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Introduction Bovine papillomatosis affects animal health and represents one of the greatest economic losses in the livestock sector. New control and prevention methods to protect the livestock industry from this disease are necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate a candidate peptide for antibody production against bovine papillomavirus (BPV). Material and Methods A total of 64 cattle underwent wart excision among 5,485 cattle distributed over 2 to 4 farms per state and 12 farms in total in the four Mexican states of Tabasco, Chiapas, Veracruz, and Nuevo León. The prevalence of bovine papillomatosis per farm was calculated by wart visualisation. The warts were genotyped by PCR and sequenced, then a phylogenetic tree was built using MEGA X software. A synthetic peptide was designed in the ABCpred, Bepipred 2.0, Bepipred IDBT, Bepitope, LBtope, and MHC II predictor online server software’s based on the C-terminal region of the L1 protein. Mice antibody production was induced by subcutaneous immunisation with 50 μg of synthetic peptide and evaluated by indirect ELISA. Results The prevalence of BPV was higher in Tabasco, Chiapas, and Veracruz. Bovine papillomaviruses 1 and 2 were found in all representative samples. A phylogenetic tree showed that Mexican sequences were located in exclusive clades yet were highly related to international ones. The peptide immunisation induced antibody titres of 1 : 10,000/1 : 1,000,000 against synthetic peptide and whole wart lysate (WWL), respectively. Conclusion Co-infections of BPV-1 and -2 were found in all four states. Immunisation of BALB/C mice with BPV-1/2–derived synthetic peptide based on the C-terminal region of the major viral capsid protein L1 induced the production of specific antibodies able to recognise BPV-1/2 viral particles from bovine WWL.

Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer worldwide and triple negative breast cancer is a particularly aggressive subtype. Novel therapies for the treatment of cancer patients focus on the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Orthotopic and heterotopic syngeneic mice are the most common model used to study the TME in preclinical research. Despite this, there are no published studies that address the differences between orthotopic and heterotopic murine breast cancer models at the TME level. In this report we compared proliferation, immune cell infiltrates, extracellular matrix, vascular density, and response to chemotherapy between the mammary fat pad orthotopic model, and the air pouch heterotopic model. Our study shows that the orthotopic tumors form more metastasis, however, the heterotopic tumors grow larger, have a higher FOXP3 cell infiltrate, and resemble more accurately the breast cancer TME. Our findings show that both models are very similar, there are however some differences that should be considered in the experimental design of preclinical studies.

Introduction. Exercise intolerance is common in chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), but its mechanisms are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate exercise capacity and its association with lung function, ventilatory limitation, and ventilatory efficiency in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma when compared to healthy controls. Methods. Cross‐sectional study including patients with mild‐to‐moderate asthma, CF and healthy children and adolescents. Anthropometric data, lung function (spirometry) and exercise capacity (cardiopulmonary exercise testing) were evaluated. Primary outcomes were peak oxygen consumption (VO peak), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV ), breathing reserve (BR), ventilatory equivalent for oxygen consumption (V /VO ) and for carbon dioxide production (V /VCO ), both at the ventilatory threshold (VT ) and peak exercise. Results. Mean age of 147 patients included was 11.8±3.0 years. There were differences between asthmatics and CF children when compared to their healthy peers for anthropometric and lung function measurements. Asthmatics showed lower VO peak when compared to both healthy and CF subjects, although no differences were found between healthy and CF patients. A lower BR was found when CF patients were compared to both healthy and asthmatic. Both CF and asthmatic patients presented higher values for V /VO and V /VCO at VT when compared to healthy individuals. For both V /VO and V /VCO at peak exercise CF patients presented higher values when compared to their healthy peers. Conclusion. Patients with CF achieved good exercise capacity despite low ventilatory efficiency, low BR, and reduced lung function. However, asthmatics reported reduced cardiorespiratory capacity and normal ventilatory efficiency at peak exercise. These results demonstrate differences in the mechanisms of ventilatory limitation to maximum exercise testing in children and adolescents with CRD.

La recent reconceptualització del patrimoni cultural com a instrument i mig per al desenvolupament sostenible comporta la necessitat d'implementar eines capaces de mesurar, en termes qualitatius i quantitatius, diversos aspectes sobre la gestió dels béns i elements patrimonials de caràcter territorial. L'objectiu fonamental d'aquest treball és el de desenvolupar una eina que permeti, a través d'aplicacions de sistemes d'informació geogràfica, contribuir a la identificació del patrimoni cultural com a recurs de desenvolupament en un context d'equilibri territorial. Així, es defensa que, a major accessibilitat, entesa en totes les formes contemplades en el disseny metodològic que es presenta, major contribució permeten els béns culturals al desenvolupament sostenible d'àmbits rurals. Per a això, s'han dissenyat i desenvolupat indicadors específics sobre accessibilitat geogràfica (travel cost), accés territorial (propietat i ús del sòl), patrimoni en xarxa i accés digital, per a cadascun dels quals s'han distingit quatre nivells. Posteriorment, han estat aplicats a un conjunt d'elements del patrimoni immoble i immaterial de dues àrees rurals d'Andalusia, Espanya: Andévalo occidental i Sierra de Huelva. Els resultats obtinguts ofereixen conclusions útils com a suport per als processos de presa de decisions sobre patrimoni territorial en aquesta mena d'àmbits, extrapolables a altres estudis amb característiques similars. The recent reconceptualization of cultural heritage as an instrument and means for sustainable development entails the need for implementing tools capable of measuring, in qualitative and quantitative terms, various aspects of the management of heritage assets and elements in the territory. The main objective of this work is to develop a tool that allows, through Geographic Information Systems applications, to contribute to the identification of cultural heritage as a development resource in a context of territorial balance. Thus, it is argued that the greater the accessibility, understood in all the forms contemplated in the methodological design presented, the greater the contribution of cultural assets to the sustainable development of rural areas. To this end, specific indicators have been designed and developed on geographical accessibility (travel cost), territorial access (land ownership and use), networked heritage, and digital access). For each one of these, four levels have been distinguished. Subsequently, they have been applied to a set of elements of the immovable and intangible heritage of two rural areas in Andalusia, Spain: western Andévalo and Sierra de Huelva. The results obtained offer useful conclusions as support for decision-making processes on territorial heritage in this type of area, which can be extrapolated to other studies with similar characteristics. La reciente reconceptualización del patrimonio cultural como instrumento y medio para el desarrollo sostenible conlleva la necesidad de implementar herramientas capaces de medir, en términos cualitativos y cuantitativos, diversos aspectos sobre la gestión de los bienes y elementos patrimoniales de carácter territorial. El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es el de desarrollar una herramienta que permita, a través de aplicaciones de sistemas de información geográfica, contribuir a la identificación del patrimonio cultural como recurso de desarrollo en un contexto de equilibrio territorial. Así, se defiende que, a mayor accesibilidad, entendida en todas las formas contempladas en el diseño metodológico que se presenta, mayor contribución permiten los bienes culturales al desarrollo sostenible de ámbitos rurales. Para ello, se han diseñado y desarrollado indicadores específicos sobre accesibilidad geográfica (travel cost), acceso territorial (propiedad y uso del suelo), patrimonio en red y acceso digital, para cada uno de los cuales se han distinguido cuatro niveles. Posteriormente, han sido aplicados a un conjunto de elementos del patrimonio inmueble e inmaterial de dos áreas rurales de Andalucía, España: Andévalo occidental y Sierra de Huelva. Los resultados obtenidos ofrecen conclusiones útiles como soporte para los procesos de toma de decisiones sobre patrimonio territorial en este tipo de ámbitos, extrapolables a otros estudios con características similares. El presente trabajo ha sido desarrollado en el marco de los siguientes proyectos, que contribuyen a la financiación de los costes de edición y revisión de estilo: El proyecto “Sistema de Innovación para el Patrimonio de la Andalucía Rural (SIN_PAR)”, concedido mediante la convocatoria 2020 para proyectos de I+D+i del PAIDI 2020, con código PY20-00298, y el proyecto “Sistema de Innovación Turística para el Patrimonio de la Andalucía Rural (SIT_PAR)”, concedido mediante la convocatoria 2020 de ayudas para la realización de proyectos de interés colaborativo en el ámbito de los CEIS, con código PYC20 RE 029 IAPH. Ambas subvenciones proceden de la Secretaría General de Universidades, Investigación y Tecnología de la Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de la Junta de Andalucía y han sido cofinanciadas por el programa operativo FEDER en Andalucía para el periodo 2014-2020. Las autoras agradecen a los revisores sus comentarios y sugerencias, que han mejorado el artículo.

The canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is the most common malignity in dogs. Because there are reports that this tumor is resistant to vincristine sulfate, the chemotherapeutic options are scarce, and the development of new therapeutic approaches is necessary. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic activity of vincristine, doxorubicin, temozolomide, panobinostat, toceranib, gemcitabine, cisplatin, fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate on a CTVT cell line, determining that all drugs decreased the viability in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, they inhibit cellular migration in a time- and drug-dependent manner, as evaluated by the wound healing assay. On the other hand, vincristine, panobinostat, gemcitabine, toceranib, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate increased the percentage of cells in the subG1 phase, and doxorubicin, temozolomide, gemcitabine, toceranib, and methotrexate decreased the percentage of cells in the synthesis phase. To efficientize the use of vincristine, only toceranib increased the cytotoxic effect of vincristine in a synergistic manner. Our results confirm the use of vincristine as the gold standard for CTVT treatment as monotherapy and suggest the use of a combinatorial and sequential treatment with toceranib.

Background Emulsions have been widely used as immunological adjuvants. But the use of materials derived from plants such as cottonseed oil, alpha-tocopherol, or minerals such as zinc, as well as their use at the nanometric scale has been little explored. In this study, we develop a new miniemulsion and evaluated its antioxidant and phagocytic capacity, as well as parameters related to immune response stimulation by cytokine expression and antibodies production in a mice model. Methods Formulated CN (cottonseed oil miniemulsion) and CNZ (cottonseed oil miniemulsion whit zinc oxide nanoparticles) miniemulsions were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy SEM, DLS and FT-IR. In murine macrophages, splenocytes and thymocytes primary cultures safety and cytotoxicity were determined by MTT. In macrophages the antioxidant and phagocytic capacity was evaluated. In BALB/c mice, the stimulation of the immune system was determined by the expression of cytokines and the production of antibodies. Results The CN and CNZ presented stability for 90 days. Immediately after preparation, the CN presented a higher particle size (543.1 nm) than CNZ (320 nm). FT-IR demonstrated the correct nanoparticle synthesis by the absence of sulfate groups. CN and CNZ (1.25 to 10 µL/mL) had no toxic effect on macrophages (p = 0.108), splenocytes (p = 0.413), and thymocytes (p = 0.923). All CN and CNZ doses tested induced nitric oxide and antioxidants production in dose dependent manner when compared with control. CN-ovalbumin and CNZ-ovalbumin treatments in femoral subcutaneous tissue area showed inflammation with higher leukocyte infiltration compared with FCA. The intraperitoneal administration with CN, CNZ, and FCA showed a higher total intraperitoneal cells recruitment (CD14+) after 24 h of inoculation than control (p = 0.0001). CN and CNZ increased the phagocyte capacity with respect to untreated macrophages in the Candida albicans-phagocytosis assay. The evaluation of residual CFU indicated that only CN significantly decreased (p = 0.004) this value at 3 h. By other side, only CN increased (p = 0.002) the nitric oxide production. CNZ stimulated a major INFγ secretion compared with FCA at day 7. A major IL-2 secretion was observed at days 7 and 14, stimulated with CN and CNZ. Both miniemulsions did not affect the antibody isotypes production (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG3, IgA and IgM) at days 7, 14, 28, and 42. CN induced a significant IgG production against OVA, but lesser than FCA. Conclusions The two new miniemulsions with adjuvant and antioxidant capacity, were capable of generating leukocyte infiltration and increased cytokines and antibodies production.

Our main focus was to evaluate the efficacy of silver and sodium dichloroacetate as dual-function agents to be used in melanoma treatment. This strategy is designed to increase the activity of these two compounds that affect DNA integrity and the mitochondria at different levels. Furthermore, we evaluated if the cell death mechanism induced by our treatments was immunogenic cell death. To evaluate antitumor efficacy, we assessed tumor volume and production of tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor κ B (both by ELISA), and nitric oxide levels (Nitrate/Nitrite colorimetric assay kit); for immunogenic cell death, we evaluated the release of danger-associated molecular patterns using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, as well as an in vivo challenge. Our results showed that the combination of colloidal silver and sodium dichloroacetate is more effective than each treatment alone and that the antitumor mechanism is not through immunogenic cell death. Furthermore, this study can broadly contribute to the development of dichloroacetate-loaded silver nanoparticles and to the design targeted pharmacological formulations to fight melanoma as well as other types of cancer.

A series of ten α,β-unsaturated benzotriazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives was synthesized and all compounds were evaluated in vitro against three breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and 4T1) at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/mL). The results showed that compounds 6a, 6c, 6d, 6f, 6g, and 6i displayed acceptable anticancer activity, where compound 6f was the most active on the three cell lines (IC50 = 0.80, 0.07, and 0.30 mg/mL, respectively). Regarding the cytotoxicity assay, the compounds exhibited modest toxicity on murine splenocytes and peripheral human blood cells at the highest concentration tested (5 mg/mL). Compound 6f was further evaluated at different concentrations showing moderate cytotoxicity at the 5 mg/mL concentration and negligible cytotoxicity at the minimum concentration evaluated (0.05 mg/mL). Finally, the compounds 6a, 6c, 6d, 6f, 6g, 6i, and 6j were evaluated as fluorescence markers due to their ability to be internalized into MCF-7 cells.

Rabies is a fatal viral infection that causes enc ephalitis in warm-blooded animals, including humans. Dog-transmitted rabies is considered eradicated in Mexico; however, rabies is not being tested in livestock with neurological symptoms (one of the main manifestations of rabies disease). In this case report, we describe a rabies case in a white-tailed deer in the Santo Domingo ranch, in Catazajá, Chiapas, Mexico, where white-tailed deer are kept under captivity, and are meant for human consumption. This is the first report of a rabies case in white-tailed deer in Mexico. We also describe the challenges to obtain a rabies diagnosis and the lack of public health policies to ensure containment of the disease, as well as the lack of awareness among farmers in the area. One single confirmed case of rabies indicates that more animals are affected by the disease. The risk for human health and economical losses will remain unknown until rabies tests are routinely performed in animals that present neurological symptoms.

Childhood cancer patients are at risk of developing important adverse effects, mortality and disease relapse after treatments, which has a substantial economic impact on healthcare systems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supervised inhospital exercise on clinical endpoints during childhood cancer treatment. 169 children with a new diagnosis of cancer were divided into an exercise intervention (n = 68, 11 ± 4 years) or a control group (n = 101, 11 ± 3 years). The cohort was followed up from the start of treatment for up to five years. Supervised inhospital exercise intervention was performed during the neoadjuvant (for solid tumors) or intensive chemotherapy treatment period (for leukemias). The median duration of the intervention was 22 (interquartile range, 14‐28) weeks. We assessed survival, risk of disease relapse or metastasis, and days of hospitalization (primary outcomes), and cardiovascular function, anthropometry and blood variables (secondary outcomes). No exercise‐related adverse events were noted. The exercise group had significantly less days of hospitalization than the control group (P = .031), resulting in a lower (~−17%) mean total economic cost of hospitalization in the former. Moreover, echocardiography‐determined left ventricular function (ejection fraction and fractional shortening) was significantly impaired in the control group after treatment compared with baseline, whereas it was maintained in the exercise group (P = .024 and .021 for the between‐group differences, respectively). In conclusion, supervised inhospital exercise intervention is safe and plays a cardioprotective role, at least in the short term, in children with cancer, also reducing hospitalization time, and therefore alleviating the economic burden. Sin financiación 4.221 JCR (2020) Q1, 18/88 Sport Sciences 1.575 SJR (2020) Q1, 27/288 Orthopedics and Sports Medicine No data IDR 2019 UEM

Whole tumor cell lysates consist of a mixture of tumor antigens and danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can be used for dendritic cell maturation and consequently for the activation of a polyclonal T cell-specific tumor response. We evaluated the in vitro efficacy of three different preparations of canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) cell lysates: hypochlorous acid-whole tumor cell lysates (HOCl-L), heat shock-whole tumor cell lysates (HS-L), and freeze-thaw cycles-whole tumor cell lysates (FT-L) for the maturation of canine-derived dendritic cells. Our results showed calreticulin, HSP70, and HSP90 release in the three tumor lysates preparations (HOCl-L, HS-L, and FT-L); however, HMGB1 was detected only in HOCl-L and FT-L. Additionally, the uptake by HOCl-L pulsed dendritic cell (DC) increased compared to HS-L and FT-L pulsed DC; and dendritic cell maturation was confirmed by the appropriate cell surface markers (CD11c, CD80, CD83, and MHCII). Furthermore, dendritic cells pulsed with HOCl-L, HS-L or FT-L were cultured with canine lymphocytes. There was an increase of Th1-type cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), in all the tumor cell lysates co-cultures, this correlates with T lymphocyte activation and cytotoxic response. Our data confirm that TVT cell lysates can induce functional canine-DC and that HOCl-L is the most effective one. This preparation of TVT cell lysates with HOCl is an attractive approach that allows the recognition of neoantigens as potential tumor targets and DC priming and therefore could be used for cancer immunotherapy against TVT.

Dialyzable leukocyte extracts are clinically used under different commercial names (IMMUNEPOTENT CRP®, IMMODIN®, Transferon®) to modulate the immune response altered by pathological conditions such as cancer, inflammation, and viral infections. The purpose of this study is to improve the production process of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract without decreasing its biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumoral). Our product modification consists of adding a dry heating step in the production process. In this study, we evaluated and compared the chemical composition (bromatological analysis), physical structure (infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM, and zeta potential) and biological function of the dialyzable leukocyte extracts obtained from fresh and dry bovine spleens. Our results showed that the use of a drying step in the production process of the bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (bDLE) did not affect its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and it improved its antitumor properties. We suggest that this process modification could be applied to other biological products, such as dialyzable leukocyte extracts derived from other sources, in order to improve its functionality and formulation.

Objective Asthma is a chronic disease that may affect physical fitness, although its primary effects on exercise capacity, muscle strength, functionality and lifestyle, in children and adolescents, are still poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, lifestyle, lung function, and functionality between asthmatics with exercise symptoms and healthy children. In addition, we have analyzed the association between clinical history and the presence of asthma. Study Design Cross-sectional study including 71 patients with a diagnosis of asthma and 71 healthy children and adolescents (7–17 years of age). Anthropometric data, clinical history, disease control, lifestyle (KIDMED and physical activity questionnaires), lung function (spirometry), exercise-induced bronchoconstriction test, aerobic fitness (cardiopulmonary exercise test), muscle strength and functionality (timed up and go; timed up and down stairs) were evaluated. Results Seventy-one patients with asthma (mean age 11.5 ± 2.7) and 71 healthy subjects (mean age 10.7 ± 2.5) were included. All asthmatic children had mild to moderate and stable asthma. EIB occurred in 56.3% of asthmatic children. Lung function was significantly (p

Simple Summary The use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), particularly among children, has increased over the last decades. However, it is frequently associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality, and HSCT-related adverse effects can potentially impair survivors’ health status. We aimed to assess the effects on major clinical outcomes of a supervised exercise intervention performed by children with cancer during hospitalization for HSCT. The main finding of this prospective study in a quite large cohort of pediatric HSCT recipients (n = 118, aged 4–18 years) is that a moderate intensity supervised exercise program (aerobic + resistance exercises) performed from the beginning of the conditioning phase for HSCT until the end of the neutropenic phase is safe and well tolerated and tends to decrease risk of infections after allogeneic HSCT, as compared with not performing the program. Abstract We assessed the clinical effects of a supervised exercise (aerobic + resistance) intervention performed during inpatient hospitalization for pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients were placed in an exercise (n = 65 (47 and 18 with allogeneic (allo-) and autologous (auto-) HSCT, respectively)) or a control (n = 53 (39 and 14)) group. Exercise interventions were performed in isolated hospital patient rooms. Patients were followed-up from the beginning of the conditioning phase up to 6 years. We assessed survival, risk of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) or graft failure (primary outcomes), and engraftment kinetics, supportive care, toxicity profile, and immune reconstitution for auto-HSCT and allo-HSCT. The exercise intervention was safe and did not affect the risk of mortality, acute/chronic GvHD, or graft failure (all p > 0.05). No between-group differences (p > 0.05) were found for the remainder of clinical endpoints, except for a reduced number of total and viral infections in the exercise group after allo-HSCT (unadjusted p = 0.005 for both total and viral infections, and adjusted p = 0.023 and 0.083, respectively). In conclusion, exercise performed during inpatient hospitalization for pediatric HSCT is safe and well tolerated during both auto and allo-HSCT and tends to decrease the risk of infection after allo-HSCT. These findings provide additional support to the notion that a multidisciplinary approach (i.e., including the work of exercise specialists) is suitable in the management of children undergoing HSCT. Further studies are needed to determine whether applying a different training stimulus (notably, higher exercise intensities) exerts positive effects on HSCT prognosis in these patients.

In 1889, Steven Paget postulated the theory that cancer cells require a permissive environment to grow. This permissive environment is known as the tumor microenvironment (TME) and nowadays it is evident that the TME is involved in the progression and response to therapy of solid cancer tumors. Triple-negative breast cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer for women worldwide and chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for these patients. IMMUNEPOTENT CRP is a bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract with immunomodulatory and antitumor properties. The combination of chemotherapy and IMMUNEPOTENT CRP improves clinical parameters of breast cancer patients. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the antitumor effect of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy plus IMMUNEPOTENT CRP and its impact over the tumor microenvironment in a triple-negative breast cancer murine model. We evaluated CD8+, CD4+, T regulatory cells, memory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, CD71+, innate effector cells and molecules such as α-SMA, VEGF, CTLA-4, PD-L1, Gal-3, IDO, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-10 as part of the components of the TME. Doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide + IMMUNEPOTENT CRP decreased tumor volume, prolonged survival, increased infiltrating and systemic CD8+ T cells and decreased tumor suppressor molecules (such as PD-L1, Gal-3, and IL-10 among others). In conclusion, we suggest that IMMUNEPOTENT CRP act as a modifier of the TME and the immune response, potentiating or prolonging anti-tumor effects of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide in a triple-negative breast cancer murine model.

Background Asthmatic patients may benefit from exercise training, although the effects of a combined aerobic and resistance training program are still poorly investigated in children and adolescents. Objective To analyze the effects of a combined exercise training (resistance and aerobic) program on aerobic fitness, lung function, asthma control and quality of life in a group of mild‐moderate asthmatic children with exercise symptoms. Methods This was a 12‐week randomized controlled trial including children and adolescents diagnosed with mild‐moderate asthma and presenting exercise‐induced symptoms. The intervention group (IG) performed the exercise training (resistance and aerobic) 3 days/week, for 60 minutes. The control group (CG) followed routine clinical orientations. The main outcomes were cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, lung function, quality of life, asthma control, and functional tests after 3 months of the intervention. Results Fifty‐three patients (IG = 25 and CG = 28) with a mean age of 11.5 ± 2.6 years were included. No significant differences were found between groups regarding lung function, asthma control, quality of life, and functional tests. Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold (P = .025; = 0.083), peak oxygen consumption (P = .008; = 0.116) and test duration (P = .014; = 0.1) presented greater improvements in the IG. In addition, improvements were observed in leg press (P < .001; = 0.36), hamstring curl (P = .001; = 0.217), high row (P = .003; = .167), low row (P = .009; = 0.128) and quadriceps leg extension (P = .015; = 0.108) in the IG. Conclusion Combined exercise training (resistance and aerobic) improved cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in children and adolescents with controlled asthma and exercise symptoms. Fundación Prandi XOTRIO1729 3.039 JCR (2020) Q2, 36/129 Pediatrics 0.866 SJR (2020) Q1, 61/301 Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health No data IDR 2019 UEM

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of autologous DCs loaded with whole tumor cell lysate of CTVT generated under a simplified and rapid procedure in vitro production process, in a vulvar submucosal model of CTVT in dogs.We generated a model of intravulvar CTVT in dogs. A CTVT lysate antigen was prepared according to the method of 1-butanol and after administered with complete Freund's adjuvant via subcutaneous in female healthy dogs and challenge with CTVT cells to corroborate the immunogenicity. Short-time generated dendritic cell pulsed with CTVT whole-lysate was performed, and analyzed by FITC-dextran uptake assay and characterized using anti-canine monoclonal antibodies CD14, CD80, CD83, and DLAII by flow cytometry. Dendritic cell therapy was administered in a frequency of three times every 2 weeks when the CTVT had 4 months of growth and 89 ± 5 cm diameter. The CD3The administration of CTVT whole-lysate resulted in tumor prevention. The short-time generated dendritic cell pulsed with CTVT whole-lysate administration resulted in an efficient reduction and elimination of CTVT, probably due to the increase in lymphocyte populations (CD3In conclusion, this study demonstrates the efficacy of immunotherapy based in short-time generated dendritic cell pulsed with CTVT whole-lysate for the treatment of CTVT, and offer veterinary oncologists new alternative therapies to treat this and another malignancy.

Synapses are the functional units of the nervous system, and their number and protein composition undergo changes over a wide time scale. These synaptic changes manifest into differential behavioural outputs and, in turn, changes in the external conditions to the individual may elicit changes in synapses. We review here publications appeared during the last 10 years in which advances on molecular and cellular mechanisms for synapse changes have been reported. We focus on synaptic changes occurring in the time range of minutes to hours, mainly.

IMMUNEPOTENT CRP is a dialyzable leukocyte extract obtained from bovine spleen with immunomodulatory and antitumour properties; therefore, when administrated as an adjuvant therapy for cancer patients, it has increased their survival and quality of life. The bioavailability of any orally administered compound can be reduced due to gastrointestinal enzymes. In this study, we evaluated if IMMUNEPOTENT CRP is resistant to the treatment with different enzymes (proteases, nucleases, polysaccharide-degrading enzymes or lipase), using as parameters for biological activity measurement its in vitro antitumour and antioxidant properties and in vivo the antitumour effect of IMMUNEPOTENT CRP treated with proteinase K. In conclusion, we consider necessary to include the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity on the MCF-7 cancer cell line as parameters for the quantitative determination of biological activity or potency tests for batch release. Additionally, the results showed that different enzymatic treatments do not affect the antitumour and antioxidant activities of IMMUNEPOTENT CRP in vitro, suggesting that this product can be administered orally without any loss of biological activity. Furthermore, IMMUNEPOTENT CRP treatment with proteinase K increases the antitumour activity in vivo.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an in-hospital exercise intervention during neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the inflammatory profile and immune cell subpopulation in 20 children with solid tumors (control [n = 11] and exercise group [n = 9]). Although no significant interaction (group × time) effect was found with an analysis of variance test, we found a trend toward an interaction effect for natural killer cells expressing the immunoglobulin-like receptor KIR2DS4, with their numbers remaining stable in the exercise group but increasing in controls. Our data support that exercise interventions are safe in pediatric cancer patients with solid tumors during chemotherapy treatment despite its aggressive, immunosuppressive nature. Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias PI15/00558 Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias PI15/00558; Cátedra Real Madrid-Universidad Europea 2015/02RM, 2016/RM02; Conselleria de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte de la Generalitat Valenciana APOSTD/2016/140; Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport FPU14/03435; Sara Borrell ISCIII-MINECO-Spain/FEDER-EU CD14/00005 1.843 JCR (2017) Q2, 25/65 Rehabilitation; Q3, 44/81 Sport Sciences 0.636 SJR (2017) Q2, 60/201 Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, 39/125 Rehabilitation; Q3, 68/127 Sports Science No data IDR 2017 UEM

The randomized controlled trial ‘Physical Activity in Pediatric Cancer’ (PAPEC) determined the effects of an in-hospital exercise intervention combining aerobic and muscle strength training on pediatric cancer patients with solid tumors undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods. Participants were allocated to an exercise (n=24, 17 boys; mean±SEM age 10±1y) or control group (n=25, 18 boys; 11±1y). Training included three sessions/week for 19±2 weeks. Participants were assessed at treatment initiation, termination, and two months after end-treatment. The primary endpoint was muscle strength (as assessed by upper and lower-body five-repetition-maximum (5RM) tests). Secondary endpoints included cardiorespiratory fitness, functional capacity during daily life activities, physical activity, body mass and body mass index, and quality of life. Results. Most sessions were performed in the hospital’s gymnasium. Adherence to the program averaged 68±4% and no major adverse events or health issues were noted. A significant interaction (group*time) effect was found for all 5RM tests. Performance significantly increased after training (leg press: 40% (95% CI=15–41 kg); bench press: 24% (95% CI=6–14 kg); lateral row 25% (95%CI=6–15 kg)), whereas an opposite trend was found in controls. Two-month post values tended to be higher than baseline for leg (P=0.017) and bench press (P=0.014). In contrast, no significant interaction effect was found for any of the secondary endpoints. Conclusion. An in-hospital exercise program for pediatric cancer patients with solid tumors undergoing neoadjuvant treatment increases muscle strength despite the aggressiveness of such therapy. Key words: Cancer, exercise, muscle strength, fitness, quality of life. Cátedra Real Madrid-Universidad Europea (2015/UEM07) and Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias and Fondos Feder (FIS, grant #PI12/00914). 4.291 JCR (2017) Q1, 7/81 Sport Sciences 2.073 SJR (2017) Q1, 10/285 Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 5/201 Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, 7/127 Sports Science No data IDR 2017 UEM

Environmental changes cause stress, Reactive Oxygen Species and unfolded protein accumulation which hamper synaptic activity and trigger cell death. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) assist protein refolding to maintain proteostasis and cellular integrity. Mechanisms regulating the activity of HSPs include transcription factors and posttranslational modifications that ensure a rapid response. HSPs preserve synaptic function in the nervous system upon environmental insults or pathological factors and contribute to the coupling between environmental cues and neuron control of development. We have performed a biased screening inDrosophilamelanogastersearching for synaptogenic modulators among HSPs during development. We explore the role of two small-HSPs (sHSPs), sHSP23 and sHSP26 in synaptogenesis and neuronal activity. Both sHSPs immunoprecipitate together and the equilibrium between both chaperones is required for neuronal development and activity. The molecular mechanism controlling HSP23 and HSP26 accumulation in neurons relies on a novel gene (CG1561), which we namePinkman(pkm). We propose that sHSPs and Pkm are targets to modulate the impact of stress in neurons and to prevent synapse loss.

Context: Exosomes secreted by tumor cells are a good source of cellular components that stimulate the immune response, such as alarmins (mRNA, tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, CD81), heat-shock proteins, major histocompatibility complex class I molecules) and tumor-associated antigens. These properties permit to pulsed dendritic cells in the immunotherapy for many cancers types. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of exosomes derived from canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) as an antigen to pulsed dendritic cells and its administration in dogs with CTVT as treatment against this disease. Material and methods: From primary culture of CTVT cells the exosomes were isolated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy assay, dot blot and protein quantification. The monocytes of each patient were differentiated to dendritic cells (DC) and pulsed with CTVT exosomes (CTVTE). Phagocytosis, tumor size, populations of lymphocytes and IFN-c levels were evaluated. Results: The CTVTE showed a size around 90 nm. CD81, CD63, CD9 and Hsp70 were expressed. Monocytes showed an expression of 85.71% for CD14+, 12.3% for CD80+, 0.1% for CD83+ and 0.8% for DLA-II. In DC 5.1% for CD14+, 86.7% for CD80+, 90.1% for CD83+ and 92.6% for DLA-II and a phagocytosis of 63% was obtained by FITC Dextran test. No side effects were observed in the experimental groups with our therapy. Tumor regression was of 100% at the seventh week, as well as an increase in the level of IFN-γ (142 pg/ml), and CD4+ (28%) and CD8+ (34%) cell percentage. Discusion and conclusion: These results have shown that DC pulsed with tumor exosomes induce regression of the TVT in dogs.

In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), physical capacity (PC) has been correlated with mortality risk. In turn, PC is dependent on genetic factors. This study examines several polymorphisms associated with PC and healthrelated phenotype traits (VO2peak, FEV1, FVC, PImax and muscular strength) in a group of children with CF (n = 66, primary purpose). The same analyses were also performed in a control group of healthy children (n = 113, secondary purpose). The polymorphisms determined were classified as muscle function polymorphisms (ACE rs1799752; AGT rs699; ACTN3 rs1815739; PTK2 rs7843014 and rs7460; MSTN rs1805086; TRHR rs7832552; NOS3 rs2070744) or energy metabolism polymorphisms (PPARGC1A rs8192678; NRF1 rs6949152; NRF2 rs12594956; TFAM rs1937; PPARD rs2267668; ACSL1 rs6552828). No significant polymorphism/phenotype correlations were detected in children with CF, with marginal associations being observed between NOS3 rs2070744 and VO2peak and FEV1, as well as between PPARGC1A rs8192678 and FEV1. Overall, similar findings were observed in the control group, i.e., no major associations. The PC-related polymorphisms examined seem to have no effects on the PC or health of children with CF.

How synapses are built and dismantled is a central question in neurobiology. A wide range of proteins and processes from gene transcription to protein degradation are involved. Orb2 regulates mRNA translation depending on its monomeric or oligomeric state to modulate nervous system development and memory. Orb2 is expressed in Drosophila larval brain and neuromuscular junction (NMJ), Orb2 knockdown causes a reduction of synapse number and defects in neuronal morphology. Brain tumor (Brat) is an Orb2 target; it is expressed in larval brain related with cell growth and proliferation. Brat downregulation induces an increase in synapse number and abnormal growth of buttons and branches in neurons. In absence of Orb2, Brat is overexpressed suggesting that Orb2 is negatively regulating Brat mRNA translation. Orb2 or Brat control the expression of specific genes related to neuronal function. Orb2 is required for Liprin and Synaptobrevin transcription meanwhile Brat is required for Synaptobrevin and Synaptotagmin transcription. We present here evidences of a novel genetic mechanism to regulate synapse fine tuning during development and propose an equilibrium between Orb2 conformational state and nervous system formation.

The purpose of this study (randomised controlled trial) was to assess the effects of an 8-week combined 'whole muscle' (resistance+aerobic) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on lung volume, inspiratory muscle strength (PImax) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak) (primary outcomes), and dynamic muscle strength, body composition and quality of life in paediatric outpatients with CF (cystic fibrosis, secondary outcomes). We also determined the effects of a detraining period. Participants were randomly allocated with a block on gender to a control (standard therapy) or intervention group (initial n=10 (6 boys) in each group; age 10±1 and 11±1 years). The latter group performed a combined programme (IMT (2 sessions/day) and aerobic+strength exercises (3 days/week, in-hospital)) that was followed by a 4-week detraining period. All participants were evaluated at baseline, post-training and detraining. RESULTS: Adherence to the training programme averaged 97.5%±1.7%. There was a significant interaction (group×time) effect for PImax, VO2peak and five-repetition maximum strength (leg-press, bench-press, seated-row) (all (p

Background This randomized controlled trial on Physical Activity in Pediatric Cancer (PAPEC) was designed to assess the impact of an exercise program on pediatric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumors. Methods and design 60 pediatric patients of both sexes, aged 4 to 18 years and undergoing treatment for extracranial primary solid tumors will be recruited for this trial. Each participant will be randomly assigned (with blocking on sex) to either an intervention or control (normal care) group. The intervention group will participate in combined inpatient physical training (aerobic + strength) for the duration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The intervention will include 3 weekly 60–70 min exercise sessions in the child's room or in a pediatric gym at the hospital, depending on the child's health state. In both groups, determination of several primary (cardio-respiratory fitness, muscle strength, functional capacity, physical activity levels, body weight and quality of life) and secondary outcomes [immune function and inflammatory profile (blood levels of 47 cytokines)] will be made at the following time points: (i) before the exercise intervention (immediately after diagnosis and before treatment onset); (ii) after the exercise intervention (upon termination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy); and (iii) after a detraining period (2 months after the intervention). Discussion The PAPEC trial will provide relevant new information on biological mechanisms and inform on the potential clinical use of exercise during pediatric cancer treatment as a simple way to prevent future long-term treatment effects and improve the general health state of pediatric cancer patients.

Objetivo valorar la actitud que, ante el uso de las restricciones fisicas, adoptan los familiares cuidadores de personas mayores dependientes en el domicilio y considerar cuales serian los factores que podrian relacionarse con esta. Material y metodos estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado mediante muestreo consecutivo a traves de un cuestionario que indagaba sobre los diversos componentes que conforman las actitudes. Respondio a la encuesta un total de 50 familiares, de los cuales se descartaron 7 porque no conocian el procedimiento (n = 43). Se describen las caracteristicas de la muestra, las frecuencias y las medidas de tendencia central y dispersion. Resultados la mayoria de los familiares considero este recurso como adecuado y un 90,7% estaba dispuesto a utilizarlo en un familiar suyo. Un 41,9% opino que no pueden evitarse las restricciones y desconocian otras alternativas que pudieran usarse. Un 23,3% no era consciente de que la restriccion puede ocasionar algun problema fisico o psicologico. Ninguno estimo de forma concluyente que este procedimiento fuese una forma de maltrato. Conclusiones las familias mantenian una actitud positiva ante la restriccion y consideraban apropiado su uso. Ello podria relacionarse con el limitado conocimiento de las alternativas que se pueden emplear y de las complicaciones que originan. Se sugiere poner en marcha programas de formacion que se centren en educar sobre las opciones terapeuticas alternativas a la restriccion.

The number of synapses is a major determinant of behavior and many neural diseases exhibit deviations in that number. However, how signaling pathways control this number is still poorly understood. Using the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction, we show here a PI3K-dependent pathway for synaptogenesis which is functionally connected with other previously known elements including the Wit receptor, its ligand Gbb, and the MAPkinases cascade. Based on epistasis assays, we determined the functional hierarchy within the pathway. Wit seems to trigger signaling through PI3K, and Ras85D also contributes to the initiation of synaptogenesis. However, contrary to other signaling pathways, PI3K does not require Ras85D binding in the context of synaptogenesis. In addition to the MAPK cascade, Bsk/JNK undergoes regulation by Puc and Ras85D which results in a narrow range of activity of this kinase to determine normalcy of synapse number. The transcriptional readout of the synaptogenesis pathway involves the Fos/Jun complex and the repressor Cic. In addition, we identified an antagonistic pathway that uses the transcription factors Mad and Medea and the microRNA bantam to down-regulate key elements of the pro-synaptogenesis pathway. Like its counterpart, the anti-synaptogenesis signaling uses small GTPases and MAPKs including Ras64B, Ras-like-a, p38a and Licorne. Bantam downregulates the pro-synaptogenesis factors PI3K, Hiw, Ras85D and Bsk, but not AKT. AKT, however, can suppress Mad which, in conjunction with the reported suppression of Mad by Hiw, closes the mutual regulation between both pathways. Thus, the number of synapses seems to result from the balanced output from these two pathways., Ministry of Economy (BFU2012-3819 to AF) and a PhD fellowship (BES-2007-1659 to SJA)

The conserved Ca(2+)-binding protein Frequenin (homolog of the mammalian NCS-1, neural calcium sensor) is involved in pathologies that result from abnormal synapse number and probability of neurotransmitter release per synapse. Both synaptic features are likely to be co-regulated but the intervening mechanisms remain poorly understood. We show here that Drosophila Ric8a (a homolog of mammalian synembryn, which is also known as Ric8a), a receptor-independent activator of G protein complexes, binds to Frq2 but not to the virtually identical homolog Frq1. Based on crystallographic data on Frq2 and site-directed mutagenesis on Frq1, the differential amino acids R94 and T138 account for this specificity. Human NCS-1 and Ric8a reproduce the binding and maintain the structural requirements at these key positions. Drosophila Ric8a and Gαs regulate synapse number and neurotransmitter release, and both are functionally linked to Frq2. Frq2 negatively regulates Ric8a to control synapse number. However, the regulation of neurotransmitter release by Ric8a is independent of Frq2 binding. Thus, the antagonistic regulation of these two synaptic properties shares a common pathway, Frq2-Ric8a-Gαs, which diverges downstream. These mechanisms expose the Frq2-Ric8a interacting surface as a potential pharmacological target for NCS-1-related diseases and provide key data towards the corresponding drug design.

The conserved Ca(2+)-binding protein Frequenin (homolog of the mammalian NCS-1, neural calcium sensor) is involved in pathologies that result from abnormal synapse number and probability of neurotransmitter release per synapse. Both synaptic features are likely to be co-regulated but the intervening mechanisms remain poorly understood. We show here that Drosophila Ric8a (a homolog of mammalian synembryn, which is also known as Ric8a), a receptor-independent activator of G protein complexes, binds to Frq2 but not to the virtually identical homolog Frq1. Based on crystallographic data on Frq2 and site-directed mutagenesis on Frq1, the differential amino acids R94 and T138 account for this specificity. Human NCS-1 and Ric8a reproduce the binding and maintain the structural requirements at these key positions. Drosophila Ric8a and Gαs regulate synapse number and neurotransmitter release, and both are functionally linked to Frq2. Frq2 negatively regulates Ric8a to control synapse number. However, the regulation of neurotransmitter release by Ric8a is independent of Frq2 binding. Thus, the antagonistic regulation of these two synaptic properties shares a common pathway, Frq2-Ric8a-Gαs, which diverges downstream. These mechanisms expose the Frq2-Ric8a interacting surface as a potential pharmacological target for NCS-1-related diseases and provide key data towards the corresponding drug design.

Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) often have to be hospitalized because of acute exacerbation of their respiratory symptoms. Given the fact that improved peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) is positively associated with lung function and overall health in children with CF, this study examined the association between VO2peak and the need for hospitalization in a cohort of pediatric CF patients.In a 3-year study, 77 CF children with mild-to-moderately severe CF (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV1 ] ≥ 50%) underwent a maximal exercise test to determine VO2peak . Anthropometric, lung function and muscle strength measurements were also conducted and dates of hospitalization were recorded for the study period. Associations were then determined between the variables recorded and hospitalization by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.VO2peak was 38.6 ± 6.7 ml kg(-1) min(-1) for boys and 31.9 ± 6.9 ml kg(-1) min(-1) for girls. In multivariate analyses, VO2peak was the only variable significantly associated with time to hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.91, P = 0.03).A significant association was detected between greater aerobic fitness, and lower risk of hospitalization. Because hospitalization due to respiratory exacerbation is a powerful prognostic factor, our findings provide further support for the importance of aerobic fitness evaluation in the management of children with mild-to-moderately severe CF.

Single-molecule techniques have recently provided a versatile tool for imaging and manipulating protein molecules one at a time, enabling us to address important biological questions in key areas of cell biology (e.g., cell adhesion and signaling, neurodegeneration) and protein science (e.g., protein folding, protein structure and stability, catalysis, protein evolution, conformational polymorphism, and amyloidogenesis). One of these techniques, single-molecule force spectroscopy based on atomic force microscopy, combined with theoretical/computational approaches and protein engineering, has allowed unprecedented progress in characterizing and understanding at the molecular level the mechanical properties of biomolecules, particularly those of proteins, which has recently opened the new, exciting and fast-growing research field of protein nanomechanics. The aim of this review is to describe the principles of this methodology and to discuss the main achievements in this field, with special emphasis on its emerging application to the analysis of intrinsically disordered proteins.

Amyloids are ordered protein aggregates that are typically associated with neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment. By contrast, the amyloid-like state of the neuronal RNA binding protein Orb2 in Drosophila was recently implicated in memory consolidation, but it remains unclear what features of this functional amyloid-like protein give rise to such diametrically opposed behaviour. Here, using an array of biophysical, cell biological and behavioural assays we have characterized the structural features of Orb2 from the monomer to the amyloid state. Surprisingly, we find that Orb2 shares many structural traits with pathological amyloids, including the intermediate toxic oligomeric species, which can be sequestered in vivo in hetero-oligomers by pathological amyloids. However, unlike pathological amyloids, Orb2 rapidly forms amyloids and its toxic intermediates are extremely transient, indicating that kinetic parameters differentiate this functional amyloid from pathological amyloids. We also observed that a well-known anti-amyloidogenic peptide interferes with long-term memory in Drosophila. These results provide structural insights into how the amyloid-like state of the Orb2 protein can stabilize memory and be nontoxic. They also provide insight into how amyloid-based diseases may affect memory processes., This research was supported by funds from SAF2013-49179-C2-1-R JPND_CD_FP-688- 059 (AC14/00037 ISCIII) to MCV, SIMR to KS, SAF2013-49179-C2-2-R JPND_CD_FP-688-059 (AC14/00037 ISCIII) to DVL, BFU2012-36825, S2011/BMD-2457 (Comunidad de Madrid)

SOSA, E. S., I. F. GROENEVELD, L. GONZALEZ-SAIZ, L. M. LOPEZ-MOJARES, J. R. VILLA-ASENSI, M. I. BARRIO GONZALEZ, S. J. FLECK, M. PEREZ, and A. LUCIA. Intrahospital Weight and Aerobic Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 2-11, 2012. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of an 8-wk intrahospital combined circuit weight and aerobic training program performed by children with cystic fibrosis (of low-moderate severity and stable clinical condition) on the following outcomes: cardiorespiratory fitness ((V)over dot O-2peak) and muscle strength (five-repetition maximum (5RM) bench press, 5RM leg press, and 5RM seated row) (primary outcomes) and pulmonary function (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s), weight, body composition, functional mobility (Timed Up and Down Stairs and 3-m Timed Up and Go tests), and quality of life (secondary outcomes). We also determined the effects of a detraining period (4 wk) on the aforementioned outcomes. Methods: We performed a randomized controlled trial design. Eleven participants in each group (controls: 7 boys, age = 11 +/- 3 yr, body mass index = 17.2 +/- 0.8 kg center dot m(-2) (mean +/- SEM); intervention: 6 boys, age = 10 T 2 yr, body mass index = 18.4 +/- 1.0 kg center dot m(-2)) started the study. Results: Adherence to training averaged 95.1% +/- 7.4%. We observed a significant group x time interaction effect (P = 0.036) for (V)over dotO(2peak). In the intervention group, V. O2peak significantly increased with training by 3.9 mL center dot kg(-1)center dot min(-1) (95% confidence interval = 1.8-6.1 mL center dot kg(-1)center dot min(-1), P = 0.002), whereas it decreased during the detraining period (-3.4 mL center dot kg(-1)center dot min(-1), 95% confidence interval = -5.7 to -1.7 mL center dot kg(-1)center dot min(-1), P = 0.001). In contrast, no significant changes were observed during the study period within the control group. Although significant improvements were also observed after training for all 5RM strength tests (P 0.1 for after training vs detraining). We found no significant training benefits in any of the secondary outcomes. Conclusions: A short-term combined circuit weight and aerobic training program performed in a hospital setting induces significant benefits in the cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength of children with cystic fibrosis

Purpose: To investigate (1) the contributions of sex, age, nutritional status- and physical-fitness-related variables on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Spanish children with cystic fibrosis, and (2) the agreement on HRQOL between children and their parents. Methods: In 28 children aged 6-17 years, body mass index percentile, percentage body fat, physical activity, pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory fitness, functional mobility, and dynamic muscle strength were determined using objective measures. HRQOL was measured using the revised version of the cystic fibrosis questionnaire. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the variables associated with HRQOL. To assess the agreement on HRQOL between children and parents, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. Results: Girls reported worse emotional functioning, a higher treatment burden, and more respiratory problems than boys. Greater functional mobility appeared associated with a less favourable body image and more eating disturbances. Agreement on HRQOL between children and parents was good to excellent, except for the domain of treatment burden. Conclusions: Sex and age were stronger predictors of HRQOL than nutritional status- or physical-fitness-related variables. Children reported a lower treatment burden than their parents perceived them to have. 2.412 JCR (2012) Q1, 18/82 Health care sciences & services; Q2, 42/158 Public, environmental & occupational health UEM

CHAMORRO-VINA, C., J. R. RUIZ, E. SANTANA-SOSA, M. GONZALEZ VICENT, L. MADERO, M. PEREZ, S. J. FLECK, A. PEREZ, M. RAMIREZ, and A. LUCIA. Exercise during Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Hospitalization in Children. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 1045-1053, 2010. Purpose: The purpose of this controlled trial was to assess the effect of an approximately 3-wk intrahospital exercise intervention performed during inpatient hospitalization for pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) on (i) immune cell recovery and (ii) body composition. Methods: Immune (i.e., blood counts of leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and lymphocyte subpopulations) and anthropometric variables (i.e., body mass, body mass index, and estimated fat-free mass) were measured before and after (+15 and 30 d) HSCT. Seven children (5 boys and 2 girls; age (mean T SD) = 8 T 4 yr) with high-risk cancer performed an individualized training program (aerobic + resistance exercises) in their isolated hospital rooms. We also assessed a control group (n = 13; 9 boys and 4 girls; age = 7 T 3 yr) with similar medical conditions and following the same transplant protocol. Results: In both groups, the dendritic cell count decreased from pre-HSCT to +15 d post- HSCT and thereafter (up to +30 d) remained stabile; however, the posttransplant decrease was more abrupt in the control group than that in the intervention group (j87% vs j63%, respectively, from pre-HSCT to +15 d). The rest of the immune cell parameters measured showed a similar response from pre-HSCT to post-HSCT in both groups. We found a significant effect of the interaction group time for all anthropometric variables (weight, body mass index, body fat, and fat-free mass), indicating an increase over the hospitalization period only in the intervention group, for example, body mass increased from 32.9 T 18.7 kg pre-HSCT to 35.4 T 18.6 kg at +30 d in the intervention group versus a decrease from 30.2 T 16.6 to 29.3 T 6.3 kg in the control group. Conclusion: Our findings support the feasibility of exercise training interventions during hospitalization, including immunocompromised children.