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The goat flock in our country is steadily increasing, so that if 1072013 animals were reported in 2007, they were 1804478 in December 2016 that reflecting the growing interest of breeders for this species. This paper aims to highlight the dynamics of infectious pathology in the goat population in the Northeast region of Romania during 2014-2017, the factors that led to the emergence of diseases, as well as the prevention and control measures. The most common diseases are those of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive and locomotors apparatus produced by infectious pathogens such as Pasteurella spp., Artrithis Encephalitis Virus, Orf Virus, Mycoplasma agalactiae, Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Research has led to establishment of the prevalence of infectious diseases in goats, so the results show that the most affected breeds are specialized breeds: Saanen and French Alpine, kids being more sensitive compared to adult animals. Knowledge of the epidemiological situation is the basis for proposing specific control and / or prevention plans that allow the design, management and evaluation of goat health programs.

Caprine arthritis encephalitis is an important disease of dairy goats with a worldwide distribution. Despite the eradication programs, this disease is still prevalent and causing huge financial losses due to reduced lactation performance and culling. The aim of this study was to reveal the presence of CAEV antibodies among a goat population from the North-Eastern of Romania. During 2014-2016, a total of 295 blood samples were collected from healthy or diseased animals. The serum samples were tested for CAEV antibodies detection, using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Within the 295 serum samples tested by AGID technique, 31.86% were confirmed as being positive. All positive samples came from subjects without clinical signs of disease. The results obtained in this preliminary study; show that CAEV is present in French Alpine goats breed within a farm in North-Eastern of Romania.

Background In the last few decades, Romania has been considered one of the European countries most affected by animal rabies, but a combination of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns in foxes alongside mandatory vaccination of pets has substantially decreased the number of rabies cases in recent years. The objective of this study was to detect rabies antibodies in wild boar serum and thoracic fluid samples collected during the hunting season after ORV campaigns in north-eastern Romania in order to identify if wild boars are substantial competitors to foxes for ORV baits. Results When the 312 wild boar samples were tested by ELISA (BioPro ELISA, Czech Republic), 42.31% (132/312) demonstrated rabies antibodies. In order to compare these wild boar results in terms of the percentage of immunisation, fox samples were also included in the study, and in this case only 28.40% (98/345) demonstrated rabies antibodies by ELISA. To check the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of this ELISA, those samples with a sufficient volume from both species that had tested either negative or positive with an initial ELISA were then tested with the Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralisation (FAVN) assay. The overall concordance between the BioPro ELISA and FAVN test was 74.26% (75/101) in wild boar samples and 65.66% (65/99) in fox samples, 140 out of 200 samples being correlated with the two methods, although no significant statistical difference (p = 0.218) between the two species was registered. We found a good agreement by both tests for the ELISA-positive samples (91.30%), however the situation was different for the ELISA-negative samples, where a low agreement was demonstrated (41.18%). Conclusions This study reports for the first time the presence of rabies antibodies in wild boar samples collected during the hunting season in Romania after ORV campaigns in rabies endemic areas. It is also the first study to demonstrate that ELISA BioPro can be used on wild boar samples with satisfactory results compared to the FAVN test for this species.

The studies of Immanuel Kant constitute the foundations of the research for earthquakes from a geo-scientific point of view, through his reflections which favour the quantitative relationships of the search for causes. So, the current of secularization in the representation of the natural disaster is established in the eighteenth century by a speech influenced by the physical and natural sciences. Kant endeavours to propose explanations and to find the natural causes of the disaster, which, thanks to his argument, gain strongly in credibility compared with the moral, theological and philosophical formulations. The disaster becomes a peculiarity, which triggers fear, because it cannot be classified and explained. Kant reminds once again the humility, when he affirms that he is "niemals etwas mehr als ein Mensch", the image of the great discrepancy between the technical audacity of man and his technical capacities.Through all his scientific texts that we have analysed, Kant announces the change of paradigm in the apprehension of the natural catastrophe. It will be analysed as a natural phenomenon, and not according to the perspective of a "coup de destin". He exceeds the status of preacher to become a philosopher of Nature, because the reason of the evil does not lie in the order of Nature but in the excesses and the ignorance of the people. In his work, “Der einzig mogliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseyns Gottes”, published seven years later, Kant makes a clear distinction between the natural causes and the moral causes, stemming from the faults of people, which do not cause misfortune as natural disasters.

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) can infect epithelial cells and fibroblasts, inducing fibropapillomas in cattle. Gap junctions are communication channels between cells composed of connexins (Cxs). This study evaluated expression of Cx26 and the major BPV oncoprotein E5 in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas. BPV DNA was amplified from 20/20 fibropapillomas and 3/3 samples of normal skin. All fibropapillomas (20/20) were positive by immunostaining for E5, whereas the three normal skin samples were negative. Cx26 was expressed faintly in the normal skin epithelium. Positive cytoplasmic and juxtanuclear immunoreactivity for Cx26 was evident in 18/20 (90%) fibropapillomas. Western blot analysis demonstrated higher expression of Cx26 in 6/6 fibropapillomas compared to normal skin samples.

Rabies is one of the most feared zoonotic diseases worldwide, caused by a virus of the genus Lyssavirus , Rhabdoviridae family. In order to evaluate the efficacy of oral vaccination campaigns of foxes against rabies, two methods are agreed by WHO and OIE, namely: the quantification of rabies antibodies and the detection of a biomarker (tetracycline). The aims of this study were consisting in the identification and quantification of rabies antibodies in foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) after oral vaccination campaign in Buzau and Galati Counties. After 2015 wildlife rabies vaccination campaign, 27 blood samples from hunted foxes were collected in Buzau (19 samples) and Galati (8 samples) Counties. According to manufacturer's recommendations, rabies seroconversion was quantified using Platelia TM Rabies II Kit (Bio-Rad, France).In both counties were identified seropositive foxes following vaccination. Out of 19 samples from Buzau County, 3 samples overcome the requested seroconversion level (0.736 EU/ml, 0.933 EU/ml and 2.362 EU/ml), another 5 didn’t reach the seroconversion level according to PLATELIA™ RABIES II test and 11 samples had undetectable seroconversion (

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are small DNA tumoral viruses able to induce benign cutaneous and/or mucosal epithelial lesions. Generally, the benign tumours affecting the skin or mucosa spontaneously regress, but under special circumstances, the defence system may be overwhelmed, thus leading to cancer, especially in the presence of immunosuppressant and mutagen agents from bracken fern. To date, thirteen different BPV genotypes have been associated with skin and mucosal tumours in cattle, and out of these, only four types (BPV-1, -2, -5 and -13) cross-infect other species. Recent investigations in vivo have revealed new insights into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this viral infection. This review briefly discusses viral epidemiology, will give data on BPV genome structure and viral genes and will describe the cellular events and new aspects of both cutaneous and mucosal tumours in large ruminants. Finally, some aspects of active immunization will be described.

Detection of Orf Virus and Papillomavirus Out of Samples from Goats and Cattle which were Gathered by Multiplex PCR RomaniaThe lesions which appear on the skin and are caused by parapoxvirus, herpesviruses and papillomavirus, depending on they're gravity, can produce large economic losses. The identification of viral species with different laboratory methods can facilitate making a correct diagnostic in identifying the infectious entity. The most common encountered injuries, especially on goats and kids, have an oral location, breasts, eyes and genital and podal. On the other side on cattles infected with papillomavirus the lesions are multiple and spread all over the body. To identify the etiologic agent from goats and cattle with skin lesions, tissue samples were collected and scabs. The virus identification was made with molecural biology techniques. The PCR method revealed the viral DNA, thus identifying a portion of the B2L preserved gene which is then amplified using primers PPP1-PPP4. For papillomavirus detection, primers FAP59 and FAP 64 were used to conserve the L1 human gene, primers that can help detect other types of papillomavirus from other species. The PCR results showed that lesions from goats were made by Orf virus, a virus that belongs to the papillomavirus gene, as for cattles the bovine papillomavirus. Studies have shown that PCR is a rapid laboratory method which can be used to identify the viral agent that causes severe skin lesions.

Background Bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas are benign hyperproliferative lesions induced by Bovine Papillomaviruses (BPVs). Bcl-2 is an important anti-apoptotic protein which is expressed in several cancer types. In contrary, p53 is a tumour suppressor protein that mediates cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence in response to cellular stresses. Findings Here, we investigated immunohistochemically and biochemically, the expression of bcl-2 and p53 in a subset of BPV positive fibropapillomas and bovine normal skin. Normal skin samples showed a weak signal for both proteins in the cytoplasm of the basal cells. Nine out of twelve (75%) tumour samples stained positive for bcl-2 throughout basal and parabasal layers, with most of cells showing strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. Nine out of twelve (75%) fibropapillomas were found to be positive for p53 expression, showing a strong cytoplasmic and perinuclear staining of p53 protein mainly in the basal and parabasal layers. Conclusions Our data reveal an altered bcl-2 and p53 immunoreactivity in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas, suggesting involvement of these two proteins in the cutaneous neoplastic transformation through an impaired apoptotic process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1750-9378-10-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas are benign skin tumours characterized by epithelial and dermal proliferation and induced by Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs). Cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 are enzymes involved in pathological conditions, such as inflammation and epithelial carcinogenesis. Here we investigated biochemically and immunohistochemically COX-2 expression in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas. Eight of twelve fibropapillomas (67%) showed COX-2 positive immunosignal mostly in the cytoplasm of the basal cell layer, while the normal skin did not stain. Biochemical analysis confirmed the expression of COX-2 in tumour samples. This study shows COX-2 expression in cutaneous fibropapillomas, suggesting a contribution in epithelial tumour development.

Bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas are benign skin tumours formed by proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs). BPV E5 oncoprotein plays a key role in neoplastic cell transformation by specifically binding to the platelet derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFβR) causing its phosphorylation and activation of proliferation and survival signal transduction pathways, among these phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Ras-mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-Erk (Ras-MAPK-Erk) pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PDGFβR, its phosphorylation status and expression of the downstream molecules phospho-Akt (pAkt) and phospho-Erk (pErk), in naturally occurring bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas. By immunohistochemistry on serial sections we showed cytoplasmic co-expression of the PDGFβR and E5 protein in neoplastic tissue. Western blot analysis revealed that PDGFβR was phosphorylated in higher amount in tumour samples compared to normal skin. pAkt, but not pErk, was also overexpressed in tumour samples. These findings may provide new insights into the aetiopathogenic mechanisms underlying naturally occurring bovine fibropapillomas and contribute to understanding the molecular scenario underlying BPV induced tumourigenesis.

This article presents an activity which aimed at allowing the students interact with their peers in a foreign language in order to increase their participation level in the research field, to enable them to use the specialized language in written and oral communication and to make them develop scientific communication skills. The activity was carried out in several phases, starting with the selection of the topics by the teachers members of the project and the constitution of the teams (according to the students’ choice). The activity itself included three important phases: the establishment of contacts between the students, the on- line communication among the students of every team, in order to build the work plan and to fix the deadlines and finally, the presentations of the projects. Five projects were presented in one of the sections of the International symposium “New strategies in language teaching in a multidisciplinary perspective”, on March 29th, 2013, at the “Alecu Russo” State University of Balţi, Republic of Moldova. The field areas were: food legislation; ecology and environmental protection in international humanitarian law; animal ethics and animal welfare. The activity involved 21 students and 6 teachers as coordinators from the five partner universities from three countries (Romania, Moldova and Croatia) and constituted a possible approach for the scientific research teamwork, by integrating the information and communication technologies in the context of the intercultural communication.