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El objetivo de este artículo es explorar los usos y resignificaciones que un colectivo multimedios ayuujk, en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca, da a las tecnologías digitales y, específicamente, a la red socio-digital Facebook. La “indigenización de la modernidad” abre un marco amplio para poder entender los procesos de resignificación culutral y política que los jóvenes desarrollan al utilizar estas tecnologías. A través de una breve aproximación al caso mostraré cómo los usos particulares de la tecnología se vinculan con algunas características de los movimientos etnopolíticos, como la búsqueda de la autonomía o la revitalización de las lenguas originarias. Más allá de referirme a la noción de apropiación de la tecnología por parte de los pueblos indígenas, usaré algunas categorías alternativas que nos permiten mirarlos como agentes y no como sujetos pasivos de los procesos.

Most cooperative interactions involve interpersonal trust and the expectation of mutual reciprocation. Thus, understanding when and how humans acquire interpersonal trust can help unveil the origins and development of children's cooperative behavior. Here, we investigated whether prior sociomoral information about trading partners modulates the choice of preschool (4-5 years) and school-age children (7-8 years) to share their own goods in a child-friendly version of the trust game. In this game, the trustee partner can repay the child's initial investment or keep everything and betray the trustor. In two studies, we addressed whether trust is modulated by trustees exhibiting prosocial versus antisocial behaviors (Study 1, "helper and hinderer"), or respect-based versus fear-based power (Study 2, "leader and bully"). Preschoolers trusted the leader reliably more than the bully, and the hinderer reliably less than a neutral agent. The tendency to trust the helper more than the hinderer increased with age as a result of the increased propensity to trust the prosocial agent. Overall, these findings indicate that, by age 5, children understand complex cooperative exchanges and start relying on sociomoral information when deciding whom to trust. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Background. The fishing problem in the Lagunar de Alvarado System (LAS), taking into account environmental or socioeconomic aspects, has been analyzed by various authors, but few have addressed the relationship between environmental problems as perceived by fishermen, and migration. Objective. To identify the migration phenomenon in three zones of the LAS and its relationship with environmental problems perceived by fishermen. Methodology. Information was compiled from a survey applied to 32 Family Fishing Units. To quantify the environmental problem perceived and relate it to migration, three indicators were used: Pollution Perceived by fishermen, State of Perceived Health of the Fishery Resource and State of Perceived Health of the Environment. Results. The wetland areas have more precarious socioeconomic conditions than the area that borders the mainland, while migration and perceived environmental problems vary in each zone. Implications. Because the causes of migration are multiple, environmental deterioration has an impact on this phenomenon but does not explain it by itself. Therefore, more comprehensive analyses are required. Conclusions. There is insufficient evidence to affirm that the environmental deterioration identified by fishermen is an important motivation for migration.

México está entre los diez principales productores de café y Veracruz ocupa el segundo lugar nacional. Desde fines del siglo XX hay una crisis derivada de la liberación del mercado internacional, sobreproducción y bajos precios. En México se traduce en políticas de privatización que repercuten negativamente en las regiones cafetaleras. Algunos cafeticultores han podido mantenerse incursionando en mercados diferenciados que otorgan un sobreprecio al producto. El objetivo fue identificar los problemas y retos que enfrentan ocho organizaciones para comercializar café en mercados diferenciados. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a los dirigentes y los datos se analizaron cualitativamente. Los principales problemas son: reducidos nichos en mercados de especialidad, deficiente mercadotecnia, altos costos de exportación y bajo consumo nacional. Los retos: incrementar la productividad y calidad, mejorar estrategias de mercadotecnia y fomentar el consumo nacional. Los mercados diferenciados presentan alto potencial ante la crisis, si son parte de una estrategia integral.

We asked if and how children’s epistemic trust is influenced by the valence of the intentions underlying informants’ prior actions. Italian children aged 6 to 10 years (n = 219, 112 female) were first presented with two puppets and asked to judge them. One puppet accidentally caused harm (neutral intention), the other attempted but failed to do so (negative intention). Next, the puppets gave contrasting testimonies about whether a novel agent was good or bad. Findings revealed that the tendency to trust the assessment of the well-intentioned puppet concerning the novel agent emerges at age 8, whereas younger children simply showed to believe that the novel agent was good, regardless of the testimonies they received.

En este artículo se exploran algunas prácticas comunicativas de una agencia de comunicación comunitaria en el pueblo de Guelatao de Juárez en Oaxaca, México, llamada Becu (perro en zapoteco). Estas prácticas están determinadas por diversos factores, entre ellos: los procesos históricos de lucha por el territorio de los pueblos indígenas de la región, la teoría de la comunalidad elaborada por dos antropólogos indígenas de la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca y las necesidades y transformaciones que experimenta una nueva generación de jóvenes interesados en la comunicación.

Several adult studies have proved the existence of a shared neural circuit in the somatosensory cortices that responds to both the body being touched and the sight of the body being touched. Despite the fundamental role of touch in infancy, the existence of similar visuo-tactile mirroring processes, supporting both felt and seen touch, still needs an in-depth empirical investigation. To this aim, we explored 8-month-olds mu desynchronization over somatosensory sites in response to felt and observed touch in a live experimental setting. EEG desynchronization (6-8 Hz mu frequency range) was measured during three experimental conditions: i) infants were stroked on their right hand by a parent (Touch condition); ii) infants observed a right hand being stroked (Observation Touch condition); iii) infants observed a right hand moving over the left hand without making contact (Action Control condition). Mu desynchronization of somatosensory sites contralateral to the hand being stroked emerged in response to both Touch and Observation Touch conditions, but not in the Action control condition. Further, greater mu desynchronization was found in the Touch and Observation Touch conditions as compared to the Action control condition. Our results highlight the early involvement of a shared somatosensory system, likely supporting infants' understanding of others' tactile sensations.

México es uno de los principales exportadores de café (Coffea arabica L.). No obstante, los pequeños cafeticultores no reciben, desde hace varias décadas, los beneficios económicos del cultivo, debido en gran parte a la enorme diferencia que existe entre lo que paga el consumidor final y el precio que obtienen por su cosecha. En este contexto, la certificación de Comercio Justo representa una oportunidad para que los pequeños productores logren un mejor precio por su café y fomenten el desarrollo local, dado que existe una expectativa positiva sobre la relación Comercio Justo y empoderamiento. Sin embargo, son pocos los trabajos que han examinado específicamente esta relación, por ello, en la presente investigación se analiza el impacto del Comercio Justo en el empoderamiento individual de los miembros de dos cooperativas cafetaleras del centro de Veracruz, a fin de conocer las posibilidades y limitantes de dicha certificación en la promoción del desarrollo local. La metodología tuvo un enfoque mixto; se aplicaron entrevistas a los dos presidentes de las asociaciones estudiadas y una encuesta a los productores. Se concluye que el Comercio Justo puede considerarse un recurso externo que tendrá éxito en la promoción del empoderamiento si aumenta el conocimiento general de los productores sobre el mercado y sobre el propio esquema, y si permite la inclusión y participación de la mayoría de los socios.

Human behaviour is often shaped by unconscious emotional cues. From early on, infants are able to process emotional signals even if presented subliminally; however, whether subliminal emotional expressions are capable to affect infants' behaviour remains unknown. The current study aimed to fill this gap, recording 8-10-month-old infants' looking time and manual choice toward two objects previously associated to subliminal emotional faces. Results demonstrated that infants' manual choice, but not looking time, was guided by the previously presented subliminal emotional signal, as infants preferred to choose the object associated to the happy face. Overall, our findings show that preverbal infants tune their behaviour based on affective information, which drives them towards or away from previous encounters, even outside conscious awareness.

Additional Control Study for Margoni et al. (2022) “Do children selectively favor leaders and prosocial agents in an economic exchange?”

Los problemas de la pesca en el Sistema Lagunar de Alvarado relacionados con aspectos ambientales han sido estudiados especialmente por las ciencias naturales, pero se han abordado poco desde un enfoque interdisciplinario socioambiental que tome en cuenta la opinión de los pescadores. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la problemática ambiental de la pesca desde la perspectiva de los pobladores de tres zonas del Sistema Lagunar de Alvarado mediante la aplicación de una encuesta. Los principales resultados indican que los pescadores son conscientes de que las causas de los problemas ambientales que afectan dicha actividad no solo se relacionan con factores externos como la contaminación, sino que ellos mismos contribuyen al detrimento del entorno. Se concluye que los pobladores identifican mayormente las problemáticas ambientales que se reflejan en el deterioro visual del paisaje o en pérdidas económicas a corto plazo, mientras que otros problemas con efectos a largo plazo y poco visibles en la laguna, como la contaminación por metales, no se perciben a pesar de las graves implicaciones sobre el ambiente y la salud humana.

Developmental studies have shown that infants exploit ordinal information to extract and generalize repetition-based rules from a sequence of items. Within the visual modality, this ability is constrained by the spatial layout within which items are delivered given that a left-to-right orientation boosts infants' rule learning, whereas a right-to-left orientation hinders this ability. Infants' rule learning operates across different domains and can also be transferred across modalities when learning is triggered by speech. However, no studies have investigated whether the transfer of rule learning occurs across different domains when language is not involved. Using a visual habituation procedure, we tested 7-month-old infants' ability to extract rule-like patterns from numerical sequences and generalize them to non-numerical sequences of visual shapes and whether this ability is affected by the spatial orientation. Infants were first habituated to left-to-right or right-to-left oriented numerical sequences instantiating an ABB rule and were then tested with the familiar rule instantiated across sequences of single geometrical shapes and a novel (ABA) rule. Results showed a transfer of learning from number to visual shapes for left-to-right oriented sequences but not for right-to-left oriented ones (Experiment 1) even when the direction of the numerical change (increasing vs. decreasing) within the habituation sequences violated a small-left/large-right number-space association (Experiment 2). These results provide the first demonstration that visual rule learning mechanisms in infancy operate at a high level of abstraction and confirm earlier findings that left-to-right oriented directional cues facilitate infants' representation of order.

Este articulo reune resultados de una investigacion sobre el tema de la revitalizacion de las lenguas indigenas en el ciberespacio. A traves de algunas tecnicas antropologicas como entrevistas a pr...

Neuropsychological reports of phantom sensations in congenital limb aplasia have often been taken as evidence of the existence of an innate, ‘hard-wired’, representation of the body in the brain that does not need to be constructed from, or updated by, online afferent sensory inputs, including vision. However, when asked to draw the contour of their own body and of an ideal body (i.e. body with perfect proportions), congenitally, but not late blind individuals, exhibited a magnified representation of their own body, specifically of their hands, in comparison to sighted controls. This over-representation did not extend to their ideal body model. These findings show that the representation of the own body metric is shaped by early visual experience, and that seeing one’s own and other bodies early in development contributes to the construction of a unified internal model, in which ‘own’ and ‘other’ merge.

Basic visual functions have evolved to allow for rapid detection of dynamic stimuli in our surrounding environment. In particular, looming stimuli are of relevance because they are expected to enter the individual’s interpersonal space representing a potential threat. Different studies showed that emotions can modulate the perception of visual looming stimuli and the borders of interpersonal space, defined as the area around the body that individuals maintain between themselves and others during social interactions. Here, we investigated how emotions modulate the perception and the physiological correlates of interpersonal space and whether such indexes change across age and gender. Children and adults were asked to quickly react to emotional looming stimuli while measuring their skin conductance response (SCR). We found that emotional looming stimuli shrink the borders of interpersonal space of males more than females, and that this pattern does not change with age. In addition, adults reacted faster to angry than happy and neutral faces, which is in line with the notion that threatening stimuli capture attention more quickly than other types of emotional stimuli. However, this was not observed in children, suggesting that experience with negative stimuli, rather than the evolutionary meaning they possess, may influence the boundaries of interpersonal space. Overall, our study suggests that interpersonal space is modulated by emotions, but this appears to be modulated by gender and age: while behavioural responses to emotional looming stimuli refine with age, physiological responses are adult-like as early as 5 years of age.

Bullying at school is a serious social problem that influences the wellbeing of everyone involved, that is, victims, perpetrators, and bystanders. Among the many health and psychological problems that these individuals may develop, emotion dysregulation appears to be a common marker. To date, however, it remains unclear whether bullying experienced during the school years is associated with emotion dysregulation also in adulthood. In this study, by adopting a retrospective approach, we investigated whether involvement in bullying at school—either as a bully, victim, or bystander—could put these individuals at risk of presenting deficits in emotion regulation in adulthood, as assessed with behavioral (explicit) and physiological (implicit) indexes (i.e., skin conductance), and whether the association between the involvement in bullying and emotion regulation was direct or mediated by other factors, such as somatic complaints and sensation seeking. A total of 58 young adults were asked to control their emotional reactions in front of images with strong emotional content, and to explicitly evaluate them with ratings, while their arousal was measured through skin conductance. They also responded to questionnaires about retrospective involvement in bullying, somatic complaints, and sensation seeking. Results revealed that victimization and bystander behavior were directly and negatively associated with emotion regulation as assessed with skin conductance, whereas bullying was positively associated with implicit emotion regulation through the mediation of sensation seeking. Interestingly, emotion regulation as assessed with explicit ratings was not associated with any of the characteristics of the participants. Our study suggests that being directly (as victim) but also indirectly (as bystander) involved in bullying at school time is associated with difficulties in emotional wellbeing in adulthood. Furthermore, it reveals that behavioral and physiological indexes associated with emotion regulation dissociate, suggesting that subtle physiological changes may remain hidden from explicit behavior.

Hand size perceptual distortions characterize adult human cognition. Notwithstanding the importance of uncovering how hand size representation develops in humans, studies in this field are still at a preliminary stage. Indeed, it is yet to be understood whether hand size distortions are present and reliable in early childhood and whether they differ from adults’ distortions, offering a more in-depth insight into the emergence and development of such representations. We addressed this issue by comparing 4- to 6- year-old children and adults’ representation of their own hand size, as assessed with a 2-forced choice visual perceptual task. To test participants’ ability to estimate their own hand size, children and adults judged whether pictures of their own hand, resized to appear smaller or bigger than their own hand, matched or not its actual dimension. Results show that children aged 4 to 6 years tend to underestimate their own hand size, while adults underestimate their own hand more weakly. This evidence suggests that body-parts perceptual distortions are already in place in early childhood, and thus represent a characteristic of the human body representation.

Combining information across different sensory modalities is of critical importance for the animal's survival and a core feature of human's everyday life. In adulthood, sensory information is often integrated in a statistically optimal fashion, so that the combined estimates of two or more senses are more reliable than the best single one. Several studies have shown that young children use one sense to calibrate the others, which results in unisensory dominance and undermines their optimal multisensory integration abilities. In this study we trained children aged 4–5years with action-like mini games, to determine whether it could improve their multisensory as well as their visuo-spatial skills. Multisensory integration abilities were assessed using a visuo-haptic size discrimination task, while visuo-spatial attention skills were investigated using a multiple object tracking task (MOT). We found that 2-weeks training were sufficient to observe both optimal multisensory integration and visuo-spatial enhancements selectively in the group trained with action-like mini games. This plastic change persisted up to 3months, as assessed in a follow-up. Our novel findings reveal that abilities that are commonly known to emerge in late childhood can be promoted in younger children through action-like mini games and have long-lasting effects. Our data have clinical implications, in that they suggest that specific trainings could potentially help children with multisensory integration deficits.

In everyday life, our preferences are governed by influences that we are frequently not aware of. Studies investigating visual subliminal priming have shown that emotions are particularly able to modulate the affective judgments both at a behavioural and neural level. In this study, we investigated whether emotional unconscious learning is a core feature of human development, by testing infants as young as 3 months of age on a subliminal affective priming task, in which infants were primed with subliminal happy and angry faces (Experiment 1) or subliminal neutral and scrambled faces (Experiment 2), followed by two neutral objects. We found that arousal to the neutral objects - as indexed through skin conductance - changed when they were primed with faces displaying emotional valence, and particularly anger, but not when the face had a neutral expression. This change in physiological state only partially corresponded to a change in explicit behaviour - as indexed through looking times - suggesting that emotional unconscious learning likely influences explicit behaviour at later stages of development, when subcortical-to-cortical connections have strengthened.

Recent studies have shown that body-representations can be altered by dynamic changes in sound. In the so-called "auditory Pinocchio illusion" participants feel their finger to be longer when the action of pulling their finger is paired with a rising pitch. Here, we investigated whether preschool children - an age group in which multisensory body-representations are still fine-tuning - are also sensitive to this illusion. In two studies, sixty adult and sixty child participants heard sounds rising or falling in pitch while the experimenter concurrently pulled or pressed their index finger on a vertical (Experiment 1) or horizontal axis (Experiment 2). Results showed that the illusion was subjected to axis and age: both adults and children reported their finger to be longer in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. However, while in adults the feeling of finger elongation corresponded to a recalibration of the fingertip's felt position upwards, this was not the case in children, who presented a dissociation between the feeling of finger elongation and the perceived fingertip position. Our results reveal that the 'auditory Pinocchio illusion' is constrained to the vertical dimension and suggest that multisensory interactions differently contribute to subjective feelings and sense of position depending on developmental stage. This work was supported by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain Grants RYC-2014–15421 and PSI2016–79004-R (“MAGIC SHOES”; AEI/FEDER, UE) to A.T., and by 2018-ATE-0038 (“Mechanisms of sensory attenuation”), University of Milano-Bicocca to E.N.

Space-number and space-time associations have been a timely topic in the cognitive sciences for years, but evidence from developmental populations is still scarce. In particular, it remains to be established whether space-number and space-time mappings are anchored onto the same spatial frame of reference across development. To explore this issue, we manipulated visual and proprioceptive feedback in a Number Comparison task (Experiment 1) and a Time Comparison task (Expriment 2), in which 6- and 10-year-old children had to classify numerical and temporal words by means of a lateralised response with or without a blindfold (visual manipulation), and with hands uncrossed or crossed over the body midline (proprioceptive manipulation). Results revealed that 10-year-old children were more efficient in associating smaller numbers and past events with the left key, and larger numbers and future events with the right key, irrespective of the visual and proprioceptive manipulations. On the contrary, younger children did so only in the Time Comparison task, but not in the Number Comparison task. In the latter task, 6-year-olds associated small/large numbers with the left/right side of space only in the presence of visual feedback, but not when blindfolded. Taken together, our findings unveil that in school-aged children the spatial representation of number and time develop on different spatial frames of reference: while space-time associations exclusively rely on external coordinates at age 6, space-number associations shift from mixed internal and external coordinates at age 6 to more adult-like external coordinates by age 10.

Studies to determine the population fluctuation of Diaphorina citri, vector of Candidatus Liberibacter sp., have been carried out mainly in commercial plantations, whereas less have focused in urban areas and their synchrony. The objectives of this work were to monitor D. citri adult populations in Murraya paniculata (OJ) in urban areas and in Persian lime (LM) orchards, to estimate the effect of some environmental factors and to evaluate the synchronization between these populations. Sampling was performed from September 2012 to August 2014 in Veracruz, Mexico. Five urban areas and five commercial Persian lime plots close to each other were selected. Adult D. citri catches were made monthly with yellow traps. Vegetative shoots, temperature and relative humidity were measured throughout the sampling period. Adults of Diaphorina citri were captured in all the sampling sites throughout the two-years sampling period and the populations were more abundant in summer. Significant factors affecting trap catches were the presence of new shoots and temperature. Temperature and relative humidity enclosed a comfort zone between 26 and 28 °C and 75 to 85% respectively. Cross-correlation values were positive across hosts within the same locations and between locations, regardless of the distance, thus suggesting a spatial synchronization in trap catches. This spatial relationship represents a risk of infestation between host species because of the potential movement and dispersal.

La citricultura es relevante en México por la superficie cultivada, ingresos y empleos que genera. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la evolución de la citricultura en el municipio de Gutiérrez Zamora, Veracruz, con el ámbito estatal y nacional durante el periodo 1993-2018, para identificar los principales problemas que enfrentan los pequeños citricultores en el contexto local. Para el análisis, se utilizaron las tasas medias de crecimiento anual, retomando los datos del Sistema de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. Los resultados muestran que la naranja y limón son los cítricos más importantes a nivel nacional, estatal y municipal; han mantenido una tendencia de crecimiento sustentada en la ampliación de la superficie más que en el incremento del rendimiento. Se concluye que, en Gutiérrez Zamora, el desarrollo de la citricultura enfrenta como problemas prioritarios el carácter minifundista de la producción, la baja productividad y bajos precios, lo cual se traduce en escasa viabilidad económica para lograr el sostenimiento familiar. Sin embargo, aún constituye una alternativa productiva de interés por la estabilidad en los precios reales y el bajo riesgo. Las diferencias productivas y socioeconómicas de los citricultores demandan medidas focalizadas a los contextos territoriales en los que se pretenda incidir.

In this study, we investigated the contribution of tactile and proprioceptive cues to the development of the sense of body ownership by testing the susceptibility of 4- to 5-year-old children, 8- to 9-year-old children, and adults to the somatic rubber-hand illusion (SRHI). We found that feelings of owning a rubber hand in the SHRI paradigm, as assessed by explicit reports (i.e., questionnaire), are already present by age 4 and do not change throughout development. In contrast, the effect of the illusion on the sense of hand position, as assessed by a pointing task, was present only in 8- to 9-year-old children and adults; the magnitude of such capture increased with age. Our findings reveal that tactile-proprioceptive interactions contributed differently to the two aspects characterizing the SRHI: Although the contribution of such interactions to an explicit sense of self was similar across age groups, their contribution to the more implicit recalibration of hand position is still developing by age 9.

The human tactile system is known to discriminate different types of touches, one of these termed & lsquo;affective touch & rsquo;, is mainly mediated by slow conducting tactile afferents (CT fibres), which are preferentially activated by slow and gentle strokes. Human infants experience self-generated tactile stimulation during prena-tal life, and they receive a large amount of affectionate touches by their caregivers from birth. This early and extended experience with tactile stimulation may likely make infants particularly sensitive to affective touch, and increasing evidence shows that this may indeed be the case. However, infants commonly experience affective touch in the context of social interactions with familiar adults (e.g., while looking at their caregiver), and recent evidence suggests that this helps them assigning affiliative and communicative meaning to the touch they are perceiving. Here we investigated the presence of visual-tactile interactions in 4 & ndash;5-month-old infants & rsquo; physiolog-ical (i.e., skin conductance) and behavioural (i.e., visual looking times) responses to visual and tactile stimulation of affective/social nature when the sources of both stimulation are not familiar to the infant. To explore whether the modulation of physiological arousal elicited by the socially-relevant bimodal stimulation is specific to infants or extends into adulthood, we also tested a group of adults. Infants (N = 25) and adults (N = 25) were stimulated on their forearm through slow stroking (i.e. affective touch) or tapping (i.e. non-affective touch) during the obser-vation of dynamic images of socially-relevant (i.e., an unfamiliar face) and non-socially-relevant (i.e., a house) stimuli. We found that the simultaneous presentation of socially-relevant visual-tactile stimuli significantly decreased infants & rsquo; & ndash; but not the adults & rsquo; & ndash; electrodermal response, suggesting that infants easily integrate low-level properties of affective touch with socially salient visual information, and that social experience may tune and change sensitivity to affective touch across the life-span.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el nivel de capital social en dos organizaciones cafetaleras de la zona centro de Veracruz, México, para valorar en qué medida las actividades grupales implementadas contribuyen a superar la crisis del sector. Se aplicaron 41 cuestionarios a los socios y dos entrevistas semiestructuradas a los dirigentes de las organizaciones. El capital social existe en ambas organizaciones, sin embargo, éste no se presenta en el mismo nivel. La organización de la región de Coatepec tiene un bajo grado de capital social, producto de los escasos niveles de confianza, reciprocidad, cooperación y participación; lo cual se refleja en cohesión débil, redes y alianzas poco densas. La organización de la región de Huatusco presenta un alto grado de capital social, expresado en mayores niveles de confianza, solidaridad, cooperación, participación y redes consolidadas que fortalecen sus capacidades para realizar acciones colectivas en beneficio de sus miembros. El concepto de capital social es útil para comprender el papel de las organizaciones cafetaleras en la generación de actividades grupales. Se concluye que un alto nivel de los elementos que conforman el capital social es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para enfrentar con éxito la crisis cafetalera.

Most cooperative interactions involve the expectation of mutual reciprocation and are based on interpersonal trust. Thus, understanding when and how humans acquire interpersonal trust can help unveiling the origins and development of children’s cooperative behavior. Here, we investigated whether prior socio-moral information about trading partners modulates the choice of preschool- (4-5 years) and school-age children (7-8 years) to share their own goods in a child-friendly version of the Trust Game. In this game, the trustee partner can repay the child’s initial investment or keep everything and betray the trustor. In two studies, we addressed whether trust is modulated by trustees exhibiting prosocial versus antisocial behaviors (Study 1, ‘helpers and hinderers’), or respect-based versus fear-based power (Study 2, ‘leaders and bullies’). Preschoolers trusted the leader more than the bully, and trusted the hinderer less than a neutral agent, but did not yet trust the helper more than the hinderer. The tendency to trust helpers more than hinderers increased with age as a result of the increased propensity to trust the prosocial agent. In Study 3, a group of preschoolers played the Dictator Game, a measure of pure generosity, with the same agents used for Study 1. Sharing rates were reliably lower than in Study 1, suggesting that the rates of investment in the trust game cannot be due solely to altruistic or indirect reciprocity motives. Overall, these findings indicate that, by age five, children understand complex cooperative exchanges and start relying on socio-moral information when deciding whom to trust.

Currently, urban agriculture is recognized worldwide as an important economic activity, which contributes to improving the food, income and the environment of the population living in cities. In Mexico, despite the evident social, economic and environmental benefits of urban agriculture, as well as the existence of successful examples in some cities in this country, most of the population does not participate. The current investigation addressed the case of the Network of Urban and Periurban Agriculture (RAUP) in Xalapa, Veracruz, with the aim of analyzing the technical-productive and socioeconomic limitations to the adoption of urban agriculture, from the perspective of the members who practice this activity in their homes and those who participate sporadically in the network, but have still not implemented it. 25 questionnaires were applied to active members and 10 to those who do not practice this activity. Data from the survey was analyzed using descriptive statistics, with the program Excel. Two types of RAUP participants agreed that the main constraints are socioeconomic, for example lack of space in homesteads and limits on people‘s free time, both of which are related to urban lifestyle; whereas technical-productive limitations were not considered relevant.

Currently, urban agriculture is recognized worldwide as an important economic activity, which contributes to improving the food, income and the environment of the population living in cities. In Mexico, despite the evident social, economic and environmental benefits of urban agriculture, as well as the existence of successful examples in some cities in this country, most of the population does not participate. The current investigation addressed the case of the Network of Urban and Periurban Agriculture (RAUP) in Xalapa, Veracruz, with the aim of analyzing the technical-productive and socioeconomic limitations to the adoption of urban agriculture, from the perspective of the members who practice this activity in their homes and those who participate sporadically in the network, but have still not implemented it. 25 questionnaires were applied to active members and 10 to those who do not practice this activity. Data from the survey was analyzed using descriptive statistics, with the program Excel. Two types of RAUP participants agreed that the main constraints are socioeconomic, for example lack of space in homesteads and limits on people‘s free time, both of which are related to urban lifestyle; whereas technical-productive limitations were not considered relevant.

Human societies are organised around cooperative interactions, the origins and development of which have become a timely topic. In this study, we investigated the development of indirect reciprocity in 18–24-month-old toddlers, and infants aged 6 months, on a two-phase sharing task with non-familiar individuals. In the first phase, we observed whether infants and toddlers differentiated and manifested a preference toward an individual altruistically sharing or acting selfishly. In the second phase, infants and toddlers interacted with the same prosocial and antisocial individuals seen in the first phase, and we observed whether they were willing to share with one of the two. Indirect reciprocity was assessed as the match between the preferences for the prosocial individual in phase one, and the first-person sharing in the second phase. Evidence showed that toddlers, but not infants, indirectly reciprocated the prosocial individual, suggesting that understanding of such a complex behaviour as indirect reciprocity may require prolonged experience in order to emerge.