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A preliminary list of the picture-winged flies known from Columbia is supplemented by 15 species based predominantly on the materials from the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA and now contains 28 species, including Xycores igniceps gen. & sp. n. from Venezuela and Colombia. The new genus belongs to the subfamily Otitinae and is preliminarily assigned to the tribe Cephaliini by the combination of the high clypeus, strongly widened palp, setulose vein R1, and ejaculator with short sperm pump and long fan-like apodeme. It clearly differs from other members of the tribe by the combination of elongate, narrow, apically truncated flagellomere 1, robust, mainly shining thorax with pair of microtrichose vittae, well developed proepisternal, postpronotal, acrostichal, 2 pairs of dorsocentral and scutellar setae, wing with entirely setulose vein R1 abdominal tergites devoid of microtrichia, sternites and abdominal pleura narrow, male genitalia with short epandrium, numerous (7–8) prensisetae arranged into a row along posterior margin, shallow hypandrium with pair of setulose pregonites, no postgonites or epiphallus, and an almost bare phallus with a pair of long spines submedially.

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurquí with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapantí and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurquí respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurquí did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurquí is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling. Entomology Section Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Poole Agricultural Center Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, E-143 Depto. de Biologia FFCLRP Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900 Great Lakes Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E. Australian Museum, 1 William Street Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University Macdonald Campus Canadian National Collection of Insects Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue Department of Biological Sciences Spaulding Hall University of New Hampshire Department of Biological Sciences Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro – Campus Uberaba. Rua João Batista Ribeiro 4000 Distrito Industrial II Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Jardim das Américas Mississippi Entomological Museum Mississippi State University, 100 Old Highway 12, P.O. Drawer 9775 Department of Biology Western Kentucky University Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Independent Investigator California State Collection of Arthropods, 2683 Tam O’ Shanter Dr., El Dorado Hills California Department of Food and Agriculture California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St. Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Zoological Museum Biodiversity Unit FI-20014 University of Turku Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL) Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Col El Haya, Xalapa Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161 I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15 Universidad de Panama Department of Natural History University Museum of Bergen University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Department of Entomology Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 169 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190 Systematic Entomology Laboratory USDA ARS c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012 Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia CCEN Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, s/n Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25 Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC) Ghent University, K.L.Ledeganckstraat 35 Entomology Unit Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1648 S. 7th Avenue Department of Biological Sciences Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency OPL-Entomology, K.W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., 960 Carling Ave. Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW Finnish Museum of Natural History Zoology Unit University of Helsinki Washington State University, 2533 Inter Avenue Bohart Museum of Entomology University of California, One Shields Avenue Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n

Physiphora maraisi sp. n. Figures 231–243. Material. Type. Holotype ♂: Namibia: Lüderitz Dist., Klinghardt Mountains, at: 27 º 20 ′ 04″S 15 º 46 ′00″E, Malaise trap sample, 27.viii– 3.ix. 1998 (Kirk-Spriggs & Marais) (NICW). Paratype ♀: Namibia: same label as in holotype (NICW). Diagnosis. This species differs from other Physiphora by the combination of fore metatarsus creamy white (basally and apically darkened), frons matt, flat and relatively narrow with pair of large oval parafrontal spots of white microtrichia and shining black vertical plates, dorsal half of face with entire transverse microtrichose band, and ventral part black rugulose with cyan sheen, scutum and scutellum densely rugulose with green and cyan tinge, and tergites 1–4 of male with golden and greenish sheen. It is similar to P. meyi sp. n. in having white fore basitarsomere, matt frons, golden, matt abdominal tergites of male, differing by the entirely hyaline wing (apically spotted in P. meyi sp. n.), narrower head and frons, and male tergite 5 shining black (matt with golden tinge in P. meyi sp. n.). Description. Head (Figs. 233–234) black, with partly brown frons, face and gena. Frons 1.4 (♂)–2.0 (♀) times as long as wide, black in posterior half, reddish brown in anterior half, matt with large oval parafrontal microtichose spot not reaching anterior margin (Fig. 234), flat without expressed calluses, slightly concave at middle, finely setulose in anterior half. Vertical plates and ocellar triangle shining black; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae. Face black, facial carina partly brown in dorsal half, with entire transverse microtrichose area widely fused with microtrichose areas of antennal grooves; epistome and lateral parts of face rugulose, with metallic greenish or bluish reflections. Gena brown, 1 / 3 times as high as eye; parafacial and facial ridge with narrow white microtrichose stripe; gena posteriorly without microtrichose mark separating it from entirely shining black postgena (Fig. 233). Occiput entirely black. Medial vertical seta 0.7–0.9 times as long as frons width, 1.4 times as long as lateral vertical and 4 times as long as ocellar and orbital setae, and 2.5 times as long as postocellar setae. Antenna brown to black; flagellomere 1 mostly black, rounded apically, 2.2–2.3 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, brown in basal 1 / 5, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp black, grey microtrichose and black setose. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 231–232). Scutum and scutellum black, densely rugulose, almost matt, with green tinge and light cyan to golden reflections; antepronotum, anterior portion of postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum, and whole anepimeron shining black, with faint golden sheen; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and katepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa matt dark brown, postscutellum black, sparsely gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; anatergite, katatergite and lateroventral parts of mediotergite grey microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with fine, poorly visible yellowish or whitish setulae (Fig. 232); acrostichal seta indistinguishable; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar. Scutellum densely rugulose, with deep cyan, green or golden reflection, with 5–6 blackish submarginal setulae (1 / 3 – 1 / 6 times as long as setae) and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly closed, apical section of M arcuate (Fig. 235). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 0.5–0.6 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and only 2 –2.5 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 2.7–2.8 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy yellow medially, with basal and apical 1 / 6 dark brown, mid- and hind tarsi yellow except two apical tarsomeres brown; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 4–5 long and almost non-modified setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black; with tergites 1–4 strongly greenish gold shining, laterally micropapillose; tergite 5 of male and female conspicuously shagreened, with golden sheen, in male with green or purple reflections; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally grey microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 239–241, cerci with small triangular nipple-like structures; phallus with stipe as long as preglans and glans; caecum 3 times as long as stipe width; preglans with bare (Fig. 237); glans mainly membranous, with one long lobe and 5–7 shorter spine- or petal-shaped lobes (Fig. 238). Hypandrium (Figs. 239, 242) asymmetric. Female terminalia not dissected. Distribution. Namibia. Biology unknown. Etymology. The species is named in honour of Eugene Marais, one of collectors of the type specimens, and other Namibian specimens of Physiphora this study is based on.

Physiphora flavipes (Karsch 1888) Figures 138���166. Chrysomyza flavipes Karsch, 1888: 380; S��guy, 1941: 115; Steyskal, 1980: 576; Kameneva & Korneyev, 2010: 622. Chrysomyza africana Hendel, 1909: 615; S��guy, 1941: 115; Steyskal, 1980: 576; Kameneva & Korneyev, 2010: 622, syn. n. Cliochloria senegalensis Enderlein, 1927: 103; Steyskal, 1980: 576, syn. n. Material. Type. Syntype ♀ Chrysomyza flavipes Karsch and holotype ♀ Cliochloria senegalensis Enderlein: Senegal: ��� Senegal Bug.���, ��� flavipes N.��� [bluish green labels], ��� 2732 ���, ��� Cliochloria senegalensis Type Enderl.♀ Dr. Enderlein det. 1927 ���, ��� Type ��� [red label]; Syntypes Chrysomyza africana Hendel: 1 ♀: Tanzania: ���Africa or. / Katona���, ���Assab / 907 VII��� V���VI���, ���Chrysomysa / det. F. Hendel / africana, H. Coll. Hendel ���, ��� Type ��� [red paper], 1 ♂ (same labels but ���V���VI���) (NHMW), 6 ♂, 3 ♀, same labels, ��� Type ��� (HMNH); possible syntypes, 11 ♂, 4 ♀, same labels, except ��� 07.VII ��� and without red label ��� Type ��� (HMNH). Non-type. Chad: Ouarai / Moyen Chari, 16. iii. 1966, 1 ♀, 20. iii. 1966, 2 ♂, Boum Kabir, Moyen Chari, 8. iv. 1966, 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 13. iv. 1966, 1 ♀ (Hitchcock, Jr.) (USNM); Congo (Za��re): ���Bas-Congo: Banana (a la lumiere)���, iii. 1952 (I. Mesmaeckers) (MRAC); ��� Congo Belge, banana���, v. 1910, 1 ♀ (A. Gruvel) (MHNP); C��te-d���Ivoire: Lamto, ���savane claire, Loudetia, plateux colores��� 12.viii, 9. ix. 1971, 3 ♀ (Lachaise) (MHNP); Egypt: ��� Aegyptus ��� 1 ♂ (Schmidknecht) (Chrysomysa flavipes Karsch det. F. Hendel) (NHMW); Gambia: 6km N Kartung, swept in very dense forest with glades, 20. xi. 1977, 1 ♀ (Cederholm, Danielsson, Hammerstedt, Heqvist & Samuelsson) (ZMLU); Kiang West Nat. Park, 13 �� 25 ���N, 15 �� 55 ���E, 0 20 m, 17. vii. 1998, 1 ♀ (W. Schacht) (ZSSM); Namibia: Opuwo Dist., Sesfontein 19 ��07��� 15 ���S, 13 �� 37 ��� 06���E, sweeping, 1���3. i. 2000, 1 ♂ (Kirk-Spriggs, Mann & Newmann) (NICW); Opuva Dist., Epupa: Kunene River, 17 ��00���S, 13 �� 15 ���E, Malaise traps, 19���21. ii. 1994, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (H. Schumann); idem, 23. ii. 1995, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (F. Koch), Ombuku, Kaokoweld, 17 ��07���S, 13 �� 22 ���E, 22��� 24.ii.��� 2.iii. 1995, 35 ♂, 52 ♀ (leg. F. Koch) (MNKB; SIZK); idem, 35km E Epupa, Kunene River, 17 ��03��� 37 ���S, 13 �� 20 ��� 32 ���E, Malaise trap, shaded woodland, 9. xi. 1999, 12 ♂, 2 ♀ (Kirk- Spriggs, Pape, Hauwanga) (NICW); Senegal ?: ���Macullo [???], W. Afr.��� 16. vii. 1890, 1 ♂, ��� Cliochloria violacea Hennig det. 1939 ��� (SMNS); Sudan: ��� Sudan, Ed. Damer. Hudeiba���, 3. xi. 1961, 1 ♀ (leg. R. Remane) (ZSSM); Tanzania: ���Africa or / Katona, Assab��� i���iii. 1907, 1 ♂ (collector unknown) (Chrysomyza africana / det. Kertesz) (DEI); same labels, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (HMNH). Diagnosis. This species can be recognized from the combination of cell r 4 + 5 apically closed and petiolate, as in P. clausa and P. violacea, differing from them by the combination of entirely yellow face and bluish-green shining scutellum concolourous with the scutum (face medially darkened in P. clausa and entirely black in P. violacea and scutellum purple or reddish in P. clausa and entirely dark bluish violet in P. violacea), as well as different structure of the phallus. Description. Head (Figs. 142���144, 148��� 151, 155). Frons 1.15���1.25 times as long as wide, usually with two pairs of calluses in posterior half and slightly concave at middle, yellow to red-brown, shining, with a few very sparse and fine whitish setulae above lunule and between frontal calluses, with small round white microtrichose parafrontal spot or without it (in small specimens). Vertical plates black with greenish sheen, brown or yellow, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Face entirely yellow to reddish brown, dorsal half of facial carina and antennal grooves with entire white microtrichose transverse band. Lunule, facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining brownish yellow or brown, gena 0.4���0.5 times as high as eye; parafacial with narrow, often inconspicuous or lacking white microtrichose stripe along anteroventral eye margin; facial ridge and gena without microtrichose marks. Occiput black, with large yellowish brown area behind ocellar triangle and widely yellow postgena; orbit between posterodorsal eye margin and row of black postocular setae without white microtrichose stripe. Medial vertical seta 0.4���0.5 times as long as frons width, 1.1���1.4 times as long as lateral vertical and 4���6 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna yellow to reddish brown; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5 times as long as wide, white microtrichose; arista bare, yellow in basal ��, black in the rest. Compound eye in live or freshly killed specimens yellow to green with pattern of four or five uniformly narrow purple longitudinal bands (Figs. 148���151). Clypeus yellow to brownish yellow. Palp black, microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black. Thorax. Scutum and scutellum (Fig. 149���150) brown to black, finely shagreened, moderately shining with green, usually transiting into golden and cyan (in Western African specimens), or cyan transiting into green and blue to violet (in Southern African specimens) metallic reflection, finely shagreened, except antepronotum, posterior surface of postpronotal lobe and notopleuron, as well as pleura mostly shining, except posterodorsal part of anepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa matt grey, sparse grey microtrichia, as well as postscutellum; posterior part of katatergite and anatergite subshining green with sparse microtrichia; posteroventral margin of scutellum short grey microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with one (or two very close) acrostichal row(s) of setulae, pair of regular dorsocentral and intra-alar rows (latter having shape of digit ��� 3 ���), all setulae very fine and short, yellow or brown; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae lacking. Other setae as in P. clausa. Scutellum with fine and sparse yellow setulae scattered over its disc and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing (Figs. 145, 157). Entirely hyaline, with pale yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 closed, vein M before wing apex falling into R 4 + 5 and forming petiole at wing tip (in smaller specimens sometimes curved and poorly distinguishable); postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.3���1.5 times as long as vein CuA 2 +A 1, and 3���5 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Length (2.8���) 3.4���4.9. Legs. Yellow except femora often with brown spot medially, fore tibia sometimes brown and fore tarsus black with basitarsomere entirely creamy white or with base and apex sometimes narrowly brown; fore femur with black setulae; postero-ventrally with 4���6 thickened setae in apical half; mid and hind femora black setulose, mid femur with two rows of black setae. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites brown or black, with golden, green or blue reflection; abdominal tergite 1 conspicuously microtrichose at base; tergite 2 black setulose on sides, in female, with pair of dimple-like structures (matt gray spots) laterally (Fig. 163). Male postabdomen yellow, otherwise similar to that of P. alceae; epandrium as on Figs. 160���161; cerci with moderately wide nipple-like structures; phallus with bare preglans and moderately long caecum 3���4 times as long as stipe width; preglans moderately long, as long as or slightly longer than flattened and wide stipe (Fig. 158); glans as in Figs. 158���159, with 4���5 short and narrow, spine-like lobes. Hypandrium asymmetrical, with large right gonite (Fig. 162). Female terminalia: aculeus 6 ���6.5 times as long as wide at base (Fig. 164���165); 3 spherical spermathecae (Fig. 166). Distribution: Afrotropical Region: Subsaharan Africa, mostly in arid and subarid areas. Biology unknown; one specimen was collected in association with ���bananas��� and another captured at light. Remarks. Cliochloria senegalensis Enderlein is an objective junior synonym of Chrysomyza flavipes Karsch, as they are based on the same specimen with a green label ��� flavipes N.��� pinned closely and hidden underneath the upper label and therefore omitted by G. Enderlein. The only difference of Chrysomyza africana Hendel is a slightly more straight petiole of R 4 + 5 and M, which is of no taxonomic importance. I therefore consider these species names to be synonyms. The specimens from Namibia have more blue or even violet reflection on the scutum and scutellum, but otherwise fit the diagnosis of this species, including structure of the phallus., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 36-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora alceae (Preyssler 1791) Figures 28���40 Musca alceae Preyssler, 1791: 129. Physiphora alceae: Rozko��n��, Chv��la & Pont, 1982: 353; Zuska, 1997: 70; Kameneva, 2000: 156; 2001: 156; Chen & Kameneva, 2007: 17; Kameneva & Korneyev, 2010: 622; Kameneva & Greve, 2013. Musca demandata Fabricius, 1798: 564. Tephritis demandata Fabricius, 1805: 324. Ulidia demandata: Meigen, 1826: 386; Macquart, 1835: 504. Chloria demandata: Schiner, 1864: 386. Chrysomyza demandata: Becker, 1905: 106; Hendel, 1910: 4, 21; 1913 b: 217; Lamb, 1914: 315; S��guy, 1934: 84. Physiphora demandata: Hennig, 1940: 11; Steyskal, 1977: 167; 1980: 576; Zaitzev, 1984: 60; Evenhuis, 1989: 481. Chrysomyza splendida Fall��n, 1817: 4. Ulidia bicolor Schiner, 1864: 86; S��guy, 1934: 84; Zaitzev, 1984: 60; attributed to Macquart, 1835: 504 (Macquart���s ���U. bicolore��� was used clearly as a vernacular French name of Ulidia demandata; consequently mentioned ��� U. bicolor Macquart ���, always as a synonym of demandata, is unavailable). Ulidia smaragdi Walker, 1849: 1059. Material. Non-type. Afghanistan: ��� O. Afghanistan, Sarobi 1100 m ���, 13. viii. 1981, 1 ♂ (Ebert) (ZSSM); Polichomri 700 m, 28. v. 1956, 2 ♀, 8. vi. 1956, 1 ♀ (Amsel) (SMNK); Armenia: ���Kotaih prope Eilar���, 4. vii. 1926, 1 ♀; slope of Alag��z mt., Piragan, 4800 ', 16. vi. 1924, 1 ♂ (A. Shelkovnikov); prope Erivan, 13. vii. 1924, 2 ♂ (S. Paramonov), idem, 16. vi. 1926, 1 ♀ (A. Shelkovnikov), idem, 22. v. 1927, 4 ♂, 2 ♀; Arazdajan [39.7448802N 44.8246479E], 26. vi. 1933, 1 ♀ (S. Paramonov) (SIZK); Austria: ���Wien / 7.[18] 40 ���, 3 ♂ ♀; (with black-and-gray paper label) 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (Coll. Loew) (MNKB); Admont, 1 ♀ (MTD); Azerbaijan: Lenkoran, 31.vii��� 1. viii. 1900, 2 ♀: (F.Karsch) (MNKB); Ordubad, 29. v. 1924, 1 ♀ (S. Paramonov) (SIZK); Botswana: ���bei Maun, Krokodilfarm���, 21. ii. 1998, 1 ♂ (G��llner) (MNKB); Bulgaria: Kiten, oak wood + pig farm, 41.14N 27.48E, 17. vii. 1987, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Sliven, 5km N, 42.45N 26.17E, 21. vi. 1987, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (M. Bart��k) (MBC); China: Xinjiang, Kashgar, 15.10. 1991, 1♀ (W.Mey) (MNKB); ���Schansi���, 1 ♂ (MTD); ���Tchangk.tch��� [Great Wall of China], 16. vi. 1916, 1 ♂ (Licent); Shanxi: Hongtong, 14. vii. 1916, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Licent) (MHNP); Croatia: Javornik, 1423 m, 10. vi. 1910, 1 ♀ (Meusel); Cmi Padez, 423 m, 22. ix. 1910, 1 ♀ (Meusel); Dalmatien, 14.v. ��� 221891 ���, 1 ♂; Draga 18.vi. 1887 1 ex.; St.Pasova, 11. viii. 1887, 1 ♀; Spitzberg, 17.viii. 1926, ���061���, 1 ♂; Zagreb, 3.ix. 1886, 18. ix. 1887, 2 ♂ (MNKB); Rovinj, 28. v. 1961, 1 ♀ (Ulrich) (ZFIB); Czech Republic: Praha: ����rka, corn field, 50.06N 11.19E, 300m, 12. ix. 1985, 1 ♂; Prokopsk�� ��dol��, fly trap, 50.02N 11.23E, 27.iv��� 7. v. 1987, 1 ♂; Kunice���garden, Malaise trap, 49.56N 14.40E, 430m, 17���19.viii. 1985, idem, cheese trap, 25.vii��� 13. viii. 1985, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (M. Bart��k); Nov�� Rabyně, 49.49N 14.26E, 350m, 17. x. 1988, 1 ♀; Budyn�����Ochř��, 3km W, damp meadow, 50.24N 14.06E, 190m, 27. vi. 1987, 1 ♂; J��lovi��tě��� 2km SW near brook, 49.56N 14.19E, 300 m, 22. ix. 1983, 1 ♂; Karl��těin env., deciduous forest, 49.57N 14.11E, 350 m, 28. vii. 1985, 1 ♂; U. Janovice��� 5km W, near pond, 49.53N 15.03E, 460 m, 19. ix. 1991, 2 ♂, 1 ♀; idem, damp meadow, 5���12. x. 1995, 1 ♂ (M. Bart��k) (MBC); Egypt: ��� Aegypten / Ambukohl���, 1 ♀ (Ehrenlarg); [green square label], Coll. H. Loew, 338, 1 ♀; ���Alexandrien / 44154.XI���, 2 ♂, 2 ♀; ���Kairo XI / 44296 ���, 1 ♀ (MNKB); Fayed, 17. v. 1943, 1 ♀ (Priesner) (ZSSM); ��� Aegypt ���, xii. 1903, 1 ♀ (MTD); Kafr-el-Sheikh, garden vegetation, 30.48N 31.14E, 28. iii. 1995, 1 ♂; Cairo, El-Marg, margin of field, 30.16N 31.23E, 29. iii. 1995, 1 ♂; Cairo, 20 km S, semidesert, 29.52N 31.17E, 31. iii. 1995, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (M. Bart��k) (MBC); France: Corsica, 24. vi. 1899, 1 ♂ (Ajaccio); Bautzen, 2 ♂, 2 ♀; Digne, vi. 1908, 1 ♂; ���Franzn s bd���, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (Kowarz); (MTD); Mont Dophin, pine wood, 44.41N 6.37E, 11. vii. 1990, 1 ♂ (M. Bart��k) (MBC); ���Villefranche���, 2 ♂ (DEI); Gambia: 3km NW Central Banjul garden at Wadner Beach Hotel, Loc. No 1 A, 19:00��� 21:00, 21. ii. 1977, 15 ♂, 10 ♀; at light in vegetation along mangrove swamp, loc. No. 2, 21���22. ii. 1977, 5 ♂, 3 ♀; idem, loc. No 2, 23. ii. 1977, 2 ♂, 1 ♀, idem, loc. No 2, 25. ii. 1997, 1 ♀ (Cederholm, Danielsson, Larsson, Mirestr��m, Norling & Samuelsson) (ZMLU); Georgia: ���Tiflis��� [Tbilisi], 1 ♂ (DEI); Germany: Berlin, 21 ex. with different data; [yellowish paper square], 2 ♀ (Coll. H.Loew) (MNKB); Erfurt, 1928, 3 ♂, 3 ♀ (v. Roeder S.); Berlin, Umgbg, 2 ♂; Dresden, 2 ♀; Gr. Garten, 1 ♀; Leipzig, 1 ♀; Bromberg, 9. viii. 1915, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Meyer); L��ssnitz, ix. 1985, 1 ♂ (MNKB); Greece: Korfu, Zitadell, Geb��sch, 6. v. 1958, 2 ♀ (Boness) (ZFIB); Gr. Insel Lesbos, NW, Ayia Paraskevi, Kulturland, Quercus, 19. v. 1996, 1 ♂ (Grimm) (SMNS); Hungary: Kenzel, 1 ♂ (Thalhammer) (MTD); Z��k��nisz��k, 20 km W Szeged, 26. vii. 1993, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ Bekes, Komadi, 29. vii. 1993, 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (D. & T. Osten) (SMNS); India: South India, Bangalore, 15. iv. 1936, 31 ♂♀ (Nathan) ( BINH ); Bombay, 26. x. 1901, 1 ♂ (Uzel) (NHMW); Iran: Shemiran, viii. 1959, 4 ♂, 3 ♀ (Barnett) (USNM); Iraq: Basra, 20, 21. x. 1954, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (Lindemann) (ZSSM); ��� Mesopotamia ���, 1917, 5 ♂, (D���Beaufort) (BMNH: Wellcome coll., 1990 ��� 10); Baghdad, Hotel Babylon, garden, light trap, 1. v. 1988, 1 ♀ (Olejn��cek) (MBC); Israel: Jericho, 30. v. 2000, 1 ♀ (Merz) (NHMG); Rehoboth bei Jaffa, 27.vii. 1931 ��� 24.v. 1935, 40♂ ♀ (Aharoni); Nahatal, 26. iii. 1935, 1 ♂ (Aharoni); Jerusalem, Scopusberg, 1 ♂ (Aharoni); Karmel Mts., 10 km S Haifa, 14. v. 1996, 1 ♂ (Schmid-Egger) (SMNS); Italy: Sicily: ���Syrakus���, 21.v, 7 ♂ ♀; ���Syrakus 15.6��� 1 ♂; ���Bouchi���, 1 ♂: (MNKB); Italy: Venezia���Lido, 18. viii. 1932, 1 ♀; Bozen 13. vi. 1890, 5 ♂; ���Coll. / Gerst.��� 2 ♂, 3 ♀; ���N Italien Garda, See Gargnana���, 21. ix. 1923, 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (G. Enderlein) (MNKB); Ferrara, along river, 44.54N 11.38.E, 7. viii. 1988, 1 ♂; Castiglione D.Or, ca. along river, 43.00N 11.37E, 6. viii. 1988, 1 ♀ (M. Bart��k) (MBC); Jordan: Irbid Adm., Unit, Qaren, ca. 18 km, N Dier Alla, 17. vi. 1987, 7 ♂♀ (Zack) (USNM); Kyrgyzstan: Kazarman, 26. vi. 1964, 1 ♀ (L. Peck); Chon-Aryk prope Bishkek [42.7892282N 74.5747232E], 24.07. 1994, 1♂ (D. Milko) (SIZK); Latvia: ���Kurland, Libau��� [=Liepaja], 1 ♀ (DEI); Lebanon: Ksara am Libanon, 2. vi. 1920, 1 ♀ (Aharoni) (SMNS);♂: Beyrut (MNKB); Madagascar: Majunga, i���ii.[18] 93, 1 ♂: (Voeltrkow) (MNKB); Behara, iv. 1937, 1 ♀ (A. Seyrig) (MRAC); Tanatan, iv. 1930, 3 ♀ (A. Seyrig); de F��n��rive a Soanierara, 1927, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (G. Petit) (MHNP); Malta: Mellieha Bay, Gadira, 19��� 31. viii. 1998, 1 ♂ (B. Petersen) (ZMUC); Moldova: Chisinău, Institute of Biocontrol, on window, 12.ix. 1987; idem [46.9663137N 28.8820267E], 13. vii. 1987, 2 ♂ (V. Korneyev) (SIZK); Balabanesti nr. Vadul-lui-Vodă [47.0401821N 29.1376305E], 22���26. vii. 1988, 1 ♂ (V. Korneyev) (SIZK). Morocco: Anti-Atlas, Tizi n'Bachkoun, 1600 m, 1. vii. 1987, 1 ♂ (Schacht) (ZSSM); Casablanca / Quedenfieldt (MNKB); Tanger, 1 ♂ (DEI); Nepal: Katmandu, 1400 m, 14. iv. 1962, 1 ♂ (Ebert, Falkner) (ZSSM); Oman: Al Misfa desert, 6. iv. 1985, 1 ♀ (FA��) (ZMLU); Pakistan: Peshawar, N.W. Frontier Prov., vi. 1959, 4 ♂, 4 ♀ (Barnett) (USNM); Poland: ���Gleiwits��� [Gliwice], ���6.8. 317 ���, 1 ♂, 7 ♀; 3 ♂, 2 ♀ (Coll. Loew) (MNKB); Portugal: ��� Portugal ���, 1 ♀ (Hoffmannsegg); ���Lusitan / Hoffsg.���, 1 ♂ (MNKB); Romania: ���Bucarest���, 2 ♂ (A. C. Montandon) (ZSSM); Russia: Stavropol: Spakovskoye, 4. viii. 1988, 1 ♂ (V. Korneyev) (SIZK); Volgograd: ���Sarepta��� [Volgograd], 3 ♂, 1 ♀ (MNKB); Samara, 1 ♂; Orenburg, vi. 1909, 1 ♂ (MTD); Saudi Arabia: Er Riad, 22.v. 1957, 14.x. 1957, 13.iii. 1959, 25. v. 1959, 3 ♂, 2 ♀ (Diehl) (ZSSM); Riad, 700 m, 28. ii. 1958, 1 ♀ (Diehl) (SMNK); Riyadh, R. Abo-zohayrah, sp. 3, in stems of Phoenix dactylifera [date palm], 9.xi. 1986 (CIE 18484) (BMNH); Seychelles: Farcoire, sea shore, on fish, 16. viii. 1984, 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (no collector) (SIZK); Slovakia: Velk�� Lev��re ��� 3km N, near brook, 48.32N 16.59E, 27. vii. 1986, 2 ♂ (M. Bart��k) (MBC); South Africa: W Cape, Cape Town, 33 �� 56 ���S 18 �� 28 ���E, larvae infesting growth tip of date palm, 19. v. 2008, 1 ♂ (dissected), 4 ♀ (G. Tribe) (SANC; SIZK); Free State Bloemfontain; Franklin Game Reserve, Naval Hill, radio tower, 26 ��06.277���S 26 �� 13.852 ���E, sweeping, 20. xii. 2008, 1 ♂ (A. Kirk-Spriggs) (BMSA); Spain: Elche, v. 1933, 1 ♀; Sierra Espuna, 1200 m, 1 ♂, 1 ♀: v. 1933 (Hering) (MNKB); Rio Big. Del Sangua, 6. v. 1955, 1 ♀ (Mannheims) (ZFIB); E. Prov. Salamanca, Castillejo, 17. ix. 1986, 1 ♀ (Viejo) (SMNS); Canary Is.: Teneriffe, Las Nercedes, a. Euphorbien, 3.vii. 1926, 41 specimens (Liebe) (MNKB); Tordera, along river, 41.45N 2.45E, 5. vii. 1990, 1 ♂ (M. Bart��k) (MBC); Sudan: Wad Medani, compost of sweet potatoes etc., 22. v. 1941, 2 ♀ (D.J.Lewis); caught in a trap, 16. i. 1945, 4 ♂; [London School of Hygiene and Medicine] (BMNH: 1996 ��� 140); Syria: Malula, 27. vi. 1994, 1 ♀ (M. Hradsk��) (MBC); Tadjikistan: 2 ♂: ���Pamir��� (MNKB); Prov. Dushanbe, Res. Tigerbalken, a fluss vachtsch b. Nishni Piandsh, vi. 1986, 2 ♂ (Muche) (ZSSM); Fayzabad Distr., 22. vii. 1982, 1 ♂ (Isametdinov) (SIZK); Tunisia: ��� v���vi. 1913 ���, 1 ♂ (NHMW); Taberka area, 7���18 v. 1988, 1 ♀ (Zool. Mus. Copenhagen Exp.) (ZMUC); Turkey: East, 70 km E of Erzincan, Yoller��st��, 19.vi. 187, 1 ♀ (T. Osten) (SNMS); Turkmenistan: Kerki, 2 ♀ (MTD); Berzengi S of Ashgabat, 24.04. 1988, 1♀ (A. Antropov) (SIZK); Ashgabat, 17. vi. 1928, 1 ♀, 10. vii. 1928, 6 ♀, (Vlasov); Kushka, 5. vi. 1926, 3 ♂, 1 ♀ (S. Paramonov) (SIZK); Ukraine: Kyiv Reg.: Kyiv, 16. vi. 1920, 1 ♀ (S. Paramonov), 13. ix. 1944, 1 ♀ (Bilanovskiy), [idem, in room,] 1. ix. 1931, 1 ♀ [Bilanovskiy]; Maliutianka nr. Fastiv, 5. ix. 1920, 1 ♀ (S. Paramonov); Irpin, 26. vii. 1995, 1 ♀ (S. Korneyev) (SIZK); Cherkasy Reg,: Moshnohir���ya [49.4558512N 31.7360687E], 30. viii. 1988, 1 ♀ (S. Zrazhevsky); Kaniv, Nature Reserve [49.7250063N 31.5322959E]: dung heap, 30. vi. 1957, 1 ♂, greenhouse, 5. vi. 1958, 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 16. vi. 1958, 2 ♀, 22. vii. 1959, 2 ♂, 7 ♀ (O. Viktorov-Nabokov), idem, vi. 2007, 1 ♀ (S. Korneyev) (SIZK); Odesa Reg.: Ananyiv, 11. vii. 1921, 1 ♀ (S. Paramonov) (SIZK); Kherson Reg.: Novooleksandrivka nr. Kalanchak [46.2684565N 33.4056044E], 23. vii. 1987, 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (V. Korneyev) (SIZK); Zaporizhzha Reg.: ���Osypenko��� [=Berdiansk, 46.7624431N 36.7959595E], vi. 1946 (Gulinov) (SIZK); Crymea: Yalta, 16. ix. 1923, 2 ♂ (S. Paramonov); Mischor, viii. 1926, 1 ♂ (Musytschenko) (SIZK); United Arab Emirates: Al-Ajban, 8 ♂, 5 ♀, 6���25.vii. 2006, MT; 2 ♂, 13 ♀, 26.ii��� 2.iv. 2006, MT; 4 ♂, 26.ii��� 27.iii. 2006, LT; 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 6���22.v. 2006, LT. Bithnah, 15 ♂, 7 ♀; 31.xii. 2005 ��� 2.ii. 2006, LT, Fujairah, 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 19.iv��� 2.v. 2003, LT; 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 2���30.i. 2006, LT; 32 ♂, 33 ♀, 28.ii��� 21.iii. 2006, LT; 3 ♂, 6 ♀, 28.ii��� 1.iv. 2006, LT; 13 ♂, 13 ♀, 20���27.v. 2006, LT. Hatta, 43 ♂, 12 ♀, 19���28.iii. 2006, LT; 30 ♂, 11 ♀, 8���26.iv. 2006, LT; 28 ♂, 18 ♀, 24��� 30.v. 2006, LT. Near Mahafiz, 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 10���29.xii. 2005, LT; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, 29.xii. 2005 ��� 7.i. 2006, LT. Sharjah-Khor Kalba, near tunnel, 6 ♂, 3 ♀, 16���31.i. 2006, LT; 6 ♂, 10 ♀, 7���22.iii. 2006, LT. NARC, near Sweihan, 24 ♂, 5 ♀, 16.xi��� 21.xii. 2005, LT. Wadi Maidaq, 11 ♂, 2 ♀, 27.iv��� 4.v. 2006, LT. Wadi Safad, 13 ♂, 4 ♀, 27.xi��� 22.xii. 2005, LT (leg. A. van Harten) (SIZK); USA: Minnesota: Waconia, 8. ii. 1932, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Parten) (MNKB); Utah: Fielding, 14. ix. 1926, 1 ♀; Logan, 2 ♂; Spanish Fork, 2 ♂, 2 ♀; Springville, 1 ♂; Ogden, 10. viii. 1958, 7 ♂♀; Roy, 6 ♂ ♀; Benjamin, 2. viii. 1958, 1 ♂ (DEI); Uzbekistan: Chimgan, damp meadow, 800m, 41.37N 70.00E, 18. v. 1989, 1 ♀; Chirchiq, along river, 41.32N 69.38E, 19. v. 1989, 1 ♂, Chinaz, along Syrdaria, 40.53N 68.43E, 20. v. 1998, 2 ♂, 1 ♀; Samarqand, pasture, 39.39N 67.01E, 22. v. 1989, 1 ♂; Zeravshan Reserve, deciduous wood, 39.38N 67.08E, 24. v. 1989, 1 ♀ (M. Bart��k) (MBC); Kokand, Fergana, 1 ♂ (MTD); Yem en: Sana's, 4. vi. 1987, 2 ♂ (M��hle) (ZSSM). Diagnosis. P. alceae can be recognized from the combination of mostly brownish yellow frons and face, facial carina low, with entire white microtrichose band, scutum and scutellum subshining, finely rugulose, with dull greenish sheen, fore metatarsus mostly white; preglans of phallus with chain of partly fused black spines (Fig. 31 a). It can be differentiated with certainty from superficially similar P. azurea, P. hendeli sp. n. and P. orinigra sp. n. from the characters as given in the Key (couplets 27���30) and especially by the structure of the phallic preglans (Fig. 31 a). Description. Head (Figs. 29���30). Frons 1.2 times as long as wide, brownish yellow, rarely to dark brown, satin shining, very sparsely and finely, almost inconspicuously setulose, with round parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of calluses (oval swellings) posterior to its middle and slightly concave anterior half. Vertical plates usually black, with greenish or dark blue sheen, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black. Face reddish yellow to reddish brown, dorsal half of facial carina and antennal grooves entirely gray microtrichose without bare areas. Lunule shining orange to brown. Facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining orange or brown, gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; only parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripe along anteroventral eye margin. Epistome brownish yellow, rarely (a specimen from Czech Republic) dark brown with greenish sheen. Occiput black, with yellowish brown area behind ocellar triangle and postgena; orbit between posterodorsal eye margin and row of black postocular setae with very narrow white microtrichose stripe or without it. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.5 times as long as lateral vertical and 3���5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna reddish brown, greyish microtrichose; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5 times as long as wide; arista bare, yellow in basal 1 / 4, remainder black. Clypeus orange to brown. Palp brown to black, microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Fig. 30). Scutum and scutellum brown to black, with dull green metallic sheen, finely rugulose, except antepronotum, posterior surface of postpronotal lobe and notopleuron, as well as pleura strongly shining; posterodorsal part of anepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa matt black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area. Mesonotal scutum with short medial row of setulae in anterior portion, pair of regular dorsocentral and intra-alar rows, all setae very fine and short, black; pair of hair-like acrostichal and dorsocentral seta. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae strong, black. Scutellum with golden sheen, with very fine and short black setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with pale yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 almost closed, not forming petiole; postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 4 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Costal vein from middle of costal cell to middle of r 1 cell with alternate thickened and thin setae in antero-dorsal and antero-ventral rows. Length: 2.5���4.8 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy yellow in basal 3 / 4, mid- and hind tarsi yellow; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 5���7 thickened, but rather short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites brown or black-brown, with very weak bluish or greenish reflection, with black setulae; femaleabdominal tergite 2 with pair of matt gray spots (= dimple-like structures) laterally; tergite 5 in both male and female conspicuously shagreened, subshining black, sometimes with deep blue reflection. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 33���34, phallus with stipe twice as long as preglans and glans; preglans with chain of partly fused black spines (Fig. 31 a); glans as on Figs. 31 and 32. Female terminalia: eversible membrane (Fig. 35) with two pairs of long taeniae and membrane between them cowered by fine monodentate scales; posterior part of membrane with fine multidentate scales; aculeus (Figs. 36��� 37) 6.5��� 8 times as long as wide at base; vagina (Figs. 38���39) with simple, rod-like ventral receptacle; 3 spherical spermathecae (Fig. 40). Distribution: Widespread in the Palaearctic Region, except North; introduced to the Nearctic, Neotropical and Australasian Region as synanthropic species; quite rarely in the Afrotropical Region. Biology. Larvae feed in rotting date palm stems, dung an, Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 13-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Elena P. Kameneva, Valery A. Kroneyev (2016): Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fallén 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae). Zootaxa 4087 (1): 1-88, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1

Physiphora sp. A A fly similar but not identical to P. violacea has been recently collected and photographed in Townsville (Queensland) (Cocks 2015). The photographs clearly show that the female has body coloration and wing venation as in P. violacea, but the parafrontal microtrichose spots are elongate, cuneiform, reaching anterior margin of frons. As no males are available, this specimen cannot be identified to species; there is a possibility that it belongs to an undescribed species. Further material, including males, is to be studied.

Physiphora polita sp. n. Figures 300–312. Material. Type. Holotype ♂: Gambia: Bakau, at tropic bungalow, swept in meadow rich in flowers at the beach, 6–18.xi. 1977, (Cederholm, Danielsson, Hammerstedt, Heqvist & Samuelsson) (ZMLU). Paratypes: 1 ♂: Central African Republic: “Coll. Mus. Tervuren / Rep. Centrafricaine: Bambari / III. 1966 / G.Pierrard” (MRAC); Congo (Zaïre): 27 ♂, 30 ♀: “Musee du Congo / Eala [0° 40 ′ N 18 ° 17 ′ E] / VIII— 1935 / J. Ghesquiere”; 1 ♀: “Congo-belge, Eala”, 22 -viii- 1935 / J. Ghesquiere” (MRAC); 9 ♂, 10 ♀: “Musee du Congo / Eala / IX— 1935 / J. Ghesquiere” (MRAC; SIZK); Côte-d’Ivoire: 2 ♂, 1 ♀: “Museum Paris / Côte-d’Ivoire, Lamto / 1–7 [10] 71 / Leg. D. Lachaise”, “c t M’Bra”; 2 ♂:“Lamto (Tumodi) Côte-d’Ivoire / 5.v. [19] 66 ” (Vuattoux); 1 ♂: “Côte-d’Ivoire, Lamto / 10.iv. 1968 / Mic Boulard Rec”, “foret galerie du bandama” (MHNP); Kenya: 1 ♂: “Afr. or. Angl. (WA—TAITA) / Bura / Alluaud & Jeannel, / Mars 1912 / 1050 RD St. 61 ”, “Coll. Hendel” (NHMW). Nigeria: 3 ♀: “N. Nigeria / Zaria, Samaru / 17.IV. 1986 / Deeming” (USNM). Diagnosis. P. polita sp. n. belongs in the group of species differing by entirely brown or black fore basitarsomere together with P. chalybea, P. euphorbiana, P. sericea, P. smaragdina, and P. virens sp. n., differing from them by the combination of shining cyan to purple mesonotum (dull green in other species), entire transverse microtrichose band on face (λ-shaped, isolated from antennal grooves in P. sericea and P. smaragdina), dark brown or black frons with elongate oval orbital spot of microtrichia (pitchy black in P. euphorbiana and P. sericea, with large subrectangular area of microtrichia in the first, and cuneiform spot in the second; brownish yellow to dark brown, with short semicircular area of microtrichia in P. chalybea and P. smaragdina), and the phallus with moderately sparse and large spines on preglans (without spines in all other species with black fore metatarsus). Description: Head (Figs. 301–303). Frons 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide, shining brown, with elongate oval parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of poorly expressed calluses posterior to its middle and anterior half slightly concave and sparsely, very finely yellowish setulose. Vertical plates shining black, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black. Face brown, dorsal half of facial carina and antennal grooves entire transverse gray microtrichose crossband. Lunule shining yellow. Facial carina with entire transverse microtrichose crossband (Fig. 303). Facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining orange or brown, gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; parafacial and facial ridge with white microtrichose stripe each. Epistome brown to black at middle, with greenish sheen. Occiput black, usually with brown area behind ocellar triangle and widely brown postgena; orbit posteriorly without microtrichose stripe. Medial vertical seta 0.6 times as long as frons width, 1.2 times as long as lateral vertical and 4–5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and 3 times longer than postocellar setae. Antenna yellowish brown, greyish microtrichose; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.9–2.0 times as long as wide; arista bare, yellow in basal 1 / 6, remainder black. Clypeus brown to black. Palp brown to black, gray microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black. Thorax. Scutum and scutellum brown to black, with strongly shining cyan to violet, green and green to golden metallic sheen, finely shagreened, without rugulose areas (Figs. 301–302); supra-alar area and tympanal fossa subshining, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area. Mesonotal scutum with fine brown setulae, forming medial (acrostichal) row, pair of regular dorsocentral and intra-alar rows; acrostichal setae either lacking or not differentiated from other setulae; one pair of hair-like dorsocentral setae. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae strong, black. Scutellum with green and cyan sheen, with very fine and short whitish setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing (Fig. 304). Entirely hyaline, with yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly closed, not forming petiole; posteroapical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 3–4 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Length: 3.7–4.5. Legs. Dark brown, including whole fore tarsus; mid- and hind tarsi creamy white to yellow; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 7–8 thickened, short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, with very bluish reflection, tergite 1 grey microtrichose at base; female tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 308–309, with wide triangular nipple-like structures; hypandrium asymmetric; phallus with stipe longer than preglans and glans; preglans with 15–20 moderately sparse and large spines; glans with one hook-like and one nail-like lobe (the latter at apex of membranous lobe) and 3–4 uncategorized sclerotized structures (Figs. 306–307). Female terminalia (Figs. 311–312) as described for P. clausa. Distribution: Subsaharan Africafrom Gambia and Côte-d’Ivoire to Kenya and Congo. Biology unknown. Remarks. Some specimens in USNM and possibly other collections with Steyskal’s identification labels “ Physiphora deemingi” (unpublished name) actually belong to this species. Etymology. The specific epithet “ polita ” (Latin “polished”) reflects shiny appearance of the body and was originally proposed by Hendel on a label of a male of this species from Kenya (MHNW), as “ Chrysomyza polita ”, but the species with this name has never been described or published.

Subfamily Ulidiinae Macquart 1835

Physiphora orinigra sp. n. Figures 292���299. Material. Type. Holotype ♂: Malawi: ��� Nyasaland / Cholo / R. C. Wood��� ���Pres. by Imp. Inst. Ent. BM 1947 ��� 13 ���, ��� Holotype ��� [red-boarded circle], ��� Chrysomyza demandata F. van Emden det. 1942 ���, ��� Holotype Physiphora orinigra d. G. Steyskal ��� 64 ��� (BMNH). Paratypes: Malawi: 1 ♂, ��� Nyasaland, Chiromo, Ruo R., 4.xi. 1916. R. C. Wood���, ��� Chrysomyza demandata van Emden det.��� (BMNH); Nigeria: 1 ♀: Ibadan, 15.VII. 1913, Dr. W. Lamborn���, ��� Paratype ��� [yellow-bordered circle] (BMNH); Central African Republic: 1 ♀: ���Bambari [05�� 45 ��� 55 ���N 20 �� 40 ��� 27 ���E], III. 1966, G. Pierrard��� (MRAC); Kenya: 1 ♂, Tiwi Beaches, 04��03��� S, 39 �� 36 ��� E, 14���23.viii. 1975 (B. Petersen) (ZMUK); Namibia: 1 ♀: ���Opuva Dist., 35 km E Epupa, 17 ��03��� 33 ���S, 13 �� 29 ��� 32 ���E, 911. x. 1999, Kirk-Spriggs, Pape, Hauwanga, Malaise trap shaded woodland��� (NICW); Tanzania: 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Kware near Moshi, 27.xii. [1951]��� 13.i. 1952, ��� Chrysomyza demandata / E.[non-breaking space]Lindner det.��� (D. O. Afrika Exp.) (SMNS). Diagnosis. P. orinigra sp. n. is similar to P. alceae in having shining brownish yellow frons with calluses and round parafrontal microtrichose spots, and facial ridge with entire transverse crossband, as well as subshining green to cyan scutum and widely creamy fore metatarsus, differing by the face partly black face and structure of phallus (preglans smooth, without spines). It also shares frons shining with calluses and round parafrontal microtrichose spots, face black, and facial ridge with entire transverse crossband, and widely creamy fore metatarsus, as well as, differing by the subshining green to cyan scutum (matt blue, cyan, green or black in P. hendeli sp. n.), frons not pitted, smooth with hardly visible alveolae at bases of setulae (in P. hendeli sp. n., conspicuously pitted at anterior margin) and structure of phallus ��� preglans smooth, without spinules (with fine spinules in P. hendeli sp. n.). Description. Head (Fig. 294). Frons 1.2 times as long as wide, subshining brownish yellow, rarely to dark brown, sometimes mostly black in posterior half with round parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of calluses posterior to its middle and anterior half slightly concave and sparsely, finely yellowish setulose. Vertical plates black, with greenish or dark blue sheen, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black. Face reddish yellow to reddish brown, dorsal half of facial carina and antennal grooves entire transverse gray microtrichose crossband. Lunule shining brown. Facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining orange or brown, gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; parafacial and facial ridge with white microtrichose stripe each. Epistome black at middle to lateral corners, with greenish sheen. Occiput black, usually with brown area behind ocellar triangle and mostly black postgena; orbit between posterodorsal eye margin and row of postocular setae without microtrichose stripe, only posteroventrally (above postgena) orbit with short microtrichose stripe. Medial vertical seta 0.5���0.6 times as long as frons width, 1.3���1.4 times as long as lateral vertical and 4���5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna reddish brown, greyish microtrichose; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5���1.8 times as long as wide; arista bare, yellow in basal 1 / 4, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp brown to black, gray microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 292���293). Scutum brown to black, subshining with dull green or cyan metallic sheen, finely rugulose, except antepronotum, posterior surface of postpronotal lobe and notopleuron, as well as pleura shining; posterodorsal part of anepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa matt black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area. Mesonotal scutum with fine yellowish setulae, forming medial row, pair of regular dorsocentral and intra-alar rows; acrostichal setae not differing from other setulae; one pair of hair-like dorsocentral setae. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae strong, black. Scutellum with blue (in specimens with cyan scutum) or golden-green sheen, with very fine and short black setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing (Fig. 295). Entirely hyaline, with pale yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 almost closed, not forming petiole; posteroapical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 4 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Costal vein from middle of costal cell to middle of r 1 cell with alternate thickened and thin setae in anterodorsal and antero-ventral rows. Length: 3.0���4.5. Legs. Black except fore metatarsus creamy yellow in basal 4 / 5, mid- and hind tarsi yellow with 3 apical tarsomeres brown or black; all setae black; fore femur not swollen, postero-ventrally with 4���5 thickened, but rather short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, with very weak bluish or greenish reflection, with black setulae; female tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Fig. 299, phallus with stipe conspicuously shorter than joined length of preglans and glans; preglans smooth without spines; glans with 4���5 short dentate lobes (spines) and one basally directed moderately long lobe (Figs. 297���298). Female terminalia not dissected. Distribution: Subsaharan Africa: Central and Southern. Biology unknown. Remarks. Specimens from Malawi (BMNH) labelled by G. C. Steyskal as ��� holotype ��� and ��� paratype ��� are in a fair condition; we designate the male as holotype, preserving old labels and using the manuscript name initially proposed by Steyskal. A female from Malawi labelled as ���Allotype ♀���is in poor condition (a teneral, partly discoloured specimen of larger size and strong violet reflection on scutum) might belong elsewhere and is not included into type series. Etymology. The name (originally proposed by G. C. Steyskal) is derived from Latin ���os��� (mouth) and ���nigrus��� (black), reflecting the black epistome in this species, which differentiates it from P. alceae., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 62-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora elbae Steyskal 1968 Figures 106���123. Physiphora elbae Steyskal, 1968: 124; 1980: 570. Material. Type. Holotype ♂: Egypt: ���Gebel Elba��� (Efflatoun) (Steyskal, 1968: ���Faculty of Science of the University of Cairo; Ministry of Agriculture, Doqqi, Egypt ���) (not examined; not located). Paratypes: 1 ♂: South Sudan: Wau, fly trap, 2.iii. 1946, ��� 55 ���, ��� Paratype ��� [yellow-bordered circle], ��� Paratype Physiphora elbae d. Steyskal��� 64 ��� (D. J. Lewis) (BMNH). Non-type. Botswana: N, Ghanzi, Mongalatsela, on fresh dung, 10. v. 1924, 1 ♂ (J. Maurice) (BMNH); Kenya: Rabai, iv. 1928, 3 ♀ (van Sommeren) (BMNH); Namibia: Okahandja, 24.ii��� 1. iii. 1928, 1 ♀ (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); Etosha National Park: Renostervlei, 2km E, 19 ��09��� 59 ���S, 14 �� 33 ��� 12 ���E, Malaise traps, 26 ��� 12. xii. 1999, 1 ♀ (Kirk-Spriggs, Mann & Newman); Khorixas District, Leeukop 664, 19 �� 53 ��� 15 ���S, 14 �� 21 ��� 44 ���E, Malaise trap sample, riverbed, 26���30. x. 2001, 1 ♂ (Kirk-Spriggs & Marais); Kutima Mulilo Dist.: Salambala pan, 17 �� 50 ��� 00���S, 24 �� 35 ��� 58 ���E, Malaise traps, 23���27. xii. 2002, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (A. H. & M. K. Kirk-Spriggs); Salambala camp site, 17 �� 50 ��� 01���S, 24 �� 36 ��� 09���E, Malaise traps, 23. xii. 2002, 1 ♂ (A. H. & M. K. Kirk-Spriggs) Salambala camp site, 17 �� 50 ��� 01���S, 24 �� 36 ��� 09���E, hanging trap baited feces, 28. xii. 2002, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (A. H. & M. K. Kirk- Spriggs) (NICW); idem, Ndopu village, degradated sand forest & cultivated plots, 17 �� 43.650 ���S, 24 �� 32.106 ���E, 20��� 23. xii. 2012, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (BMSA); Mariental Dist.: Viljoenskroon 507, 26 ��08��� 39 ���S, 19 �� 57 ��� 11 ���E, Malaise traps, 7��� 9. ii. 1998, 9 ♂, 5 ♀ (A. H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais) (NICW, SIZK); Tsumkwe District: Aha Hills at: 19 �� 17 ��� 39 ���S, 20 �� 59 ��� 51 ���E, Malaise trap, 21���25. xii. 1998, 1 ♀ (Kirk-Spriggs & Marais); Homasi, 19 �� 40 ��� 38 ���S, 20 �� 37 ��� 08���E, ex fallen baobab tree branch, 24. xii. 1998, 1 ♀ (Kirk-Spriggs & Mann); 2km W Xawasha pan, 19 ��09��� 57 ���S, 20 �� 52 ��� 55 ���E, Malaise traps, 26���27. xii. 1998, 1 ♀ (A. H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais) 1 ♀ (A. H. Kirk-Spriggs & E. Marais) (NICW); Tanzania: ���Makoa, T. T. O.-Afr. b. Kaffeeschildsl��usen, 9. ii. 1952, 1 ♂, 10. ii. 1959, 1 ♀, 6���26. ii. 1959, 1 ♂ (E. Lindner) (SMNS); Diagnosis. P. elbae can be differentiated from other Physiphora by the combination of subshining brown or black frons, cuneiform white microtrichose parafrontal spot, ��-shaped microtrichose pattern on facial carina and mostly white fore metatarsus. It is superficially very similar to P. sericea, readily different from it by the coloration of the fore metatarsus (entirely black in P. sericea) and structure of male phallus glans (without long lobes in P. elbae (Figs. 114���116) and extremely long reclinate basalmost lobe in P. sericea ��� Figs. 328���329). P. elbae shares very densely rugulose, dull metallic blue to green (or almost entirely black) scutum and scutellum, and glossy black postpronotal lobe, margins of transverse and scuto-scutellar sutures, with P. hendeli sp. n., P. leucotricha, P. obscura, P. rugosa sp. n., and P. tarsata by the smooth frons with parafrontal microtrichose spot long and cuneiform, reaching anterior margin (in all these species, parafrontal spots short and round, not reaching anterior margin of frons; in addition, face of P. hendeli sp. n. with entire microtrichose band); they also differ by the structure of phallus. Description. Head (Figs. 107, 109, 111) brown to black, with brown facial and gena; rarely frons, sides of face, postgena and middle of vertex brownish yellow. Frons 1.25 times as long as wide, black or brown, subshining, opalescent with violet or bluish tinge and long cuneiform parafrontal microtichose spot reaching anterior margin (Figs. 109, 111) and poorly differentiated calluses posterior to its middle, finely light setulose between calluses. Vertical plates and ocellar triangle shining black with greenish sheen; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae. Face black, facial carina rugulose, with white ��-shaped microtrichose area widely separated from microtrichose antennal grooves. Gena 1 / 4 times as high as eye; parafacial and facial ridge with narrow white microtrichose stripe; gena posteriorly with arcuate white microtrichose mark separating it from entirely shining black postgena (Fig. 107). Occiput entirely black. Medial vertical seta 0.4 times as long as frons width, 1.4���1.5 times as long as lateral vertical and 3���4 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna brown to black; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 2.2���2.5 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, yellowish brown in basal 1 / 5, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp black, grey microtrichose and black setose. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 106���108). Scutum and scutellum black, densely rugulose, almost matt, with green tinge and light cyan to golden reflections; antepronotum, postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, supra-alar and postalar parts of scutum, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum, and whole anepimeron shining black, with faint golden sheen; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and katepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa brown to black, with faint blue sheen, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; anatergite, katatergite and lateroventral parts of mediotergite grey microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with acrostichal and dorsocentral rows of setulae, as well as acrostichal seta, indistinguishable; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar. Scutellum densely rugulose, with deep blue or violet reflection, apparently bare or with very short and sparse yellowish setulae (1 / 10 ��� 1 / 15 times as long as setae) and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly closed, apical section of M arcuate (Fig. 113). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 0.5���0.8 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and only 2 ���2.5 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 2.5���3.9 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy yellow in basal 5 / 6, mid- and hind tibiae basally brown, apically black; mid- and hind tarsi yellow except three apical tarsomeres brown or black; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 5 thickened short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, finely rugulose, with greenish reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally very sparsely microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally (Fig. 120). Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Fig. 117, phallus with stipe slightly (1.2���1.3 times) longer than preglans and glans; caecum almost as long as stipe width; preglans with very sparse and fine spinules in apical portion (Fig. 116); glans with 3���4 very short lobes and dilation of longest taenia (Figs. 114���116). Hypandrium (Fig. 118) with equal vanes of phallapodeme. Female terminalia as described for P. alceae; aculeus 7���8 times as long as wide at base (Fig. 121); 3 spherical spermathecae as on Fig. 122. Egg as on Fig. 123. Distribution. Eastern and Southern Africa. Biology. Reared from branches (trunks?) of fallen baobab (Adansonia). Adults are attracted to feces., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora chalybea (Hendel 1909) Figures 72���88. Chrysomyza chalybea Hendel, 1909: 620. Physiphora chalybea: Hennig, 1940: 11; Zaitzev, 1984: 60; Krivosheina & Krivosheina, 1997: 460; Kameneva, 2000: 155; Chen & Kameneva, 2007: 22; Kameneva & Korneyev, 2010: 622. Material. Type. Syntypes: 6 ♂, 10 ♀: Turkmenistan: ���Sary Yasy���, ���Reitter 1894 / Turkmenien, III. 87 ���, ��� chalybea / det. Hendel���, ��� Type ��� (NHMW). Diagnosis. P. chalybea belongs in the group of species with entirely brown or black fore basitarsomere together with P. euphorbiana, P. kirki sp. n., P. polita sp. n., P. sericea, P. smaragdina, and P. virens sp. n. differing from them by the combination of entire transverse microtrichose band on face (��-shaped, isolated from antennal grooves in P. sericea and P. smaragdina), finely rugulose, cyan subshining mesonotum (either densely rugulose, dull and matt green and blue in P. smaragdina and other species with black fore metatarsus, except shining cyan to purple in P. polita sp. n. and shining green to red and golden in P. virens sp. n.), smooth yellowish brown frons with semicircular orbital spot of microtrichia (black in P. euphorbiana and P. sericea, with large subrectangular area of microtrichia in the first, and cuneiform spot in the second; yellow with pitted calluses in P. kirki sp. n.), face brown with black epistome (entirely yellow in P. kirki sp. n.) and from them all by the narrow fore femur with thin posteroventral setae and preglans of the phallus with row of thick, short and separate spines (preglans bare in all the species with black fore metatarsus, except P. polita sp. n., but the latter differs by having variously shaped lobes of the glans (Figs. 306���307), from short and blunt to long claw-like, whereas P. chalybea has all 6 lobes of glans short claw-like���Figs. 80���81). Description. Head (Figs. 73���75). Frons 1.25 times as long as wide, brown to black in posterior to brownish yellow in anterior half, satin shining, very sparsely and finely, almost inconspicuously brownish setulose, with round parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of calluses. Vertical plates black, shining, bearing 2 pairs of brown short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black. Face brown to black, dorsal half of facial carina and antennal grooves entirely gray microtrichose without bare areas. Lunule brown. Facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining orange or brown, gena 0.25���0.3 times as high as eye. Epistome uniformly brown to dark brown, in studied specimens without metallic sheen. Occiput entirely black and shining. Medial vertical seta 0.4 times as long as frons width, 1.2 times as long as lateral vertical and 3���5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna reddish brown, greyish microtrichose; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, twice as long as wide; arista bare, brownish yellow in basal 1 / 4, remainder brown. Clypeus brown. Palp brown, microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 72, 75). Scutum and scutellum brown to black, subshining cyan to blue, shallow and finely rugulose, except antepronotum, posterior surface of postpronotal lobe and pleura shining; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; postscutellum brown microtrichose; anatergite and katatergite sparsely microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum apparently without medial row of setulae in anterior portion, but with dorsocentral and intra-alar rows, all setae fine and short, and brown; pair of hair-like dorsocentral seta; acrostichal seta in all specimens not visible (specimens directly pinned in front of scutellum). Other setae as in P. alceae. Scutellum with dusk cyan sheen, apparently bare dorslly, with 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with pale yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 almost closed, section of costal vein between R 4 + 5 and M more 0.2 times as long as section of costal vein between R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5; postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.3 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 2.8 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2 (Fig. 77). Length: 3.3���3.5 mm. Legs. Brown except thee basal tarsomeres of mid and hind legs yellow; all setae black; fore femur narrow, postero-ventrally with 3���4 thin and long setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites brown or black-brown, with very weak bluish reflection, with black setulae; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair dimple-like structures laterally; tergite 5 in both male and female shining with deep blue reflection. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 83, phallus with stipe twice as long as preglans and glans; preglans with row of separate. large and blunt black spines (Fig. 80); glans (Fig. 81) with 6 short claw-like lobes. Female terminalia: as in P. alceae; aculeus (Figs. 86���87) 10 times as long as wide at base; 3 spherical spermathecae (Fig. 88). Distribution: Turkmenistan, Tadjikistan; Western China (Xingjian); poplar woods at lowland rivers. Biology. Larvae feed under the bark of the Desert Poplar, or Turanga (Populus euphratica Oliv., syn. P. diversifolia Schrenk) forming clusters under the bark of a fallen tree in the bast, near the sapping zones, mostly in lower, shady parts of the trunk. Larvae are believed to be saprophagous, though in laboratory they were able to feed on dead larvae of the jewel beetles (Buprestidae); however, this type of feeding is considered to be casual in the nature (Krivosheina & Krivosheina 1997). Remarks. One of the most common ulidiid species in the temperate and arid zones of the Palaearctic Region. It is believed to be widespread with cattle due to shift of its original larval feeding in the date palm stems to the dung., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora sp. C Specimens superficially similar to P. orinigra sp. n., but differing by having bluish mesonotum, cannot be identified based on females alone, and we cannot say if they represent aberrant optical colouration morph of that species or a new undescribed species., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on page 86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora allomma (Speiser 1914) Figures 41���52. Chrysomyza allomma Speiser, 1914: 16; Physiphora allomma: Steyskal, 1980: 576. Material. Type. Holotype ♀: [Cameroun:] ���Dschang, Oktober 1912 ��� not located, apparently destroyed during WWII. Non-type. Ethiopia: Wushwush Saum, 36 �� 05.17E 07�� 18.59N, h= 1988m, Trockenrasen, Streifnetz, 6, 10.12. 2014, 3♂, 1 ♀ (H.-J.Fl��gel) (HJFC; SIZK); South Africa: W Cape, Cape Town, 33 �� 56 ���S 18 �� 28 ���E, larvae infesting growth tip of date palm, 19. v. 2008, 6 ♂, 3 ♀, 3 puparia (G. Tribe) (SANC; SIZK); Namibia: West Kaprivi Park, Okavanga River Susuwe, 17 �� 45 ��� 37 ���S 23 �� 20 ��� 56 ���E, Malaise trap, dry woodland, 28.ix��� 2. x. 1998, 1 ♂ (A. Kirk- Spriggs); Mahango Game Park, Okavango River at 18 �� 13 ��� 19 ���S 21 �� 45 ��� 10 ���E, Malaise trap, dry woodland, 1 ♀ (Kirk- Spriggs, Pape & Hauwanga) (NICW). Diagnosis. This species differs from all other species of the genus by the combination of almost entirely black head, dull black thorax with faint blue or violet tinge, white fore basitarsomere with dark basal (!) and apical 0.2 of its length, and wing with widely opened cell r 4 + 5 and brown veins. Superficially similar P. hendeli sp. n., P. rugosa sp. n., and P. tarsata, which sometimes may have dull black thorax with faint blue tinge, can be easily differentiated from it by the cell r 4 + 5 narrowly closed, veins light yellow, fore basitarsomere yellow at base, and frons deeply wrinkled or pitted (smooth in P. allomma). P. aperta, P. longicornis, and P. violacea sharing with P. allomma black mesonotum with blue or violet tinge, are shining, with sparsely and weakly wrinkled thorax, whereas in P. allomma it is densely rugulose and dull. P. allomma and P. aperta (from Solomon Islands) share widely opened cell r 4 + 5 and brown veins, differing mostly by black or brown frons and different ratio of the sections of costal vein between R 4 + 5 and M and between R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5 (see Key and Figs. 45 and 59). Description. Head (Figs. 42���44) black. Frons 1.2 times as long as wide, black, at anterior margin sometimes brown, shining, sparsely and finely, almost inconspicuously setulose, with round parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of calluses (oval swellings) posterior to its middle and slightly concave anterior half. Vertical plates black, with dark blue sheen, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black. Face black to dark brown, facial carina sharply delimited, dorsal half brown and black, medially with triangular microtrichose area narrowly separated from microtrichose antennal grooves. Lunule and facial ridge, parafacial and gena black or, rarely, brown, gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; only parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripe along anteroventral eye margin. Epistome entirely black. Occiput black. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.3 times as long as lateral vertical and 3���4 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna brown to black; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, brown in basal 1 / 6, remainder black. Clypeus brown to black. Palp brown to black. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Fig. 41). Scutum and scutellum black, with dull green metallic sheen, finely rugulose, except antepronotum and posterior surface of postpronotal lobe, as well as pleura strongly shining; posterodorsal part of anepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa matt brown to black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area. Mesonotal scutum without medial row of setulae, acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; only poorly visible dorsocentral and postsutural intra-alar setulae present; all setae very fine and short, black. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae strong, black. Scutellum transversely shagreened, with faint deep blue reflection, with very fine and short black setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with brown veins; cell r 4 + 5 conspicuously open, section of costal vein between R 4 + 5 and M longer than half of crossvein r-m and less than half (0.25���0.3) times as long as section of costal vein between R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5 (Fig. 45). postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.3 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 3 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Length: 3.0���4.9 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy yellow in medial portion, and black in basal and apical one-fifth, mid- and hind tarsi yellow except apical tarsomeres black; all setae black; fore femur posteroventrally with 3���5 thickened, but rather short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, finely rugulose, with bluish reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally grey microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 48���49, phallus with stipe at most as long as preglans and glans; preglans with chain of sharp spinules (Fig. 46 a) and big black spur distally of caecum (Fig. 46 b); glans as on Figs. 47, with at least two wide-based, sharply pointed lobes and one narrow claw-like lobe. Female terminalia: eversible membrane (Fig. 50) with two pairs of long taeniae and membrane between them cowered by fine monodentate scales; aculeus (Fig. 51) 7 times as long as wide at base; 3 spherical spermathecae (Fig. 52). Distribution: Ethiopia to Cameroon, Namibia and South Africa. Biology. Larvae feed in rotting date palm stems (possibly damaged by the palm weevil larvae). Remarks. Rare in collections; further comparative study of this species and P. aperta is needed., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 17-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora azurea (Hendel 1912) Figures 60���71. Chrysomyza azurea Hendel, 1912: 5; Lamb, 1914: 315; Physiphora azurea: Steyskal, 1980: 576. Material. Type. Syntype ♂: ���Praslin, Seychelle Is.; 29.V.06 ♂���, ���P. R. Dupont, 1907 - 72 ���; ��� azurea, H./ det. F.Hendel���, ���Coll. Hendel��� (NHMW). Other ♂♀ syntypes originally said to be in BMNH, neither examined, nor located. Non-type. Seychelles: Mah��, 1914, 3 ♀ (Physiphora azurea Hd. E. Kameneva det. 2002) (A. Marian) (MNKB); idem, anse aux pins, 4. xi. 1977, 1 ♀ (J. David & L. Tsacas) (MHNP); Iles S��chelles, Mahe Sud: Anse a la Mouche, 15. vii. 1972, 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 16���31. vii. 1972, 1 ♀; 1���15. viii. 1972, 4 ♂, 3 ♀; 16���25. viii. 1972, 1 ♂; idem, Silhouette: Mare Cochons, foret endemique, 500 m, 28. vii. 1972, 7 ♂, 2 ♀; Silhouette: Mt. Dauban, for��t end��mique, vers. Est. 600 m, 56. vii. 1972, 3 ♂ (P. L. G. Benoit & J. J. Van Moi) (MRAC); Sihouette, Mae Is., 1984, 1 ♂; Farcoire, at seashore, on fish, 16. viii. 1984, 1 ♂ (SIZK). Diagnosis. This species is similar to P. alceae in having entire transverse band of microtrichia on face, two semicircular microtrichose spots on subshining frons, white fore basitarsomere, rugulose scutum and scutellum, and apically closed, but not petiolate cell r 4 + 5, readily differing by the bluish, cyan to purple tinge of the mesonotum (green with cyan or golden reflections in P. alceae), dark fringed calypters (white fringed in P. alceae) and also by the structure of male phallus (preglans without spinules or spines in P. azurea ��� Fig. 66, but with row of fused black spines in P. alceae ��� Fig. 31 a). Description. Head (Figs. 61���63) yellow to brown, with black occiput. Frons 1.2 times as long as wide, yellow or brown, shining, with round parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of calluses posterior to its middle and slightly concave, sparsely and finely black setulose in anterior half and between calluses. Vertical plates concolorous yellow or brown, rarely dark brown, bearing 2 pairs of black orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black, with lateroclinate setae as long as orbital setae. Face entirely yellow, facial carina laterally smoothed, yellow, with entire transvese grey microtrichose area not separated from microtrichose antennal grooves. Gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripe along anteroventral eye margin. Epistome, gena and postgena yellow to orange. Occiput partly black. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.1 times as long as lateral vertical and 3 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna yellow to brown; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5���1.7 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, brown in basal 1 / 3, remainder brown. Clypeus yellow to orange. Palp brown to black. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 60, 61, 63). Scutum and scutellum brown to black, with cyan, blue or violet metallic sheen, densely rugulose, except antepronotum and posterior surface of postpronotal lobe, as well as pleura strongly shining black with blue tinge; posterodorsal part of anepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa brown to black, with faint blue sheen, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area. Mesonotal scutum with medial (presutural acrostichal) row of setulae, acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; dorsocentral and postsutural intra-alar setulae present; all setae moderately long, black. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae strong, black. Scutellum rugulose, with strong blue or violet reflection, with numerous, moderately long setulae black setulae (1 / 4 ��� 1 / 6 times as long as setae) and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Anatergite and katatergite densely grey microtrichose. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with brown veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly closed, apical section of M arcuate (Fig. 64). Postero-apical extension of cell cup as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 3 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with brownish fringe. Length: 4.4���4.9 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere entirely creamy yellow, mid- and hind tarsi yellow except apical tarsomeres black; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 5 thickened short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, finely rugulose, with bluish reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally grey microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 68���69, phallus with stipe at conspicuously (1.6���1.9 times) longer than preglans and glans; caecum 3���4 times as long as stipe width; preglans without spines or spinules (Fig. 66); glans with 8���9 hook- or spine-like lobes, often with blunt apices (Fig. 67). Female terminalia as described for P. alceae. Distribution: Seychelles. Biology unknown., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 22-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora obscura (Hendel 1913) Figures 262���275. Chrysomyza obscura Hendel, 1913 b: 218; S��guy, 1941: 116. Physiphora obscura Steyskal, 1980: 576. Material. Type. Syntypes 1 ♀: ��� Mozambique ���, ���Chrysomysa obscura H.���, ���Coll. Hendel:��� (NHMW); 1 ♂: same labels, (���Museum Cambridge���) (not examined). Non-type. Congo (Za��re): ��� Congo Belge, P.N.A., Secteur Nord, Mulingo, 1350 m, Secteur Kikura / Region Baniangala���, 9. vii. 1954, 2 ♂, 1 ♀, (P.Vanschuytbroeck & H.Synare, 9194); idem, 16. vii. 1954, 1 ♂ (P.Vanschuytbroeck & H.Synare, 9191) (MRAC); Eritrea [no exact locality, data or collector given], 1 ♀ (ZSSM); Kenya: ���Afr. or. Angl., Bura (WA���TAITA)���, ��� 1050 RD St. 61 ���, iii. 1912, 1 ♂ (Alluaud & Jeannel), Mars 1912 ���Coll. Hendel��� (NHMW); Malawi: Chiromo, Ruo R[iver], 1916, 1 ♂ (R. C. Wood) (BMNH); Namibia: Otjozondjupa: Okahandja, 1016. ii. 1928, 24. ii 1. iii. 1928, 2 ♂ (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); Karasburg: Luderitz, ���Plateu 38 SA 2616 Sb���, 45. iii. 1972, 1 ♂; Aussenkehr 147, 26 ��20.4���S 17 ��24.1��� E, 22. viii. 2000, 1 ♂ (E. Marais) (NICW); Tanzania: ���Makoa, T.T.O���Afr.���, 8.i. 1959, 1013.i. 1959, 6. ii. 1959, 3 ♂, 5 ♀ (SMNS); Rwanda: Kigali, 1500 m, 19. ii. 1986, 1 ♂ (M. K��hbandner) (ZSSM); South Africa: Cape Province, Mossel Bay, iv. 1921, 1830. ix. 1921, xii. 1921, i. 1922, 15. iii 20. iv. 1932, 3 ♂, 3 ♀ (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); KwaZulu Natal: Udumu, 16. xii. 1958, 3 ♂, 3 ♀ (O. G. Babcock); Transvaal: Mooketsi, 1418. ii. 1968, 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (Krombein & Spangler) (USNM); Swaziland: 2km N Lyongo, 26 �� 33 ���S, 31 �� 13 ���E, loc. 34, 26.x. 1994 (R. Danielsson) (ZMLU). Diagnosis. P. obscura belongs to a group of species differing from other Physiphora by the subshining brown frons, densely rugulose metallic green to blue or almost entirely black mesonotum of duller appearance than glossy postpronotal lobe, margins of transverse and scuto-scutellar sutures, combined with creamy white fore metatarsus. It differs from P. elbae Steyskal (another species with whitish microtrichose mark on facial carina ��-shaped and white or yellow fore metatarsus) by the semicircular parafrontal microtrichose spot (in P. elbae, parafrontal spot long and cuneiform, almost reaching anterior margin) and from P. alceaea, P. azurea, P. hendeli sp. n., P. rugosa sp. n., and P. tarsata spby the combination of whitish microtrichose mark on facial carina ��-shaped (in compared species, face with entire transverse microtrichose band), and by smooth frons (pitted and wrinkled in P. rugosa sp. n., and P. tarsata). Description. Head (Figs. 263���265) black, with reddish brown frons, face and gena. Frons 1.1���1.2 times as long as wide, reddish brown, subshining with moderately large semicircular parafrontal microtichose spot not reaching anterior margin (Fig. 265), with poorly expressed calluses, slightly concave middle and convex anterior part, finely and sparsely yellowish setulose in anterior part. Vertical plates and ocellar triangle dark brown to black, with slight greenish reflection; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae. Face brown, facial carina brown or brown with black pattern, with white ��-shaped microtrichose area widely separated from microtrichose antennal grooves; epistome brownish yellow, brown or black ventro-medially, shagreened, with or without metallic greenish reflections; lateral sides of face moderately high. Gena brown, 1 / 3 times as high as eye; facial ridge and parafacial subshining reddish brown, each with white microtrichose stripe; gena posteriorly without microtrichose mark separating it from partly brownish yellow postgena (Fig. 263). Occiput black, with reddish brown area posterior of ocellar triangle, and postgenae. Medial vertical seta 0.6 as long as frons width, 1.2 times as long as lateral vertical and 4���5 times as long as ocellar, orbital, and 2.5 times as long as postocellar setae. Antenna brown; flagellomere 1 laterally brown to black, rounded apically, 1.6���1.8 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, yellowish brown in basal 1 / 5, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp black, grey microtrichose and black setose. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 263���264). Scutum black, densely rugulose, almost matt, with golden-green, green, cyan sheen to deep violet; antepronotum, postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, transverse suture, supra-alar and postalar parts of scutum, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum, and whole anepimeron shining black; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and katepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; anatergite, katatergite and lateroventral parts of mediotergite sparsely grey microtrichose; medial part of mediotergite finely shagreened, with cyan reflection. Mesonotal scutum with indistinguishable acrostichal and dorsocentral rows of setulae, as well as acrostichal seta; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar. Scutellum densely rugulose, usually with deep blue reflection or pitchy black, apparently bare or with very short and sparse brownish setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow or partly brownish veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly opened, apical section of M slightly arcuate (Fig. 266). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.1 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 2.5 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 2.6���4.2 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy white in basal 7 / 8; mid- and hind femora yellowish brown in apical 1 / 5, mid and hind tibiae entirely brown or black only in apical 1 / 4; mid and hind tarsi yellow except last tarsomere brown; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 3���4 almost non-thickened short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites shining black, laterally finely rugulose, male tergite 5 with green reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally sparsely grey microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 without or at most very small, pit-shaped dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Fig. 271, cerci with short triangular nipple-like structures (Fig. 272), phallus with stipe almost longer than preglans and glans; preglans with fine spinules in basal portion (Fig. 268 a); glans with 6���7 short lobes (Figs. 269���270). Hypandrium (Fig. 273) asymmetric, with poorly developed vanes of phallapodeme). Female terminalia not dissected. Distribution. Eastern and Southern Africa, from Erythrea to Namibia. Biology unknown., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 56-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora longicornis (Hendel, 1909) Figures 217���230. Chrysomyza longicornis Hendel, 1909: 621; 1913 a: 35. Physiphora longicornis: Steyskal, 1977: 167; Chen & Kameneva, 2007: 25; Kameneva & Korneyev, 2010: 622. Material. Type. Syntypes 1 ♂, 1 ♀: China: Taiwan: ��� Formosa / Sauter���, ���Takao, 1907.1.27���, ���Chrysomysa / det. F.Hendel / longicornis H.���, ���Coll. Hendel���, ��� Type ��� [red]; 1 ♂: ���Koshun / Formosa / Sauter VIII.08 ���, ���Coll. Hendel���; ��� Paratype ��� [yellow]; 1 ♀: same labels, ��� IX.08 ���; 1 ♀: same labels, ��� I.09 ��� (NHMW). (117 ex): 2 ♂: ��� Formosa / Sauter���, ���Takao / 1907. I. 27 ���; 8 ♂, 3 ♀: ���Koshum / Formosa / Sauter/ 89.08���; same, but ��� I.08 ��� (DEI); 3 ♂, 1 ♀: Sri Lanka: ��� Ceylon / Periyakulam / 1.iii. 1891 / L[igh]t Col. Yerbury / 1892 ��� 192 ���, ��� longicornis H. / det. F. Hendel���, ��� Syntype ��� [blue-bordered circle] (BMNH). Non-type. China: Taiwan: ��� Formosa, Takao���, 7, 26. vii. 1907, 3 ♂, 3 ♀, Kankau (Koshun), vii. 1912, 3 ♂, 1 ♀ (Chrysomyza longicornis H.���Hendel���s handwriting) (Sauter) (MNKB); idem, 27. i. 1907, 10 ♂, 10 ♀ (Sauter) (HMNH); ���Kankau / Formosa,��� vi���vii. 1912, 115 specimens (DEI; SIZK); India: Tamil Nadu, Karikal, Kurunebaganan, viii. 1954, 2 ♂ (Nathan); Nilgiri Hills, S. India, Singara, 3400 ft., v. 1959, 1 ♂ (Nathan) (USNM); Nepal: Rapti Tal, Monakhari Khola, Belwa, Wald, menschl. Exkr., 8. v. 1967, 1 ♀ (Dierl, Forster & Schacht) (ZSSM); Pakistan: ���Lyallpur, Punjab��� (Faisalabad), on decaying date palm, 16. v. 1928, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 puparia (collector unknown) (BMNH); Saudi Arabia: Abu, 1 ♂ (leg. C. G. Nurse) (BMNH); Sri Lanka: E. Prov.: Nilaveli, 8 mls NNW Trinkomalee, loc. No 61, on salt marsh, 10.ii. 1962, (Brink, Andersson, Cederholm) (ZMLU). Diagnosis. This species can be easily recognized from the shining black frons and thorax with bluish tinge, frons with pair of small semicircular microtrichose parafrontal spots, facial carina with 3 small isolated microtrichose spots (instead of ��-shaped mark) and wing with cell r 4 + 5 closed but not petiolate. Description. Head (Figs. 218���220) black. Frons 1.2 times as long as wide, dark brown to black, shining, sparsely and finely setulose, with round parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of calluses (oval swellings) posterior to its middle and slightly concave anterior half. Vertical plates dark brown to black, with faint blue sheen, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black. Face dark brown to black, facial carina more or less sharply delimited, dorsal half brown and black, medially with three microtrichose streaks either separated or forming ��-shaped mark, separated from microtrichose antennal grooves. Lunule and facial ridge, parafacial and gena brown or partly dark brown, gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; facial ridge and parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripes; gena without microtrichose mark posteriorly. Epistome entirely black. Occiput black. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.3 times as long as lateral vertical and 3���4 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna brown to black; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, brown in basal 1 / 6, remainder black. Clypeus, palp and mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 218���219). Scutum and scutellum shining black, with faint blue or violet reflection, finely shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa matt brown to black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area. Mesonotal scutum with acrostichal, dorsocentral and wide intra-alar rows of setulae. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae strong, one shorter dorsocentral, all setae black; acrostichal setae lacking. Scutellum transversely shagreened, with faint deep blue reflection, with 3���4 fine and short black setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Antero-ventral portion of katepisternum, and also anatergite and katatergite matt, grey microtrichose. Wing (Fig. 221). Hyaline, with yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly closed, costal vein between R 4 + 5 and M slightly thickened and sometimes darkened; postero-apical extension of cell cup as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 3 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Length: 3.5���4.3 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy yellow in basal 4 / 5, and black in apical one-fifth, mid- and hind tarsi yellow except apical tarsomeres brown; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 3���4 thickened setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, finely rugulose, with bluish reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally grey microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 226���228, phallus with stipe almost twice as long as preglans and glans (Fig. 223); caecum 4���5 times as long as preglans width; preglans with area of fine spinules subapically (Fig. 224); glans as on Fig. 224, with 3���4 poorly sclerotized, apically pointed petal-like lobes, sharply pointed lobes. Cerci with widely fused, short nipple-like structures; hypandrium asymmetric (Fig. 229). Female terminalia not dissected. Distribution: Oriental Region (China: Taiwan; Nepal; India; Sri Lanka; Pakistan); Saudia Arabia. Biology. Larvae feed in decaying date palm stems (possibly damaged by the palm weevil larvae)., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

Physiphora virens sp. n. Figures 395–404. Material. Type. Holotype ♂: Ethiopia: “ Abyssinia / Kovács” “Urso / 1911.III” (NHMW). Paratype: 1 ♂, “ Abyssinia / Kovács” “Vall. Dierrer / 1911.VI” dissected (NHMW). Diagnosis. This species can be easily recognized from the combination of entirely brown or black fore basitarsomere, frons smooth, shining yellowish brown, with semicircular microtrichose parafrontal spots, face with entire transverse microtrichose crossband, and phallus glans with 6–7 spinose lobes of different size, but no large recursive basalmost lobe. Other species with black fore metatarsus, round parafrontal microtrichose spots and entire microtrichose crossband on face differ from it either by having matt frons (P. kirki sp. n.) or by the finely rugulose, cyan subshining mesonotum and long setae on fore femur (P. chalybea), as well as different shape of the phallus preglans and glans. Description: Head (Figs. 396–397) yellow to brown, with black occiput. Frons 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide, yellowish brown, shining, with moderately large semicircular parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of calluses posterior to its middle and slightly concave, sparsely and finely setulose in anterior half. Vertical plates black, bearing 2 pairs of black orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black, with lateroclinate setae as long as orbital setae. Face black, facial carina partly brown, smooth, with entire transverse microtrichose crossband fused with microtrichose antennal grooves. Lunule shining yellow to brown. Facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining orange or brown, gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; parafacial and facial ridge with white microtrichose stripe each. Occiput black, with brownish yellow area posterior of ocellar triangle and partly brown postgena; orbit between posterodorsal eye margin and row of postocular setae without microtrichose stripe. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.3 times as long as lateral vertical and 3 –3.5 times as long as ocellar and orbital, and 2.5 times longer than postocellar setae. Antenna yellowish brown, greyish microtrichose; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.9 times as long as wide; arista bare, yellow in basal 1 / 4, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp brown to black, gray microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 395–396). Scutum and scutellum black, Mesonotum roughly shagreened, shining with strong golden to green and reddish sheen; antepronotum, postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, transverse suture, supra-alar and postalar parts of scutum, anterior half of anepisternum, most of katepisternum, and whole anepimeron shining with strong green or golden sheen reflection; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and very narrowly on katepisternum slightly shagreened and conspicuously setulose; postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; katatergite grey microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with acrostichal, dorsocentral and intra-alar rows of whitish setulae; acrostichal seta lacking; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar. Scutellum finely shagreened, shining green to golden and cyan; with short and sparse whitish setulae on disk; 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly opened; apical section of M slightly arcuate (Fig. 398). Postero-apical extension of cell cup as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 4 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 3.9–4.0 mm. Legs. Black, including whole fore tarsus; mid- and hind tarsi yellow, with 2 apical tarsomeres brownish; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 4–6 moderately thickened, short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, glossy, with blue, greenish, golden or reddish reflections; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally very sparsely brownish microtrichose. Male postabdomen brown to black, epandrium as on Fig. 403, cerci with short and wide nipple-like structures; hypandrium with symmetrical vanes of phallapodeme (Fig. 404); phallus with stipe as long as preglans and glans combined (Fig. 401); preglans lobate, without spines; glans (Fig. 402) with 6–7 wide spine-like lobes (but without large recursive lobe) of the glans. Female unknown. Distribution. Ethiopia. Biology unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet means “green” in Latin and reflects the strong green sheen of its body.

Physiphora hendeli sp. n. Figures 167–180. Chrysomyza tarsata: Hendel, 1909: 618 (misidentification; non tarsata Macquart 1851). Physiphora tarsata: Steyskal, 1980: 576 (part: “? S. Afr.”; misidentification; non tarsata Macquart, 1851). Material. Type. Holotype ♂: South Africa: “Cape Province. / Swellendam. / 9–14.xii. 1931 ”, “S. Africa. / R. E. Turner / Brit. Mus. / 1932 — 3 ” (BMNH). Paratypes: Kenya: 1 ♀: “Afr. or. Angl. (WA—TAITA) / Bura / Alluaud & Jeannel / Mars 1912 1050 RD St. 61 ” (NHMW); South Africa: 1 ♂, 1 ♀: Cape Province: “Capland / Willowmor / Dr. Brauns”; “Chrysomysa / tarsata Macq. / det. F. Hendel”, “Coll. Hendel” (NHMW); 1 ♂: “S. Africa / Cape Province / Graaf Reinst / x. 1931 / J. Ogilvie”, “Pres, by Imp. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1947 — 13 ”; 1 ♂ (dissected): “S. Africa / Cape Province / Mossel Bay / January, 1922 ”, “S. Africa / R. E. Turner / Brit. Mus. 1922 — 67 ” (SIZK), 1 ♀, same labels, except “ 114. ix. 1921 ” and “ 1921 — 476 ” (BMNH); 1 ♂ (partly damaged, no legs), “Herbertsdale, C. P., R. S.Afr. 19.ix. 1976, E. Helm” (SANC); Zimbabwe: 1 ♀ Matopos Nat. Park, 28 /ii– 1.xii. 1993 (F. Koch) (MNKB). Diagnosis. P. hendeli sp. n. belongs to a group of species differing from other Physiphora by the combination of subshining brown or black frons, densely rugulose, dull metallic blue to green or almost entirely black mesonotum, glossy black postpronotal lobe, margins of transverse and scuto-scutellar sutures, and creamy white fore metatarsus. It differs from P. elbae Steyskal and P. obscura by the combination of conspicuously dotted anterior part of frons, entire transverse whitish microtrichose band on facial carina, and narrowly open cell r 4 + 5 (frons smooth, and carina with λ-shaped microtrichose mark on facial carina, and cell r 4 + 5 completely closed in P. elbae Steyskal and P. obscura), it differs also by the small round orbital microtrichose spot on frons (in P. obscura, this spot is large and semicircular; in P. elbae, it is long and cuneiform, almost reaching anterior margin). From P. allomma and P. orinigra sp. n., which share entire transverse whitish microtrichose band on face, black or dark brown orbital plates and ventral part of face, and narrowly open cell r 4 + 5, P. hendeli sp. n. differs by the frons conspicuously dotted at anterior margin (smooth with hardly visible alveolae at bases of setulae in P. allomma and P. orinigra sp. n.). Description. Head (Figs. 168–171) brown to black. Frons 1.1–1.2 times as long as wide, dark brown, subshining, with short round parafrontal microtichose spot not reaching anterior margin, densely pitted anterior part, medial impression and poorly differentiated calluses posterior to its middle (Figs. 169–171), with short brownish setulae inserted in pits. Vertical plates and ocellar triangle shining black without metal sheen; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae. Face black (at most dark brown at lateral corners), with entire transverse microtrichose band widely not separated from microtrichose antennal grooves. Gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; parafacial and gena brown; parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripe; gena without microtrichose mark; postgena mostly black (Fig. 168). Occiput entirely black or at most with brown spot posterior to ocellar triangle. Medial vertical seta 0.5 times as long as frons width, 1.1–1.2 times as long as lateral vertical and 4–5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna brown; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, twice as long as wide, grey microtrichose; arista bare, brown in basal 1 / 6, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp black, grey microtrichose and black setose. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Fig. 169). Scutum and scutellum black, densely rugulose, almost matt, with faint cyan tinge or matt black; antepronotum, postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, transverse suture, supra-alar and postalar parts of scutum, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum, and whole anepimeron shining black; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and katepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; anatergite, katatergite and lateroventral parts of mediotergite sparsely grey microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with indistinguishable acrostichal and dorsocentral rows of setulae, as well as acrostichal seta; dorsocentral setae hairlike; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar. Scutellum densely rugulose, usually pitchy black or with deep blue reflection, apparently bare or with very short and sparse brownish setulae (1 / 10 – 1 / 15 times as long as setae) and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow or partly brownish veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly opened, apical section of M arcuate (Fig. 167). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 3.5 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 2.6–3.6 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy white in basal 7 / 8; mid- and hind tarsi yellow except last tarsomere brown; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 4–5 almost non-thickened short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites shining black, laterally finely rugulose, usually without blue or green reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally sparsely grey microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 176–178, cerci with moderately large triangular nipple-like structures, phallus with stipe almost as long as preglans and glans; caecum five times as long as stipe width; preglans with fine spinules in apical portion (Fig. 174); glans with 6 – 6 short lobes (Figs. 174–175). Hypandrium (Fig. 180) with poorly developed vanes of phallapodeme. Female terminalia not dissected. Distribution. Eastern and Southern Africa. Biology unknown. Etymology. This species is named in honour of Austrian dipterist Friedrich Georg Hendel (1874–1936), who provided the first taxonomical treatment of known species of the genus and described four nominal species now belonging to Physiphora.

Physiphora kirki sp. n. Figures 194–205. Material. Type. Holotype ♂: Namibia: Lüderitz, Klingharts Mt. at: 27 º 20 ′ 04″S 15 º 46 ′00″E, Malaise trap sampling, 27.viii– 3.ix. 1998 (Marais & Kirk-Spriggs) (NICW). Paratypes: Namibia: 2 ♂, 5 ♀: Lüderitz, Klingharts Mt. at: 27 º 20 ′ 04″S 15 º 46 ′00″E, Malaise trap sampling, 27.viii– 3.ix. 1998; 1 ♀: 27 º 21 ′ 13 ″S 15 º 42 ′ 54 ″E, Malaise trap sampling, 27.viii– 4.ix. 1998; 1 ♀: Obib waters at 28 º00′ 08″S 16 º 38 ′ 48 ″E, Malaise trap sampling, 25–26.viii. 1998 (Marais & Kirk-Spriggs) (NICW; SIZK); 1 ♂ (dissected): Naukluft Park, Tsams Ost spring, 24 º 14 ′ 45 ″S 16 º06′ 17 ″E, Malaise trap, 26–27.xi. 1997 (Marais & Kirk-Spriggs); 1 ♀: Brandberg, Mason Shelter, 21 º04′ 42 ″S 14 º 35 ′ 33 ″E, 1750m, light trap sample, 5–11.iii. 2002 (Kirk-Spriggs) (NICW); 1 ♂: Matthoche Dist.: De Valle 226 at: 24 º08′S 16 º05′E, 10–12.x. 1984; 1 ♀: Namib-Naukluft Park, Ubussis 3, 24 º 22 ′S 16 º04′E, 11–13.i. 1985 (J. Irish) (NICW); 3 ♀, Namuskluft 88, SE 2716 Dd, 7–15.x. 1970; Luderitz, Plateau 338, St 2616 Cb, 4–5.iii. 1972 (NICW); 2 ♀: Keetmans-hoop, Kokerboom Forest, 31.i. 2012, light trap (W. Mey); Fishriver, Karios, light trap, 3 ♂, 1 ♀ (head missing), 16.iv. 2008, (W. Mey) (MNKB; SIZK); South Africa: 1 ♂: “02- 304 CA” 6–7.iv. 2002 (MNKB). Diagnosis. This species can be recognized from the head large, with matt, entirely shagreened orange frons, brownish yellow genae, black vertical plates, epistome, clypeus and most of occiput; fore leg entirely black and mid and hind legs with at most 2 basal tarsomeres yellow;scutum matt green to bronze; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly open. This species is similar to P. igniceps sp. n., sharing widely yellow frons and face, wide and sharply limited facial ridge (in P. igniceps sp. n.. vertical plates and face yellow and frons sybshining), as well as densely rugulose (almost matt) mesonotum, clearly differing by entirely black femora, tibiae and fore metatarsus (in P. igniceps sp. n., widely yellow femora, tibiae and fore metatarsus) and preglans smooth and glans with narrow claw-like lobes (in P. igniceps sp. n., preglans and glans widely lobate). Description. Head (Figs. 195–196) brownish yellow, with vestical plates, epistome, clypeus and most of occiput black. Frons 1.15–1.25 times as long as wide, brownish yellow, with short round parafrontal microtichose spot not reaching anterior margin; densely shagreened, matt, pitted, mostly smooth, with deep medial impression and poorly differentiated calluses posterior to its middle (Fig. 196), conspicuously setulose in anterolateral twothirds except narrow frontal vitta devoid of setulae anterior to ocellar triangle and between medial and lateral calluses in posterior half. Vertical plates and ocellar triangle black; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae. Face entirely yellow, only bottom of antennal groove microtrichose. Facial carina wide (1.1–1.3 time as wide as flagellomere 1), with sharply abrupted margins at antennal grooves; in profile, slightly produced in dorsal ¼, concave in medial part; entirely brownish yellow with transverse microtrichose crossband; epistome usually black with greenish sheen, rarely brown or yellow; lateral corners of face very high. Gena 0.3 times as high as eye; parafacial and gena yellow; parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripe, facial ridge sparsely white microtrichose, with whitish setulae; gena without microtrichose mark; postgena yellow anterolaterally (Fig. 195). Occiput black transverse mark; vertex posterior to ocellar triangle brownish yellow; orbits at posterior margin of eye with white microtrichose lines: at vertex and at postgena. Compound eye green with 5 purple bands, without widenings or constrictions. Medial vertical seta 0.4 times as long as frons width, as long as lateral vertical and 3 times as long as ocellar, orbital and 1.3 times as long as postocellar setae. Antenna yellow to brownish yellow; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, laterally yellowish to brown, twice as long as wide, white microtrichose; arista bare, brown in basal 1 / 5, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp black, grey microtrichose and black setose. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Fig. 197). Scutum and scutellum black, densely rugulose, almost matt, with faint golden-green to reddish tinge; antepronotum, postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, transverse suture, prescutellar groove, supra-alar and postalar parts of scutum, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum, and whole anepimeron shining black; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and katepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; anatergite, katatergite and lateroventral parts of mediotergite sparsely grey microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with poorly distinguishable acrostichal row of setulae and clearly expressed dorsocentral rows of setulae; acrostichal seta lacking; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar. Scutellum almost flat, densely rugulose, with golden green or reddish reflection, with sparse and fine setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow or partly brownish veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly opened, apical section of M arcuate (Fig. 199). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 2 –2.5 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 3.5–4.7 mm. Legs. Coxae, femora, tibiae and fore tarsus entirely black; mid and hind tarsi brownish yellow with 2–3 apical tarsomeres brown or black; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 4–5 stout setae in apical two-thirds. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites shining black, with golden-green reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally grey microtrichose, tergite 2 with relatively strong black setae laterally; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of large dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 202–203, cerci with moderately narrow nipple-like structures, phallus with stipe widened, longer than preglans and glans; preglans smooth, glans with 4–5 long clawlike lobes (Figs. 200–201). Hypandrium (Fig. 204) asymmetric. Female terminalia not dissected. Distribution. Namibia; South Africa. Biology unknown. Adults attracted at light. Etymology. The species is named in honour of its collector, South African dipterist Ashley Kirk-Spriggs, in recognition of his contribution into taxonomy of Physiphora.

Physiphora rugosa sp. n. Figures 313–322. Material. Type. Holotype ♂: South Africa: Eastern Cape: “Grahamstown / E.C.P. / 11.iii. [19] 55 / P. S. Greathead”, “ Holotype ”, “ Holotype Physiphora rugosa Steyskal ‘ 64 ” [red label] (BMNH). Paratypes: South Africa: 1 ♂: “Cape Province, Matjesfontein, 1621. x. 1928 ”, “S. Africa, R. E. Turner, 1928 — 491 ” (BMNH) (dissected); 1 ♀: “Resolution / Albany Distr / 23.III. 1928 / A.Walton” (USNM). Diagnosis. P. rugosa sp. n. is similar to P. obscura and P. tarsata in the combination of the fore basitarsomere white, mesonotum densely rugulose, with shining black postpronotal lobe and margins of transverse suture, differing from them by the frons strongly wrinkled in anterior half (smooth in P. obscura, deeply pitted in P. tarsata) and mesonotum subshining green to violet on scutum and blue dull blue to black on scutellum; it also differs from P. tarsata by the facial carina with λ-shaped white microtrichose area (in P. tarsata face with entire transverse microtrichose band). It is similar to P. spriggsi sp. n. in having wrinkled or deeply pitted frons and wide facial rigge, clearly differing from that species by creamy fore metatarsus and facial carna with λ-shaped mark (respectively, black and entirely devoided microtrichia in P. spriggsi sp. n.). P. tarsata (Macquart), another species with wrinkled or pitted frons and white fore metatarsus, differs by face with entire transverse microtrichose band and mesonotum subshining greenish, and frons deeply and widely pitted in anterior half and wrinkled posteriorly (uniformly deep wrinkled over whole frons in P. rugosa sp. n.). P. rugosa sp. n. is similar to P. aperta in having wing with brownish veins and brownish yellow pterostigma, differing from it by narrowly closed cell r 4 + 5 and different coloration of head and body. P. rugosa sp. n. differs also from P. spriggsi sp. n., which often has rugose frons and face, by narrow facial carina with microtrichose pattern (in P. spriggsi sp. n., as wide as antennal groove and devoided of microtrichia) and subshining green mesonotum (in P. spriggsi sp. n., shining golden green), as well as preglans with wide black spines (in P. spriggsi sp. n., bare and smooth). Description. Head (Figs. 314–315) black, with dark brown frons, face and gena. Frons 1.0–1.1 times as long as wide, dark brown, subshining with moderately small round parafrontal microtichose spot not reaching anterior margin (Fig. 315), deeply wrinkled or pitted, without expressed calluses, flat or slightly convex, finely yellowish setulose. Vertical plates and ocellar triangle shining black; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae. Face brown, facial carina very wide, with steep lateral margins and wrinkled surface, brown or brown with black pattern, with white λ-shaped microtrichose area widely separated from microtrichose antennal grooves; epistome wrinkled, shining black, lateral sides of face moderately high, black. Gena brown, half as high as eye; facial ridge and parafacial subshining brown, more or less wrinkled, each with narrow white microtrichose stripe; gena posteriorly without microtrichose mark separating it from partly brownish yellow postgena (Fig. 313). Occiput black with partly brown postgenae. Medial vertical seta 0.4 times as long as frons width, 1.5 times as long as lateral vertical, 4 times as long as ocellar, orbital, and 2.5 times as long as postocellar setae. Antenna yellowish brown; flagellomere 1 laterally brown, rounded apically, 1.8– 2 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, yellowish brown in basal 1 / 6, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp black, grey microtrichose and black setose. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Fig. 314). Scutum black, roughly rugulose, subshining, with golden-green to green (in holotype) or cyan to deep violet sheen; antepronotum, postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, supra-alar and postalar parts of scutum, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum, and whole anepimeron shining black; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and katepisternum rugulose; postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; posteroventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; anatergite, katatergite and lateroventral parts of mediotergite sparsely grey microtrichose; medial part of mediotergite finely shagreened, with green or golden reflection. Scutum with acrostichal, dorsocentral, and intra-alar rows of setulae; acrostichal seta indistinguishable or lacking; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supraalar, one intra-alar and one postalar. Scutellum densely rugulose, usually with deep blue reflection or pitchy black, apparently bare or with indistinguishable setulae; 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Pale yellowish or hyaline, with partly brownish veins; pterostigma brownish yellow, cell r 4 + 5 narrowly closed; apical section of M slightly arcuate (Fig. 316). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.4–1.5 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 3 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 3.4–3.6 mm. Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy white in basal 4 / 5; mid- and hind femora and tibiae entirely brown or black; mid and hind tarsi yellow except 2 or 3 last tarsomere dark brown; all setae black; fore femur not swollen, postero-ventrally with 5–6 almost non-thickened short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites shining black, laterally finely shagreened, with slight golden reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally sparsely grey microtrichose. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Fig. 319, cerci with short triangular nipple-like structures (Fig. 320), phallus with stipe slightly longer than preglans and glans; preglans with rough black spines or swellings (Fig. 317 a); glans with 5–6 short lobes (Fig. 318). Hypandrium (Fig. 321) asymmetric, with well developed triangular vanes of phallapodeme). Female terminalia not dissected. Distribution. South Africa. Biology unknown. Etymology. Specific epithet rugosa means “wrinkled” in Latin and reflects the structure of frons and face. The unpublished name originally proposed by G. C. Steyskal is used.

Physiphora euphorbiana Krivosheina & Krivosheina 1997 Figures 124–137. Physiphora euphorbiana Krivosheina & Krivosheina, 1997: 464. Physiphora euphorbiae: Kameneva & Korneyev, 2010: 622 (unavailable; incorrect subsequent spelling of P. euphorbiana). Material. Type. Holotype ♂ and paratypes 2 ♂: India: Radjasthan, Jodhpur, from larvae collected in rotting Euphorbia sp. (A. Kompantsev) (ZMUM; not examined). Non-type. Pakistan: Kahuta, 33 º 35 ′ N 73 º 23 ′ E, “maggot in a rottened stem of E. [uphorbia] royleana, 30. vii. 1961, 3 ♀ (BMNH); Lasbella Prov., 43 mi N of Karachi, 28.iii– 1. iv. 1965, 5 ♂, 2 ♀ (Neal) (USNM); India: Tamil Nadu, Dohnavur, 8 º 28 ′ N 77 º 35 ′ E, Donevelly Dt., 350 ′, 30. ix. 1938, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (collector unknown) (BMNH). Diagnosis. This species differs from other Physiphora by the combination of entirely brown or black fore basitarsomere, pair of large subrectangular microtrichose parafrontal areas on satin black frons with violet tinge, face with entire transverse microtrichose area and epistome black medially but yellow laterally, wing with cell r 4 + 5 closed but not petiolate, and male genitalia with bilobate surstyli, very wide, partly fused nipple-like structures of cerci (Figs. 134–135) and hypandrium with symmetrical phallapodeme having widely separated, parallel posterior branches and equal vanes of phallapodeme; left gonite entirely lacking (Fig. 136) and phallus with preglans conspicuously longer than wide, leaf-like stipe (Fig. 131) and glans with short, inconspicuous lobes (Fig. 132). It differs from the other species with widely microtrichose frons (P. leucotricha, P. steyskali sp. n.) by the combination of entirely black fore metatarsus and entire microtrichose crossband in the upper half of frons (fore metatarsus mostly white and face with λ-shaped microtrichose area on facial carina in compared species). Description. Head (Figs. 127–128) black, with brown sides of face, gena and postgena; rarely frons, sides of face, postgena and middle of vertex brownish yellow. Frons 1.3 times as long as wide, black or brown, medially with matt black triangle with violet tinge, shining black anterolateral corners and wide parafrontal microtichose area almost reaching antero-medial margin (Fig. 128), and poorly differentiated calluses posterior to its middle; sides of frons with numerous moderately long and thick setulae inserted into small pits. Vertical plates and ocellar triangle shining black with greenish sheen; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae. Face mostly yellow, facial carina smooth, yellow, with entire transverse white microtrichose area covering also antennal grooves; epistome and ventral part of antennal grooves black; lateral parts of face yellow. Gena high, half as high as eye; parafacial and facial ridge mostly brown, each with narrow white microtrichose stripe; gena posteriorly with arcuate white microtrichose mark separating it from anteriorly shining orange and posteriorly black postgena (Fig. 127). Occiput black. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.1 times as long as lateral vertical and 4–5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna yellow, except falgellomere 1 brown apex, rounded apically, twice as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, brownish yellow in basal 1 / 5, remainder black. Clypeus black. Palp black, grey microtrichose and black setose. Mouthparts black. Thorax (Figs. 125–126). Scutum and scutellum black, densely rugulose, almost matt, with green tinge and variable, red to violet reflections; antepronotum, postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, supraalar and all prescutellar parts of scutum, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum, and whole anepimeron shining black, usually with blue sheen; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and katepisternum shagreened; supraalar area and tympanal fossa brown to black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; anatergite, katatergite and lateroventral parts of mediotergite grey microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with acrostichal rows of setulae as well as acrostichal seta indistinguishable, dorsocentral setulae more visible; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar. Scutellum conspicuously swollen, sparsely rugulose, with slight golden reflection, apparently with short setulae over disk (1 / 10 times as long as setae) and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 narrowly closed, apical section of M arcuate (Fig. 129). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein A 1 +CuA 2, and 3 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 3.2–3.5 mm. Legs. Black including whole fore tarsus, mid- and hind tibiae brownish yellow or basally yellow, apically brown; mid- and hind tarsi yellow except two apical tarsomeres brown or black; all setae black; fore femur posteroventrally with 5 thickened short setae in apical half. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, finely rugulose, with golden (blue on posterior tergites) reflection; all setulae black; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally. Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 133–135, surstyli bilobate, nipple-like structures of cerci very wide, partly fused; phallus with widened, leaf-like stipe conspicuously shorter than preglans and glans; caecum almost three times as long as stipe width; preglans with very long wrinkled membranous area (Fig. 132); glans with 3–4 very short lobes (Figs. 131–132). Hypandrium with symmetrical phallapodeme having widely separated, parallel posterior branches and equal vanes of phallapodeme; left gonite entirely lacking (Fig. 136). Female terminalia not examined. Distribution. Indian subcontinent. Biology. Reared from rotting stems of Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Remarks. This species possesses aberrant structure of epandrium and cerci, which showns no similarities in Ulidiini. It reminds P. steyskali sp. n., which shares widely microtrichose frons and similar structure of phallapodeme, and might be somehow related to P. euphorbiana.

Physiphora clausa (Macquart 1843) Figures 89���105. Musca aenea Fabricius, 1794: 335, invalid name (primary junior homonym of Musca aenea Scopoli 1763). Ulidia aenea: Wiedemann, 1830: 167. Chrysomyza aenea: Hendel, 1913 a: 35; 1913 b: 218; S��guy, 1941: 115. Physiphora aenea: Steyskal, 1977: 167. Ulidia clausa Macquart, 1843: 251. Physiphora clausa: Steyskal, 1980: 576; Evenhuis, 1989: 481; Kameneva, 2001: 156; Kameneva & Korneyev, 2010: 625. Ulidia melanopsis Walker, 1849: 1058. Ulidia divergens Walker, 1852: 397. Ulidia fulviceps Walker, 1858: 227. Physiphora hainanensis Chen in Chen & Kameneva, 2007: 24, syn. n. Material. Type. Syntypes of Musca aenea: 2 specimens (damaged; only thoraces and one wing remained) with handwritted label: ��� aenea ��� (Fig. 92) from the Kiel collection; 1 ♂ (in good condition), 1 ♀ (partly eaten by dermestids) with common handwritten label ���MD. aeneaus / Ind [ia]. or.��� from Lund & Sehestedt collection (ZMUC); Syntype ♀ Ulidia clausa (Fig. 90): with Bosc���s black-bordered label ������ Java���, ��� 526 ���, ���Museum Paris / coll. Bosc 1828 ��� and Macquart���s handwritten label ��� Ulidia clausa ��� (Fig. 91) (MHNP). Holotype ♀ Physiphora hainanensis: ���Sanya, Hainan Province, China, 10m, 6.IV. 1960 ��� (Li Shoufu) (IZAS) and paratypes: 4 ♀, same label data as in the holotype; 1 ♀, ���Tongshi, Hainan Province, China, 340m, 24.IV. 1960 ��� (Li Changqing) (IZAS). Australia: Western Austr., 2 km E Kununurra, 17. viii. 1996, 1 ♂ (Hidden) (SMNS); Queensland: Cairns, 1907, 3 ♂, 5 ♀ (DEI); Brazil: Rio de Janeiro [several localities], 1931���1935, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (��� Chrysomyza aenea Fabr. Det H. S. Lopes) (MNKB); China: Szechwan, Yachow, 16. viii. 1928, 1 ♂ (Graham) (USNM); Taiwan: ���Chipum���, vii. 1912, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ ���Pilam���, vii. 1912, 1 ♂, 2 ♀;Tainan, 7. xi. 1909, 7 ♂, 2 ♀; ���Aiping���, v. 1912, 2 ♂, 4 ♀ (H. Sauter), ���Kosempo���, vii. 1909, 1 ♀ (coll. Oldenberg) (DEI); ��� Formosa, Takao���, 26. vii. 1907, 2 ♀, idem, no data, 1 ♂; Amping, v. 1910, 1 ♀ (Sauter) (MNKB); Congo, D. R. (Za��re): ���Elizabethville��� (at light), ix. 1959, 1 ♂ (dissected) (Ch. Seydel) (MRAC); Gambia: 3km NW Central Banjul garden at Wadner Beach Hotel, Loc. No 1 A, 21. ii. 1977, 1 ♂ (Cederholm, Danielsson, Larsson, Mirestr��m, Norling & Samuelsson) (ZMLU); India: S. India, Tanjore Dt., 26.v. 1938, 90♂ ♀ (Nathan) ( BINH ); Rishikesh, UP 450 m N���India, viii. 1988, 1 ♀ (Werner) (ZSSM); ��� India Oc.���, ���Matheran���, 1902, 4 ♂, 6 ♀ (Bir��) (HMNH); Indonesia: ���Java?���, 2 ♀; ���Borneo���, 29. viii. 1906, 1 ♀ (��� Ulidia aenea ���); ���Borneo, Bolok Ayer���, 29. vii. 1906, 1 ♂ (MNKB); ��� Indonesia, S��dl. M.���Java, Djokjarta���, ii. 1933 ��� v. 1934, 5 ♂, 12 ♀ (Overbeck); Java, Samarang, iii. 1910, 1 ♂ (Jacobson); Batavia, v. 1908, 3 ♀ (Jacobson) (MTD); ���Java��� 1922, 1 ♂ (DEI); Japan: ��� Japan Kuste, 92 �� Breite���, iv. 1895, 15 ♂♀ (DEI); Kenya: ��� Mombassa ���, 1 ♂ (Hildenbrandt) (with labels ��� Chrysomyza flavipes Karsch P. Speiser det., ��� Cliochloria flavipes Karsch ���, ��� Type ��� [Enderlein���s handwriting and printed red label; not a type!] (MNKB); Madagascar: ���Alp. marit. 42323 ��� (mislabelled by Staudinger & Bang-Haas); [actual locality, according to Becker���s handwritten catalogue: ��� Madagaskar, 28.vii. 1912 (Sikora)���], 1 ♂ (���conf. Ulidia aenea Wied. ���Mik 1900 ���) (MNKB); Malawi: Chiromo, on cattle dung, 12. xii. 1952, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (R. J. Wood) (BMNH); Mauricius, Reduit, 1949, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Williams) (NHMW); Myanmar: Rangoon, 1. i. 1905, 2 ♂; Phil. Is. Inr. Tacloban, 20. viii. 1945, 2 ♂ (Hall) (USNM); Namibia: Windhoek, ���SE 2217 Ca���, 5��� 12.xi, 13.xi, 13���15.xi, 7���9. xii. 1973, 3 ♂, 6 ♀ (NICW); Nepal: Katmandu, Swayanbunath, 13. ix. 1983, 1 ♂; idem, Balaju, 16. ix. 1983, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Mohr) (ZSSM); New Caledonia: Noumea (Anse Vata), vii. 1958, 6 ♀ (J. Rageau) (MHNP) Pakistan: West-Pakistan: Rawal Pindi ca 500 m, 20. xii. 1955, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Lindemann) (ZSSM); Philippines: ���Manilla���, ��� 43 ���, ���coll. H. Loew���, no data, 1 ♂ (MNKB); Reunion: ���les Colimacona���, on manure, 1 ♀ (J. Etienne) (BMNH); Seychelles: Iles S��chelles, Mahe Sud: Anse a la Mouche, 1��� 15. vii. 1972, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (P. L. G. Benoit & J. J. Van Mol) (MRAC) Singapore: ��� Singapur ���, 14. i. 1933, 2 ♂ (DEI); Sri Lanka: ��� Ceylon ���, no data, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (��� clausa Macq. ���) (Nietner) (MNKB); Bagamojo, iii.[19] 93, 1 ♀; Okahandza, 10.x. [19] 61, 3 ♀; Sri Lanka South, 5 km E Galle, Unawatuna, 18. x. 1994, 2 ♂ (Schmid-Egger) (SMNS); Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal, Tenaru, 15. vii. 1964, 3 ♀ (M. McQuillan) (BMNH); South Africa: Pearston [32.5821136S 25.1358604E], 15. iii. 1969, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (M. W. Strydom) (SANC); Roodeplaat [25.6378122S 28.3594894E], 12. ii. 1969, 1 ♀ (M. W. Strydom) (SANC); idem, 2, 3, 10, 17, 24.11. 1970, 3♂, 2 ♀ (B. Barnes) (SANC); TP: Letaba, xii. 1958, 1 ♂ (A. L. Capener); TP: Pretoria, vi. 1952, 2 ♀ (SANC); idem, iii. 1959, 1 ♀ (A. C. van Bruggen) (SANC); TP: Westfalia Estate, 23 �� 44 ���S 30 ��05���E, on flowering avocados, 6. xi. 1992, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (C. Eardley, M. Mansell) (SANC); Umbelusi, 20. iii. 1921, 1 ♂ (C. B. Hardenberg) (SANC); TP: Presidentsrus nr Witbank, 25 �� 41 ���S 29 �� 22 ���E, 19. iii. 1986, 1 ♂ (B. Grobbelaar) (SANC); TP: Johannesburg, 20. vi. 1969, 1 ♂ (SANC?); TP: Hendrina, 3. viii. 1961, 6 ♂, 1 ♀ (O. S. Rabie) (SANC; BMSA); T.P.: Messina, 7. v. 1985, 1 ♂ (I. J. Bruwer) (SANC); Bedford View, T.P., ii. 1958, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (A. L. Capener) (SANC); Cape Province: Cape Town, 20. xii. 1960, 4 ♂, 3 ♀ (V. B. Whitehead) (SANC); Uitenhage, C.P., ex larva in compost, 11. ix. 1961, 1 ♂ (J. S. Taylor) (SANC); C. P.: Mafelling, 15. iv. 1970, 1 ♂ (SANC); Swellendam, xi. 1933, 1 ♂ (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); Groblersdal, 12. xi. 1952, 1 ♂ (Barnard) (SANC); OFS: Senekal, 28 �� 19 ���S 27 �� 37 ���E, 6. iv. 1973, 6 ♂, 2 ♀`(K.S. O.) (SANC); OFS: Harrismith, ii. 1927 (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); KwaZulu��� Natal: Kloof, 1500ft, ix. 1926, (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); Umgeni, 20. i. 1918, 1 ♀ (C.P.W.D. Merwe) (BMNH); Weenen, i���ii. 1925, 3 ♀ (H. P. Thomasset) (BMNH); KwaZulu��� Natal: Cedara, 14. v. 1920, 1 ♂ (NMSA); Umtentweni, N.P., vii. 1958, 1 ♀ (A. L. Capener) (SANC); Tanzania: Lindi, Ndanda, 300 m, 8. viii. 1952, 1 ♂ (Lindemann, Pavlitzki) (ZSSM); ���Usambara��� ii���iii. 1886 (C.W.Schmidt) (��� Chrysomyza clausa Mcq. det. Karsch���) (MNKB); East Usambara, Amani, 1000m, 23. i. 1977, 1 ♀ (H. Enghoff, O. Lomholdt, O. Martin) (ZMUC); Moba, 780m, viii���x. 1953, 1 ♀ (H. Bomans) (MRAC); Thailand: N.- Thailand 350, Chiang-Mai Prov., Chiang Mai (Univ), 18 �� 80 ���N 98 �� 95 ���E, 31. x. 2000, 1 ♀ (Merz) (NHMG); Pattaya Dez., 1991, 1 ♂ (Schacht) (ZSSM); Turkey: Istambul, vi. 1973, 1 ♀ (Ard��) (BMNH); United Arab Emirates: Fujairah, light trap, 28.ii��� 21.iii. 2006, 32♂, 33 ♀; 28.ii��� 1. iv. 2006, 3 ♂; 2���30. i. 2006, 6 ♂, 1 ♀. Hatta, 19 ��� 28.03.2006, 39 ♂, 35 ♀; Wadi Maidaq, 27.iv��� 4. v. 2006, 1 ♂ (SIZK); United States of America: North Carolina: Willard, 5, 7. x. 1934, 4 ♂ (��� Chrysomyza aenea Fbr. det. Reinchard���) (Blanton) (MNKB); Hawaii: Ноnolulu, Colopeas, 2. i. 1940, 1 ♀ (USNM); Vietnam: Saigon E, vi. 1984, 2 ♀ (Schacht) (ZSSM); Thanh Loc, 12���19. x. 1988, 1 ♂ (Mahunka & V��s��rhely��) (HMNH). Diagnosis. This species can be easily recognized from all other species of Physiphora by the combination of closed, petiolate cell r 4 + 5, yellow femora, scutellum with reddish sheen contrasting to mostly green sheen of scutum, epistome black, parafrontal microtrichose spots cuneiform, scutellum posteroventrally with white microtrichia, and phallus glans with 5���6 narrow claw-like lobes, and basalmost lobe reclinate. From the closely related and superficially similar P. flavipes it can be differentiated with the key above. Description. Head (Figs. 89, 94, 95). Frons 1.2 times as long as wide, with two pairs of calluses in posterior half and slightly concave at middle, brownish yellow to red-brown, satin shining, with very sparse and fine whitish setulae above lunule and between frontal calluses, with cuneiform white microtrichose parafrontal spot reaching anterolateral corners of frons. Vertical plates black, with greenish sheen, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Face reddish yellow to reddish brown, usually with dark brown or black epistome (medioventral portion), dorsal half of median carina and antennal grooves white microtrichose. Lunule, facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining brownish yellow or brown, gena 1 / 3 times as high as eye; parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripe along anteroventral eye margin. Occiput black, with yellowish brown area behind ocellar triangle and postgena; orbit between posterodorsal eye margin and row of black postocular setae with narrow white microtrichose stripe. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.2���1.5 times as long as lateral vertical and 4���5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna reddish brown, sparsely greyish microtrichose; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5 times as long as wide; arista bare, yellow in basal ��, black in the rest. Compound eye in live or freshly killed specimens yellow to green with pattern of four or five wide purple longitudinal bands; of them, two medial bands medially constricted, with two pairs of semicircular dilations (Fig. 94). Clypeus brown to black, often with greenish sheen. Palp brown to black, microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black. Thorax. Scutum and scutellum (Fig. 89) brown to black, with green, usually transiting into yellowish, red or purple metallic sheen, finely shagreened, except antepronotum, posterior surface of postpronotal lobe and notopleuron, as well as pleura strongly shining, except posterodorsal part of anepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa distinctly matt grey, with sparse, curled microtrichia, as well as postscutellum, posterior part of katatergite and anatergite; postero-ventral margin of scutellum bright white microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with one (or two very close) medial (or acrostichal) row of setulae becoming disperse at posterior end, pair of regular dorsocentral and intra-alar rows (latter having shape of digit ��� 3 ���), all setae very fine and short, yellow or brown; pair of very tiny, hair-like dorsocentral seta twice as long as setulae anterior of it, and pair of acrostichal setae hardly distinguishable from setulae. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae black. Scutellum with fine and sparse yellow setulae scattered over its disc and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae. Wing (Fig. 96). Entirely hyaline, with pale yellow veins; cell r 4 + 5 closed, vein M before wing apex falling into R 4 + 5 forming petiole at wing tip; postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein CuA 2 +A 1, and twice as long as transverse section of vein CuA 2. Costal vein from middle of costal cell to middle of r 1 cell with alternate thickened and thin setae in antero-dorsal and antero-ventral rows. Legs. Yellow except fore femur often with black or dark brown spot, fore tibia sometimes brown to black and fore tarsus black with basitarsomere entirely yellow; fore femur with black or yellow setulae; postero-ventrally with 5���7 thickened, but rather short setae in apical half; mid and hind femora mostly white setulose, mid femur with row of black (apically) and white (basally) setae. Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites brown or black-brown, with green, red-golden, purple or blue reflection; abdominal tergite 2 yellowish white setulose on sides, in female, with pair of dimple-like structures (matt gray spots) laterally. Male postabdomen yellow, otherwise similar to that of P. alceae; epandrium as on Figs. 99���100; cerci with moderately wide nipple-like structures; phallus with bare preglans and moderately long caecum; preglans moderately long, 0.7 times as long as stipe (Fig. 97); glans as in Figures 97���98, with sclerotized projections short. Female terminalia: aculeus 6.5��� 8 times as long as wide at base; 3 spherical spermathecae. Distribution: Afrotropical (incl. Madagascar, Seychelles, Reunion, and Mauritius) and Oriental Regions, Australia, North and South Americas, Oceania (Hawaii, Fiji); occasionally collected in Europe (Istambul), but apparently not established there. Biology. Larvae live in compost and (judging from their distribution) are believed to infest also rotting palms, as other Physiphora do. Adults are attracted to dung and occasionally captured at light. Remarks. The original description of P. hainanensis clearly indicates that the holotype and paratype females have R 4 + 5 and M joining into petiole, ventral half of face black and white microtrichose postero-ventral margin of scutellum, the characters of P. clausa clearly differing it from other species of the genus. The ���uniformly purplegreen sheen��� is the only character to differentiate the nominal species P. hainanensis, having doubtful or no weight: none of the hitherto examined numerous specimens of Physiphora has entirely ���purple-greenish��� scutum, but most P. clausa really have reddish or puplish reflections on supra-alar area of scutum and dorsum of scutellum. We therefore see no reliable differences between P. clausa and P. hainanensis and consider these names to be synonyms., Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fall��n 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 27-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511

A hitherto unknown species of the dipteran family Ulidiidae is described from Iran and Turkey: Herina rajabii n. sp. is similar to H. gyrans (Loew) and H. tristis (Meigen), differing from them by the yellowish-brown scutellum and presence of a very strong subcercal prensiseta on the surstylus. A key to the species of the Herina tristis-group of species is provided.

The genus Physiphora includes at least 29 species, most of them occurring predominantly in the Afrotropical Region and a few species native to the other regions of the Old World. At least P. alceae (Preyssler 1791) and P. clausa (Macquart 1843) are subcosmopolitan species unintentionally introduced into the Australasian, Nearctic, and Neotropical Regions. Twelve new species from the Afrotropical Region are described: P. hendeli sp. n., P. igniceps sp. n., P. kirki sp. n., P. maraisi sp. n., P. meyi sp. n., P. opalizana sp. n., P. orinigra sp. n., P. polita sp. n., P. rugosa sp. n., P. spriggsi sp. n., P. steyskali sp. n., and P. virens sp. n. Detailed illustrated descriptions and a key for identification are provided for all the species of Physiphora. Analysis of the new and previously known biological data shows that larvae of most Physiphora species are saprophagous associated with rotting tissues of palms (apparently infested by the palm weevils), giant Euphorbia, and even baobabs and poplars. Some species are attracted to (and as larvae possibly can develop in) the dung of ungulates. The following synonymy is established: Physiphora clausa (Macquart 1843) = Physiphora hainanensis Chen in ChenKameneva 2007: 24, syn. n.; Physiphora flavipes (Karsch 1888) = Chrysomyza africana Hendel 1909, syn. n., = Cliochloria senegalensis Enderlein 1927, syn. n.

New and Little-Known Ulidiidae (Diptera, Tephritoidea) from EuropeNew and Little-Known Ulidiidae (Diptera, Tephritoidea) from Europe. Kameneva E. P.— Improved keys to European species ofTetanopsandUlidiaare provided. The shape of projections of the phallus glans is found to be essential to distinguish species in the genusUlidia. Ulidia erythrophthalma(Meigen, 1826),U. albidipennisLoew, 1845,U. nigripennisLoew, 1845,U. parallelaLoew, 1845 andU. atrataLoew, 1868 are shown to be separate species and redescribed with the use of genitalic characters. The following synonymy is established:Homalocephala albitarsisZetterstedt, 1838 =Ortalis diopsidesWalker, 1849, syn. n. =Ortalis costalisWalker, 1849, syn. n.Homalocephala apicalis(Wahlberg, 1838) =Psairoptera bisetaFrey, 1909, syn. n. =Psairoptera similisCresson, 1924, syn. n.;Homalocephala mamaeviKrivosheina et Krivosheina, 1995 is recorded for the first time from Europe (Austria, Sweden).Euxesta stigmatiasLoew, 1873 is recorded for the first time in the Palaearctic Region based on a single unintentionally introduced specimen from Bulgaria. New finds of other ulidiid species in European countries are listed. Several species previously known only from Europe are recorded from Asia.

Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all extant multicellular European terrestrial and freshwater animals and their geographical distribution at the level of countries and major islands (east of the Urals and excluding the Caucasus region). The Fauna Europaea project comprises about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. Fauna Europaea represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing taxonomic specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many user communities in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education. The Diptera-Brachycera is one of the 58 Fauna Europaea major taxonomic groups, and data have been compiled by a network of 55 specialists.Within the two-winged insects (Diptera), the Brachycera constitute a monophyletic group, which is generally given rank of suborder. The Brachycera may be classified into the probably paraphyletic 'lower brachyceran grade' and the monophyletic Eremoneura. The latter contains the Empidoidea, the Apystomyioidea with a single Nearctic species, and the Cyclorrhapha, which in turn is divided into the paraphyletic 'aschizan grade' and the monophyletic Schizophora. The latter is traditionally divided into the paraphyletic 'acalyptrate grade' and the monophyletic Calyptratae. Our knowledge of the European fauna of Diptera-Brachycera varies tremendously among families, from the reasonably well known hoverflies (Syrphidae) to the extremely poorly known scuttle flies (Phoridae). There has been a steady growth in our knowledge of European Diptera for the last two centuries, with no apparent slow down, but there is a shift towards a larger fraction of the new species being found among the families of the nematoceran grade (lower Diptera), which due to a larger number of small-sized species may be considered as taxonomically more challenging.Most of Europe is highly industrialised and has a high human population density, and the more fertile habitats are extensively cultivated. This has undoubtedly increased the extinction risk for numerous species of brachyceran flies, yet with the recent re-discovery of Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer), there are no known cases of extinction at a European level. However, few national Red Lists have extensive information on Diptera.For the Diptera-Brachycera, data from 96 families containing 11,751 species are included in this paper.

The genus Physiphora includes at least 29 species, most of them occurring predominantly in the Afrotropical Region and a few species native to the other regions of the Old World. At least P . alceae (Preyssler 1791) and P . clausa (Macquart 1843) are subcosmopolitan species unintentionally introduced into the Australasian, Nearctic, and Neotropical Regions . Twelve new species from the Afrotropical Region are described: P. hendeli sp. n., P. igniceps sp. n., P. kirki sp. n., P. maraisi sp. n., P. meyi sp. n., P. opalizana sp. n., P. orinigra sp. n., P. polita sp. n., P. rugosa sp. n., P. spriggsi sp. n., P. steyskali sp. n., and P. virens sp. n. Detailed illustrated descriptions and a key for identification are provided for all the species of Physiphora . Analysis of the new and previously known biological data shows that larvae of most Physiphora species are saprophagous associated with rotting tissues of palms (apparently infested by the palm weevils), giant Euphorbia , and even baobabs and poplars. Some species are attracted to (and as larvae possibly can develop in) the dung of ungulates. The following synonymy is established: Physiphora clausa (Macquart 1843) = Physiphora hainanensis Chen in Chen & Kameneva 2007: 24, syn. n.; Physiphora flavipes (Karsch 1888) = Chrysomyza africana Hendel 1909, syn. n., = Cliochloria senegalensis Enderlein 1927, syn. n.

Herina dimorphica n. sp. (type locality Israel) and H. sicula n. sp. (type locality Sicily, Italy) are described and illustrated, and a new species group (the Herina dimorphica species group) is established for both species. H. dimorphica is characterized by a sexually-dimorphic wing pattern and venation. H. sicula is similar albeit not sexually-dimorphic. Almost all known Herina species are assigned to one of nine species groups, which are keyed.

Herina lazi sp. nov. from North Eastern Turkey is described. It shares small size, yellow face and femora, short oval flagellomere 1 of antenna, low oval eyes, and the apical brown spot on wing aligned to costal vein in cells r2+3 and r4+5 and shape of male and female genitalia with H. pseudoluctuosa Hennig, differing by details of the wing pattern and male genitalia. A key to species and diagnosis of Herina oscillans group of species are provided.

Herina odnosumi sp. nov. from Afghanistan is described and illustrated. Herina odnosumi sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Old World species by its predominantly reddish yellow body, acute flagellomere 1 and yellow to brown wing pattern. The other Central Asian species, H. monticola (Stackelberg, 1945), previously known from a Russian brief original description and a short illustrated note on its taxonomic position in is also redescribed. A key to the two species of Herina Robineau-Desvoidy occurring in Central Asia is provided.

Five species of the genus Physiphora Fallen are found to occur in China: P. alceae Preyssler, P. chalybea Hendel, P. clausa (Macquart), P. hainanensis Chen n. sp. and P. longicornis Hendel. Among them, P. alceae Preyssler, P. chalybea Hendel and P. clausa (Macquart) are newly reported from Mainland China; P. hainanensis n. sp. is described and figured. A key to the species, diagnoses, description and illustrations are also provided.