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Objective Danaparoid sodium is a biopolymeric complex drug composed of the most abundant heparan sulfate (HS) followed in descending order by dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). This composite nature explains its peculiar antithrombotic and anticoagulant properties and make it particularly advantageous when the risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia occurs. A specific control of the danaparoid composition is required by the Ph. Eur. The monograph includes the CS and DS limit contents and describes the method for their quantification through selective enzymatic degradations. Materials and Methods In this study, a quantitative two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method is proposed as a new method suitable for CS and DS quantification. Statistical comparison of the results provided by the analysis of a series of danaparoid samples with both NMR and enzymatic methods highlights a small systematic difference, likely derived from lyase-resistant sequences bearing oxidized terminals. Some modified structures, whose survival to the enzymatic action was confirmed by mass spectrometry, can be detected and quantified by NMR. Conclusion and Results The proposed NMR method can serve for the determination of DS and CS contents, is an easy-to-apply method with no dependence from enzymes and standards, and provides extensive structural information on the overall glycosaminoglycans mixture.

During the manufacture of pharmaceutical heparin, a range of treatments are applied to sanitize, decolourise and reduce the pyrogenic properties of the samples. The structural effects of bleaching, an oxidative process, are examined. Among

The heparan sulfate mimetic PI-88 is a complex mixture of sulfated oligosaccharides with anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activity due to its potent inhibition of heparanase and heparan sulfate-dependent angiogenic growth factors. It was recently in Phase III clinical trials for postresection hepatocellular carcinoma. The major oligosaccharide constituents of PI-88 were prepared for the first time by sulfonation of individually purified phosphorylated oligosaccharides isolated from the PI-88 precursor. PI-88 and its components were subjected to detailed 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. The spectra of the individual components greatly assisted the assignment of minor resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of PI-88. The data also showed that the majority of the oligosaccharides in PI-88 are fully sulfated and that undersulfated species present are largely due to anomeric desulfation. The solution conformation of the phosphomannopentaose sulfate (major component) of PI-88 was then determined by a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and NOE measurements which may provide insights into its binding interactions with target proteins.

Experimental trials of anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater (OMW) blended with other agro-industrial by-products were carried out to evaluate biogas production and sensitivity of the process to inhibiting compounds. Blends containing different percentages of OMW, digested liquid manure, and citrus peel were subjected to a batch anaerobic digestion process under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The results showed that blends with percentages of OMW higher than 20% (v/v) had low methane yields due high concentrations of polyphenols (PPs) and/or volatile fatty acids (concentrations above 0.8 g kg–1 and 2.4 g L–1, respectively). The addition of other substrates such as citrus peel may have induced synergic inhibiting effects of PPs and essential oils (EO) on microbial growth. Thermophilic processes were more sensitive to these inhibiting compounds than mesophilic processes. The results of this study suggest that reducing PPs and EO concentrations in blends subject to anaerobic digestion below the inhibiting concentrations of 0.6 g L–1 and 0.5 g kg–1, respectively, is suitable. Additionally, it is advisable to maintain the volatile fatty acids content below 2 g L–1 to avoid its evident toxic effects on the growth of microorganisms in biochemical processes.

Identification of novel specialized metabolites or bioactive compounds represents the main objective in the research field of natural product leads and drug discovery. Mass spectrometry (MS) provides a central tool to expedite and make more efficient the discovery and isolation phases, while minimizing the waste of resources on rediscovery of known compounds. MS contributes acutely to elucidation and identification of numerous species because it allows molecular mass and structural features determination. In particular, identification of the elemental composition of a precursor ion of interest by accurate mass measurement and investigation of dissociative processes undergone by the molecule, represent a worthy methodology to access the structure assignment. The aim of this study was to discover and identify novel antibacterial drugs from microbial source in a jungle of already known compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical strategy that permitted the disclosure of a new compound, otherwise confused with other substances. Emphasis is placed on the interpretation of the ESI-MS/MS fragmentation pattern that combined with high resolution mass determination, allowed step by step to properly deduce the exact molecular formula of an unknown component with a molecular weight higher than 1500 Daltons.

Due to the biological properties of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), continuous advances in elucidation of their microheterogeneous structure and discovery of novel structural peculiarities are crucial. Effective strategies for monitoring manufacturing processes and assessment of more restrictive specifications, as imposed by the current regulatory agencies, need to be developed. Hereby, we apply an efficient heparanase-based strategy to assert the structure of two major isomeric octasaccharides of dalteparin and investigate the tetrasaccharides arising from antithrombin binding region (ATBR) of bovine mucosal heparin. Heparanase, especially when combined with other sample preparation methods (e.g., size exclusion, affinity chromatography, heparinase depolymerization), was shown to be a powerful tool providing relevant information about heparin structural peculiarities. The applied approach provided direct evidence that oligomers bearing glucuronic acid&ndash, glucosamine-3-O-sulfate at their nonreducing end represent an important structural signature of dalteparin. When extended to ATBR-related tetramers of bovine heparin, the heparanase-based approach allowed for elucidation of the structure of minor sequences that have not been reported yet. The obtained results are of high importance in the view of the growing interest of regulatory agencies and manufacturers in the development of low-molecular-weight heparin generics as well as bovine heparin as alternative source.

Heparin is a complex mixture of heterogeneous sulfated polysaccharidic chains. Its physico-chemical characterization is based on the contribution of several methods, but advantages of the use of complementary techniques have not been fully investigated yet. Strong-Anion-Exchange HPLC after enzymatic digestion and quantitative bidimensional 1H-13C NMR (HSQC) are the most used methods for the determination of heparin structure, providing the composition of its building blocks. The SAX-HPLC method is based on a complete enzymatic digestion of the sample with a mixture of heparinases I, II and III, followed by the separation of the resulting di- and oligo-saccharides by liquid chromatography. The NMR-HSQC analysis is performed on the intact sample and provides the percentage of mono- and di-saccharides by integration of diagnostic peaks. Since, for both methods, accuracy cannot be proved with the standard procedures, it is interesting to compare these techniques, highlighting their capabilities and drawbacks. In the present work, more than 30 batches of porcine mucosa heparin, from 8 manufacturers, have been analyzed with the two methods, and the corresponding results are discussed, based on similarities and differences of the outcomes. The critical comparison of both common and complementary information from the two methods can be used to identify which structural features are best evaluated by each method, and to verify from the concordance of the results the accuracy of the two methods, providing a powerful tool for the regular characterization of single, commercial preparations of Heparin.

Sulodexide is a heparinoid which combines the properties of its components heparin and dermatan sulfate and is used not only for the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases but also for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Despite many clinical studies have been conducted to investigate its activity and safety, no data are available on the fine chemical characterization of its components. In this work, the in-depth investigation on the structural features of both the whole mixture and the isolated components was accomplished, involving the analysis of molecular weight distribution and of their mono, di and oligosaccharide composition by HP-SEC/TDA, 2D-NMR and HPLC-MS techniques. Moreover, also the separation of fractions endowed of graded affinity to antithrombin was achieved followed again by detailed structural analysis. The combination of different techniques permits to profile in depth the structural features of such a drug and offers a useful tool for possible analysis of batch production.

Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) were augmented by both hyaluronic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), each covalently conjugated to dopamine (DA) enabling their anchoring to the SPION. HA and BSA were found to simultaneously serve as stabilizing polymers of Fe₃O₄·DA-BSA/HA in water. Fe₃O₄·DA-BSA/HA efficiently entrapped and released the hydrophobic cytotoxic drug paclitaxel (PTX). The relative amount of HA and BSA modulates not only the total solubility but also the paramagnetic relaxation properties of the preparation. The entrapping of PTX did not influence the paramagnetic relaxation properties of Fe₃O₄·DA-BSA. Thus, by tuning the surface structure and loading, we can tune the theranostic properties of the system.

The antithrombin (AT) binding properties of heparin and low molecular weight heparins are strongly associated to the presence of the pentasaccharide sequence AGA*IA (ANAc,6S-GlcUA-ANS,3,6S-I2S-ANS,6S). By using the highly chemoselective depolymerization to prepare new ultra low molecular weight heparin and coupling it with the original separation techniques, it was possible to isolate a polysaccharide with a biosynthetically unexpected structure and excellent antithrombotic properties. It consisted of a dodecasaccharide containing an unsaturated uronate unit at the nonreducing end and two contiguous AT-binding sequences separated by a nonsulfated iduronate residue. This novel oligosaccharide was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and its binding with AT was determined by fluorescence titration, NMR, and LC-MS. The dodecasaccharide displayed a significantly increased anti-FXa activity compared with those of the pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, and low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin. Background: Heparin is a linear sulfated polysaccharide used clinically as an anticoagulant. Results: A heparin dodecasaccharide, containing two contiguous antithrombin-binding sequences, has been described and characterized for the first time. Conclusion: The dodecasaccharide binds antithrombin in two different molecular assemblies enhancing the probability of the binding and the affinity. Significance: The discovery of this dodecasaccharide improves the knowledge of heparin structure.

This manuscript describes the preparation and the spectroscopic characterisation of semi-synthetic sulfated maltotriose C-C linked dimers (SMTCs) where the natural C-O-C anomeric bond was substituted by one direct central C-C bond. This C-C bond induces conformation and flexibility changes with respect to the usual anomeric bond. SMTCs neutral precursors came from maltotriosyl bromide electroreduction through maltotriosyl radical intermediate dimerisation. The new C-C bond configuration, named for convenience a,a, a,b and b,b as the natural anomeric bond, dictated the statistic ratio formation of three diastereoisomers. They were separated by silica gel flash chromatography followed by semi preparative HPLC chromatography. Each diastereoisomer was exhaustively sulfated to afford the corresponding SMTCs. SMTCs were huge characterised by NMR spectroscopy which provided the sulfation degree, too. a,a and a,b were found quite homogeneous samples with a high degree of sulfation (85–95%). b,b appeared a non-homogeneous sample whose average sulfation degree was evaluated at around 78%. Mass spectroscopy experiments confirmed the sulfation degree range. Some considerations were proposed about SMTCs structure-biological properties.

MALDI-TOF protein profiling analysis permits the detection of peptides and small proteins in complex protein mixtures with great accuracy. We applied this analysis to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 15 patients affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). We compared the levels of the normalized ion signals of 11 sporadic and 4 genetic CJD forms with those from ten healthy control subjects and eight non-CJD relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. In so doing, we detected 61 differentially expressed ion signals in CJD samples compared to controls. Among the 61 signals, 3 signals had significantly increased levels with high statistical significance (p

The major compositional differences between bovine mucosal heparin (BMH) and the currently employed porcine mucosal heparin (PMH) have been reported to essentially consist of reduced 6-O-sulfation of the glucosamine residues in BMH and somewhat lower 2-O-sulfation of the iduronate residues in PMH. The present work is based on direct comparison of several BMH and PMH commercial preparations. A combined study by 2D (heteronuclear single quantum coherence, HSQC) NMR and ion-pair reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (IPRP-HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) on the heparins, extended to the analysis of their heparinases digests and fractions separated by affinity chromatography on antithrombin (AT), confirmed the previously reported lower degree of 6-O-sulfation and showed lower 3-O-sulfated glucosamine content in BMH. More detailed studies allowed the identification of structural variants of AT-binding region (ATBR) structural variants, showing higher content of the N-sulfated components in BMH than in PMH.

The glycoprotein P0, the major structural protein of the peripheral nerve myelin, plays a critical role in holding myelin lamellae together via interaction of both extracellular and cytoplasmic domains. Mutations in the human P0 gene give rise to severe and progressive forms of dominantly inherited peripheral neuropathies like CMT1B. Here we report on the characterization of a bovine P0-derived protein of nearly 26 kD that corresponds to the P0 protein truncated in its cytoplasmic domain. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight/time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis on its tryptic digest has provided a peptide mapping, the main difference of which from the normal P0 analog was represented by the absence of the cluster of peaks at m/z 1513.7501, 1530.7701, and 1546.7651. The latter corresponds to the P0 fragment QTPVLYAMLDHSR and to its pyroglutamic and methionine-oxidized derivatives. The species at 1530.7701 covering the sequence 186-198 of P0 is not an artifact and might have a functional role in the myelin architecture.

Danaparoid sodium salt, is the active component of ORGARAN, an anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug constituted of three glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa extracts. Heparan sulfate is the major component, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate being the minor ones. Currently dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are quantified by UV detection of their unsaturated disaccharides obtained by enzymatic depolymerization. Due to the complexity of danaparoid biopolymers and the presence of shared components, an orthogonal approach has been applied using more advanced tools and methods. To integrate the analytical profile, 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy was applied and found effective to identify and quantify GAG component signals as well as those of some process signatures of danaparoid active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) batches. Analyses of components of both API samples and size separated fractions proceeded through the determination and distribution of the molecular weight (Mw) by high performance size exclusion chromatographic triple detector array (HP-SEC-TDA), chain mapping by LC/MS, and mono- (1H and 13C) and bi-dimensional (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. Finally, large scale chromatographic isolation and depolymerization of each GAG followed by LC/MS and 2D-NMR analysis, allowed the sequences to be defined and components to be evaluated of each GAG including oxidized residues of hexosamines and uronic acids at the reducing ends.

The volume offers a reconstruction of the developments of family mediation, from its first appearance to the present times, in which we are witnessing its constant evolution. The study ranges from the analysis of the first experiences on the subject, spanning from common law systems (with particular attention to the American, Canadian and English systems) to those of some continental European countries (Spain, France and Germany). A broad examination of the theme is therefore offered, in light of the differences between the various "schools" which have arisen over time. Then, the European perspective is examined, discussing the EU law and the role of the Court of Strasbourg’s jurisprudence and of the sources developed in the Council of Europe, while also paying particular attention to the challenges associated with the application of non-judicial forms of dispute resolution in cases which can be defined as cross-border. Attention is also paid to the role played by the principles for the protection of human rights. In the chapter dedicated to Italy’s legal experience, the core profiles of the matter are extensively examined through a complete and accurate reconstruction of the current law, which is then followed by a series of ideas about the possible implementations for its future and desirable reform.Il volume propone una ricostruzione degli sviluppi della mediazione familiare, partendo dal periodo iniziale, in cui comincio ad affermarsi, sino a giungere alla fase attuale, in cui si assiste a una sua costante evoluzione. Lo studio spazia dall'analisi delle prime esperienze in materia, nei sistemi di common law – con particolare attenzione alla realta normativa statunitense, canadese ed inglese – per estendersi, quindi, alle esperienze di alcuni Paesi dell'Europa continentale – quella spagnola, francese e tedesca –. E proposta quindi un'ampia disamina del tema, alla luce delle diversita fra le varie "scuole" che sono sorte, nel corso del tempo. Quindi, si prende in esame la prospettiva europea, trattando sia il diritto dell'Unione, sia il ruolo della giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo e delle fonti elaborate in seno al Consiglio d'Europa, rivolgendo una particolare attenzione alle sfide connesse con l'applicazione delle forme non giudiziali di risoluzione delle controversie, nei casi definibili come transfrontalieri, e al ruolo svolto dai principi correlati alla protezione dei diritti umani. Nel capitolo dedicato all'esperienza giuridica italiana, vengono estesamente approfonditi i profili centrali della materia, grazie ad una completa ed accurata ricostruzione del diritto vigente, cui fa seguito una serie di spunti circa le possibili vie da intraprendere, per una sua futura ed auspicabile riforma.

Heparin is a complex mixture of sulfated linear carbohydrate polymers. It is widely used as an antithrombotic drug, though it has been shown to have a myriad of additional biological activities. Heparin is often partially depolymerized in order to decrease the average molecular weight, as it has been shown that low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) possess more desirable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties than unfractionated heparin (UFH). Due to the prevalence of LMWHs in the market and the emerging availability of generic LMWH products, it is important that analytical methods be developed to ensure the drug quality. This work explores the use of tributylamine (TrBA), dibutylamine (DBA), and pentylamine (PTA) as ion-pairing reagents in conjunction with acetonitrile and methanol modified mobile phases for reversed-phase ion-pairing ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (RPIP-UPLC-MS) for fingerprint analysis of LMWH preparations. RPIP-UPLC-MS fingerprints are presented and compared for tinzaparinand enoxaparin.

Objective To asses thymosin β4 specificity as relevant to the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Design A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry protein profiling analysis was applied to several neurological disorders that are known to lead to dementia. The relative peak area (percentage of area) of the thymosin β4 MS signal was taken into account. Setting National Research Council, Cosenza, Italy. Patients Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was performed on 21 patients with neuropathologically confirmed CJD; 15 patients with frontotemporal dementia; 18 patients with probable Alzheimer disease; and 9 patients with a rapid-onset progressive dementia. A non–cognitively impaired control group consisted of 25 individuals without CJD or dementia. Main Outcome Measures The thymosin β4 test results in CJD and other dementia. Results The thymosin β4 cerebrospinal fluid levels appeared to be markedly increased in CJD samples compared with frontotemporal cases (P = 10−7) and patients with Alzheimer disease (P = 10−7). A lower significance was observed vs the group with rapid-onset progressive dementia (P = .0004). Thus, at a cutoff value of 1.2% of the thymosin β4 relative peak area, we estimated 100% sensitivity with 98.5% specificity. Conclusion These findings indicate that cerebrospinal fluid levels of thymosin β4 protein measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry may effectively contribute to discriminate CJD from other forms of dementia.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare fatal neurodegenerative disease belonging to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases. The agent responsible for the disease is the prion protein in an altered conformational form. Although there have been countless studies performed on the prion protein, the mechanisms that induce the structural change of the normal protein, and the harmful action the altered protein has on nervous cells, are still not fully understood. Furthermore, the final diagnosis for CJD can only occur with a postmortem histopathological analysis of the brain; the antemortem diagnosis is only possible for some specific CJD forms. Finally, there is no current treatment able to stop or delay the progression of the disease. Studies directed at resolving these issues are, therefore, extremely relevant. The proteomic approach is a very good strategy to be applied in such contexts because it allows easy identification of proteins and peptides possibly involved in the disease processes. In this article, the existing data regarding prion infection, biomarkers for CJD diagnosis and the use of several modern proteomic technologies for the identification of new cerebrospinal fluid polypeptides involved in CJD are reviewed.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has been applied to the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules. To date, there are two specific areas of application where MALDI-TOF-MS is viewed as impractical: analysis of low-mass analytes and relative quantitative applications. However, these limitations can be overcome and quantification can be routine. Increased levels of thymosin beta(4) (TB4) have been recently found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients. Our objective was to apply a label-free quantitative application of MALDI-TOF-MS to measure TB4 levels in human CSF by adding the oxidized form of TB4 as an internal standard. The relative peak area or peak height ratios of the native TB4 to the added oxidized form were evaluated. Considering the relative peak area ratios, healthy individuals showed a mean value of 40.8 +/- 21.27 ng/ml, whereas CJD patients showed high values with a mean of 154 +/- 59.07 ng/ml, in agreement with the previous observation found in CJD patients. Similar results were obtained considering peak height ratios. The proposed method may provide a simple and rapid screening method for quantification on CSF of TB4 levels suitable for diagnostic purposes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The electrochemical reduction on silver of peracetylated 6-iodo-6-deoxy-beta-maltose (2), 6-iodo-6-deoxy-beta-maltotriose (3) and 6'-iodo-6'-deoxy-beta-maltose (4) has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and performed on a preparative scale, according to the stoichiometry, -CH(2)I(2-4) + e(-) --> -CH(2)(*) + I(-). In agreement with the preparative electrolysis results, cyclic voltammetry showed different profiles for the reducing terminal-iodinated 2 and 3 and for the non-reducing terminal-iodinated 4. Compounds 2 and 3 partly dimerised to maltotetraoses mimics 7 (6,6-dimer) and 8 (5',5'-dimer) in 38% overall yield and to maltohexaose mimics 12 (6,6-dimer) and 13 (5',5'-dimer) in 30% overall yield, respectively. Compounds 7 and 12 came from the dimerisation of -CH(2)(*), primary radicals at C-6, which could also abstract H-5', becoming CH(3) and generating the C-5' quaternary radicals that dimerised in 8 and 13, respectively. These products were accompanied by the maltose derivatives 9, 10 and 11 a/b in 42% overall yield and by the maltotriose derivatives 14, 15 and 16 in 48% overall yield, respectively. Compounds 9, 14 and 10, 15 came from -CH(2)(*) disproportionation to CH(3) and CH(2)=C, respectively (exocyclic double bond C-6/C-5). Compounds 11 a/b and 16 came from C-5' radical reduction, followed by acetate anion elimination (double bonds C-6'/C-5' and C-5'/C-4'). In turn, 4 afforded only the 6',6'-dimer maltotetraose mimic 17 in 60% yield, accompanied by the reduced maltose 18 in 20% yield, in which the starting CH(2)I became CH(3). Compounds 7, 8, 12, 13 and 17 belong to a class of mixed O/C malto-mimic oligosaccharides wherein an unnatural C-C bond between two saccharide units increases metabolic stability compared to their O-analogues and modulates the sugar chain conformational flexibility, a fundamental parameter in determining protein-carbohydrate binding. Direct and spin-trapping EPR studies substantiated the radical-based nature of the dimerisation processes and allowed the identification of some of the paramagnetic species involved.

Heparanase is an endo-beta-D-glucuronidase that cleaves the heparan sulfate chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and is implicated in angiogenesis and metastasis. With the aim of establishing a simple and reliable method for studying the susceptibility of heparin/heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to be cleaved by heparanase, an on-line ion pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method was set up. The method works in the micromolar range of concentration and does not require derivatization of the substrate or of the products. It is based on mass identification of oligosaccharide fragments generated by heparanase and their quantification with reference to an internal heparin disaccharide standard. Substrates were (1) the synthetic pentasaccharides GlcN (NS,6S) - GlcA - GlcN (NS,3S,6S) - IdoA (2S) - GlcN (NS,6S) - OMe (AGA*IA (M)) and GlcN (NS,6S) - GlcA - GlcN (NS,6S) - IdoA (2S) - GlcN (NS,6S) - OMe (AGAIA (M)), corresponding to the heparin/heparan sulfate active site for antithrombin, and to the same sequence devoid of the 3- O-sulfate group in the central glucosamine, respectively; and (2) two natural heparin octasaccharides containing the AGA*IA sequence in different locations along the chain. The two pentasaccharides exhibited a higher susceptibility to heparanase cleavage with respect to the octasaccharides. The commercial availability of AGA*IA (M) makes it an ideal substrate to determine the specific activity of heparanase preparations. The present method could also be used for rapid screening of potential heparanase inhibitors.

For proteomic analysis, sample preparation plays a crucial role in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), since, very often, each tissue or cell culture requires specific treatments. In the present paper, we report a sample preparation procedure suitable for 2DE that was done on peripheral nerve using bovine sciatic nerves and human sural nerve biopsies. We obtained an appreciable reduction of tissue heterogeneity using protein extracts obtained from nerve-fiber bundles instead of the entire nerve. In addition, we optimized 2DE protein separation using a combination of CHAPS, Triton X-100, and SB3-10 detergents in an isoelectric-focusing (IEF) buffer. The reported experimental procedures appear to be essential for 2DE separation of peripheral nerve proteins for the establishment of a reference map.

A method is presented which allows the identification and assay of a nucleoside in the presence of other analogues and homologues. The method is based on the conventional multiple reaction monitoring approach performed on the [M + H]+ ions of wild-type and modified nucleosides produced by the turbo ionspray ionization method on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The accuracy of the quantitative determination relies on the evaluation of a response factor ρ, which takes into account the kinetics of dissociation of the parent ions into the protonated [B + 2H]+ nucleobase ions. The evaluation of the absolute concentration of each analyte in the examined mixture does not require any previous chromatographic separation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.