User Version scores averaging >3 out of 5 points. A majority of patients (53%) and practitioners (93%) would recommend the tool to ‘many people’ or ‘everyone’. Assessed alcohol consumption was plausible, with a low number (14%) of logically impossible entries. Most patients reported the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool to reflect all vessels (78%) and all beverages (71%) they typically used. Conclusion High acceptability ratings by patients and healthcare practitioners, acceptable completion time, plausible alcohol usage assessment results and perceived adequacy of region-specific content underline the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool's potential to provide a novel approach to alcohol assessment in primary healthcare. After its validation, the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool might contribute to reducing alcohol-related harm by facilitating Screening and Brief Intervention implementation in Russia and beyond.

In the 2000s, Russia was globally one of the top 5 countries with the highest levels of alcohol per capita consumption and prevailing risky patterns of drinking, i.e., high intake per occasion, high proportion of people drinking to intoxication, and high frequency of situations where alcohol is consumed and tolerated. In 2009, in response to these challenges, the Russian government formed the Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation and published a national strategy concept to reduce alcohol abuse and alcohol-dependence at the population level for the period 2010&ndash, 2020. The objectives of the present contribution are to analyze the evidence base of the core components of the concept and to provide a comprehensive evaluation framework of measures implemented (process evaluation) and the achievement of the formulated targets (effect evaluation). Most of the concept&rsquo, s measures were found to be evidence-based and aligned with eight out of 10 areas of the World Health Organization (WHO) policy portfolio. Out of the 14 tasks, 7 were rated as achieved, and 7 as partly achieved. Ten years after the concept&rsquo, s adoption, alcohol consumption seems to have declined by about a third and alcohol is conceptualized as a broad risk factor for the population&rsquo, s health in Russia.

Background: The increase in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence is observed in recent decades in a number of subarctic countries. The reasons of it are widely discussed in scientific publications. The objective of this study was to understand if the climate change in Arkhangelsk Oblast (AO) situated in the north of European subarctic zone of Russia has real impact on the northward expansion of Ixodid ticks and stipulates the increase in TBE incidence. Methods: This study analyzes: TBE incidence in AO and throughout Russia, the results of Ixodid ticks collecting in a number of sites in AO, and TBE virus prevalence in those ticks, the data on tick bite incidence in AO, and meteorological data on AO mean annual air temperatures and precipitations. Results: It is established that in recent years TBE incidence in AO tended to increase contrary to its apparent decrease nationwide. In last 10 years, there was nearly 50-fold rise in TBE incidence in AO when compared with 1980-1989. Probably, the increase both in mean annual air temperatures and temperatures during tick active season resulted in the northward expansion of Ixodes Persulcatus, main TBE virus vector. The Ixodid ticks expansion is confirmed both by the results of ticks flagging from the surface vegetation and by the tick bite incidence in the population of AO locations earlier free from ticks. Our mathematical (correlation and regression) analysis of available data revealed a distinct correlation between TBE incidence and the growth of mean annual air temperatures in AO in 1990-2009. Conclusion: Not ruling out other factors, we conclude that climate change contributed much to the TBE incidence increase in AO. Keywords: climate change; tick-borne encephalitis; Ixodes persulcatus; subarctic zone (Published: 21 October 2011) Citation: Global Health Action 2011, 4 : 8448 - DOI: 10.3402/gha.v4i0.8448

Background: In the Russian Federation (Russia), an elevated burden of premature mortality attributable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has been observed since the country's economic transition. NCDs are largely related to preventable risk factors such as unhealthy diets. Objective: This health policy study's aim was to analyze past and current food production and nutritional trends in Russia and their policy implications for Russia's NCD burden. Design: We examined food security and nutrition in Russia using an analytical framework of food availability, access to food, and consumption. Results: Agricultural production declined during the period of economic transition, and nutritional habits changed from high-fat animal products to starches. However, per-capita energy consumption remained stable due to increased private expenditures on food and use of private land. Paradoxically, the prevalence of obesity still increased because of an excess consumption of unsaturated fat, sugar, and salt on one side, and insufficient intake of fruit and vegetables on the other. Conclusions: Policy and economic reforms in Russia were not accompanied by a food security crisis or macronutrient deprivation of the population. Yet, unhealthy diets in contemporary Russia contribute to the burden of NCDs and related avoidable mortality. Food and nutrition policies in Russia need to specifically address nutritional shortcomings and food-insecure vulnerable populations. Appropriate, evidence-informed food and nutrition policies might help address Russia's burden of NCDs on a population level.