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Tras el surgimiento del concepto de régimen agroalimentario, los estudios rurales experimentaron un recambio en las lecturas internas del poder de las sociedades agrarias, frente a los análisis verticales sobre las relaciones contractuales que los complejos agroindustriales establecen con los campesinos. A partir de una investigación mixta, que incluyó observación participante, encuestas a 120 grupos domésticos y entrevistas con sujetos sociales clave, retomamos una lectura foucaultiana para analizar críticamente la conformación histórica, así como las implicaciones actuales de las microfísicas del poder que se reproducen en un sistema campesino de abasto agroalimentario en Chiapas, México. Se concluyó una reflexión alrededor del carácter de epifenómeno rural que expresan los micropoderes campesinos.

The aim of this paper is to identify and analyse the cultural dimension of vulnerability from a gender perspective in two rural localities of the South Coast of Jalisco, Mexico. This region is exposed to hydro-meteorological hazards and it is expected that, as a result of climate change, its intensity will increase, causing greater disaster risks. We analyse three culturally determined factors that reproduce vulnerabilities differentiated by gender. First, the sexual division of labour, which although showing signs of change in terms of a greater entry of women into the labour market, remains unchanged in assigning unpaid work to the female gender. Inequities related to the sexual division of labour are reinforced during and after the disaster, increasing the vulnerabilities of women. Second, we analyse the differential distribution of power expressed in decision-making processes in the family. Third, we address the masculinization of political power both in terms of a lower presence of women in political participation at the community and municipal level, and in terms of the historically masculinized modalities in the exercise of power that women are adopting. Finally, we insist on the need to build a culture based on equity to consistently reduce vulnerability to disaster risks.

SummaryIn any conservation programme, a variety of actors participate and interact in its different phases. They commonly have different perspectives and priorities regarding conservation, and diversity in the ensuing perspectives constitutes a barrier to effective conservation. In this paper, we analyse the different perspectives around thePrograma de Conservación de Maíz Criollo(Programme for the Conservation of Native Maize in Mexico; PROMAC) in order to understand the possible causes that resulted in the programme not fulfilling its objectives. We used Q methodology and semi-structured interviews with farmers from a natural protected area to analyse the perspectives of the key actors who conceptualized, designed and implemented the programme and of the target population. Our research identified two different perspectives: (1) native maize can only be conserved with the support of community processes; and (2) the government, and not farmers, is responsible for the conservation of native maize. For farmers, native maize is key to their subsistence livelihoods, and they participated in the programme because of government monetary incentives. These differences contributed to dissimilar interpretations throughout the programme’s implementation phase, which, in turn, likely contributed to PROMAC failing to meet its objectives.

Seed exchange networks among farmers favor circulation of crop varieties and have been discussed as an effective means of crop diversity conservation. This study aims to document the processes and structure of seed exchange networks of native maize, beans, and squash among farmers and other participating sectors (local market or seed banks), analyzing their influence on agrobiodiversity conservation in the municipalities of Ixtenco and Huamantla, in the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. Through interviews, questionnaires, and social network analysis, nodal farmers were identified. In the maize network, five nodal farmers were detected, the blanco maize being the most commonly exchanged seed. In the bean network, three nodal farmers were identified, with amarillo beans as the most exchanged seed. In the squash network, no nodal farmer was identified. For maize and beans, the greater the number of exchanges, the greater the varieties exchanged. The local market of Huamantla and the Vicente Guerrero seed bank are relevant seed sources. The nodal farmers propitiate circulation of a large number of seed varieties in the exchange networks and contribute to maintenance and conservation of agrobiodiversity.

Los agroecosistemas expresan el conjunto de arreglos productivos, síntesis del entorno ecológico y del contexto socio-económico y cultural, para la obtención de alimentos. La caracterización de los agroecosistemas, a nivel de parcela y en el contexto de la cuenca del Río Cuitzmala (Jalisco), se realizó mediante 78 entrevistas en seis comunidades de la parte alta y media de la cuenca. La finalidad era explorar las percepciones y los conocimientos de los agricultores sobre el deterioro de los suelos y entender las estrategias que construyen para mantener la multifuncionalidad de los agroecosistemas. En la parte alta de la cuenca, los agroecosistemas están condicionados por el relieve agreste, los suelos superficiales y la poca disponibilidad de agua. En estas tierras se sigue cultivando el “coamil” (milpa), que mantiene el patrimonio biocultural de la alimentación y la conservación de la agrodiversidad. En la parte media de la cuenca, el relieve ondulado, suelos profundos, la presencia de arroyos y el acceso a mercados, favorecen la producción de alimentos hacia mercados regionales, a pesar del conocimiento sobre la aptitud y la vulnerabilidad de los suelos, la falta de apoyo gubernamental y la migración debilitan las prácticas de conservación que pudieran mantener la multifuncionalidad de los agroecosistemas.

In this article we connect theoretically the concepts of structural vulnerabilities, recursive crises, and disasters through the linking-up of the COVID-19 pandemic with extreme hydrometeorological events in three municipalities in southern Yucatan, Mexico. The main research goal was to show the effects in productive and commercial systems in beekeeper and farmer households and their coping strategies to highlight the inter-relationships between historical vulnerabilities, crises, and disasters. The methodological approach included ethnographic fieldwork, 101 semi-structured interviews, and five focal groups. In the results, we reconstruct the agro-productive and commercial vulnerabilities built up since 1960 and contextualize the health and hydrometeorological crisis to show how some 87% of households suffered severe consequences to their incomes. The prices of main products (maize, fruit, honey) reached historically low levels as a result of conditions within local markets during the crisis. Half of the households surveyed had to make use of savings and more than 60% received no support from government or from development agencies. We conclude by pointing out the need for accompanying the design and implementation of community mitigation plans, which should take as a starting point the recovery of knowledge and local organization in order to demand from government co-managed, preventive programs, and capacities that would enable communities to confront increasing negative consequences in situations of global climate change and market instabilities in local peasant contexts. Our study aims to reach policy-makers, social organizations, and communities in order to highlight the importance of developing joint capabilities to respond to growing environmental, economic, and health vulnerabilities.

Natural regeneration is key for large‐scale forest restoration, yet it may lead to different biodiversity outcomes depending on socio‐environmental context. We combined the results of a global meta‐analysis to quantify how biodiversity recovery in naturally regenerating forests deviates from biodiversity values in reference old‐growth forests, with structural equation modeling, to identify direct and indirect associations between socioeconomic, biophysical and ecological factors and deviation in biodiversity recovery at a landscape scale. Low deviation within a landscape means higher chances of multiple sites in naturally regenerating forests successfully recovering biodiversity compared to reference forests. Deviation in biodiversity recovery was directly negatively associated with the percentage of cropland, forest cover, and positively associated with the percentage of urban areas in the surrounding landscape. These three factors mediated the indirect associations with rural population size, recent gross deforestation, time since natural regeneration started, mean annual temperature, mean annual water deficit, road density, land opportunity cost, percentage cover of strictly protected forest areas, and human population variation in the surrounding landscape. We suggest that natural forest restoration should be prioritized in landscapes with both low socioeconomic pressures on land use conversion to pasturelands and urban areas, and high percentage of forest cover.

The gravity of hurricane effects on forests, livelihoods, and infrastructure is the product of social-political dynamics, land-use practices and decisions, and biophysical and meteorological factors that interact to make some societies more vulnerable than others to experiencing a hurricane event as a disaster. In this article, we discuss how three syndromes of vulnerability (elimination of natural vegetation cover, deficient land and ecological planning, and economic specialization) interact to determine the ecological and social vulnerability of nine rural communities located in the south coast of Jalisco, Mexico, after the passage of hurricane Jova in October 2011. Based on interviews with 80 families from these communities and visual interpretations of satellite imagery before and after the hurricane, we show how position in the landscape, economic specialization, land use practices, and non-fulfillment of the legal framework for protecting forests in risky areas combine to determine vulnerability of families and vegetation to the effects of hurricane. As disasters are the result of a complex combination of natural menaces and accumulated human actions that increase vulnerability, decreasing impacts of future hurricanes in the area will depend on a landscape planning, willingness to cooperate towards common objectives, change in land use practices, and a more proactive political interrelationship of local, state and federal government.

Les connaissances locales sur la culture de mais natifs et la milpa cultivee par les Nuu Savi pourraient constituer des axes essentiels dans les politiques agroalimentaires pour reduire la crise alimentaire a Oaxaca. Cependant, des defis d’ordre ethique, pratique et politique sont a relever. Les institutions gouvernementales agricoles, ainsi que les compagnies transnationales controlent les systemes agroalimentaires. Par consequent, reconnaitre l’importance des savoirs des familles agricoles provoque des tensions politiques. Pour prendre en compte les connaissances locales dans les programmes de developpement, il faudrait changer aussi bien les structures de pouvoir qui dictent les politiques publiques que les modeles culturels hegemoniques de modernisation. Le travail de terrain dans deux municipalites permet d’analyser la dynamique des connaissances concernant les mais autochtones et les regimes alimentaires comme le resultat de plusieurs croisements de connaissances notamment dans leurs interactions avec les politiques agricoles.

Las vulnerabilidades socioambientales, económicas y culturales del campo mexicano se expresan a través de las transformaciones generacionales y territoriales que minan los ámbitos agroambientales y alimentarios. El envejecimiento rural ha llevado a la venta de parcelas, migración juvenil, pérdida de agrobiodiversidad y transformaciones de los conocimientos agroecológicos que caracterizaban a los pueblos indígenas y campesinos. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las consecuencias socioambientales y territoriales del envejecimiento rural en la sierra de Santa Marta, expresadas en la venta de sus tierras y pérdida de cultivos, lo que ha llevado al empobrecimiento de su seguridad alimentaria. En julio 2019, se levantaron 59 entrevistas en el ejido nahua de Tatahuicapan de Juárez con el fin de analizar las amenazas a la sustentabilidad y bienestar social en el sur de Veracruz.Abstract: The socio-environmental, economic and cultural vulnerabilities of rural Mexico are expressed through the generational and territorial transformations that undermine the agro-environmental foodscapes. Rural aging has led to the sale of family plots, youth migration, loss of agrobiodiversity and transformations of agro-ecological knowledge that characterized the peasantry and indigenous people. The aim of this paper is to analyze the socio-environmental and territorial consequences of rural aging in the Sierra de Santa Marta, expressed in the sale of land and the loss of crops, which has led to the impoverishment of their food security. In July 2019, 59 interviews were held in the ejido of Tatahuicapan de Juárez, of Nahua origin, in order to analyze the threats to sustainability and social well-being in the region.Keywords: rural aging; youth migration; agricultural succession; loss of agrobiodiversity; food security. Résumé : Les vulnérabilités socio-environnementales, économiques et culturelles du milieu rural se développent suite aux transformations générationnelles et territoriales qui ont affecté les espaces agroalimentaires et de l’alimentation. Le vieillissement des agriculteurs a entraîné de profonds changements dans la structure de la propriété, la migration de jeunes, la perte de l’agrodiversité et les transformatios des savoirs qui caracterient les peuples autochtones. Cet article vise à montrer comment le vieillissement des agriculteurs de la Sierra de Santa Marta a conduit à l’appauvrissement de leur sécurité alimentaire. Sur la base de 59 interviews réalisées en juillet 2019 dans l’ejido nahua de Tatahuicapan de Juárez afin d’analyser les menaces à la durabilité et au niveau du bien-être social.Mots-clés : vieillissement rural ; migration des jeunes ; héritage des terres ; perte d’agrodiversité ; sécurité alimentaire.

Despite the economic and social costs of national and international efforts to restore millions of hectares of deforested and degraded landscapes, results have not met expectations due to land tenure conflicts, land-use transformation, and top-down decision-making policies. Privatization of land, expansion of cattle raising, plantations, and urbanization have created an increasingly competitive land market, dispossessing local communities and threatening forest conservation and regeneration. In contrast to significant investments in reforestation, natural regrowth, which could contribute to landscape regeneration, has not been sufficiently promoted by national governments. This study analyzes socio-ecological and economic vulnerabilities of indigenous and other peasant communities in the Mexican states of Veracruz, Chiapas, and Morelos related to the inclusion of natural regeneration in their forest cycles. While these communities are located within protected areas (Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, El Tepozteco National Park, and Chichinautzin Biological Corridor), various threats and vulnerabilities impede natural regeneration. Although landscape restoration involves complex political, economic, and social relationships and decisions by a variety of stakeholders, we focus on communities’ vulnerable land rights and the impacts of privatization on changes in land use and forest conservation. We conclude that the social, economic, political, and environmental vulnerabilities of the study communities threaten natural regeneration, and we explore necessary changes for incorporating this process in landscape restoration.

Mensajes principales En condiciones apropiadas, las tierras que fueron sometidas al uso agricola o pastoril pueden revertir a bosques mediante el proceso de regeneracion natural ya sea de forma asistida o sin asistencia. Estos nuevos bosques conservan biodiversidad, brindan un amplio espectro de bienes y servicios ecosistemicos, y apoyan economias y medios de vida rurales. La planificacion integral de uso del suelo y la aplicacion de enfoques de priorizacion espacial pueden contribuir a asegurar que los bosques regenerados naturalmente persistan en el tiempo sin poner en riesgo la produccion de alimentos, recreacion, o la cosecha de madera. Sin embargo, las politicas y mecanismos para promover soluciones holisticas, se encuentran poco desarrolladas, sobre todo en el tropico. De igual forma se necesitan politicas innovadoras, a multiples niveles de gobernanza, para alcanzar asi la escala necesaria que permita aprovechar la accion de la naturaleza en forma costo-efectiva y restaurar los bosques nativos.

Reforestation involves potential trade-offs: hard choices between environmental and social benefits, individual and community benefits, and among stakeholders who bear different costs and benefits. In this manuscript, we aim to show that successful long-term reforestation requires stakeholder engagement beyond planning stages and a recognition of the dynamism of stakeholder outlooks as stakeholders’ opportunities, relationships, interests, and roles change over time. We first summarize lessons from recent literature on stakeholder involvement within reforestation efforts. We then present findings from a multiple-stakeholder workshop organized in west-central Mexico, in which we illustrate their choices on how to navigate trade-offs among different reforestation intervention strategies (agroforestry/silvopastoral, natural regeneration, native species reforestation, commercial plantations). We confirm that individual stakeholders’ circumstances, interests, and roles, as well as the contextual factors shaping them, are dynamic, continually changing the nature of the choices stakeholders face. Finally, we propose a four-phase pathway for addressing dynamic trade-offs and synergies in stakeholder participation in order to select, implement, and sustain successful reforestation activities. The pathway comprises four phases: (1) collaborate to devise a reforestation strategy through dialogue about dynamic trade-offs; (2) pledge robust stakeholder commitments to mutual arrangements for implementing reforestation; (3) implement reforestation interventions; and (4) adjust strategy through continuous evaluation of outcomes. We then elucidate how components of these four phases can be operationalized so that, on one side, scientists and practitioners might better understand the dynamic trade-offs reforestation poses for stakeholders, and on the other, stakeholders might balance their hard choices in ways that promote forest recovery.

Marine spatial planning (MSP) has been defined as a collaborative process concerning the use of marine resources and space. It entails the translation and synthesis of the involved sectoral interests into a common language to enable the co-production of knowledge amongst the stakeholders. Ideally, MSP allows a common understanding of the socio-ecological system in question, which in turn is intended to generate consensus regarding the respective regulations to foster sustainability of the marine environment. In practice, however, MSP confronts key challenges concerning transparency, accountability, knowledge integration and stakeholder's empowerment. We present here a framework based on Actor-Network Theory (ANT) for addressing these challenges. Specifically, the framework applies Callon's moments of translation and Latour's due process to achieve an enhanced and robust translation, communication, and mediation of knowledge amongst stakeholders. Through a case study, the MSP of the North Pacific Marine Region in Mexico, we demonstrate how ANT helps realize the full potential of MSP as a transdisciplinary, collaborative governance tool. Operationally, decision support tools integrated to geographical information systems are employed to enable partakers to actively participate in the co-production of usable knowledge by following Callon's principles of agnosticism, generalized symmetry and free association, as well as Latour's phases of perplexity, consultation, hierarchy, and institution. The output provides a basis for consensus building regarding the desirable marine zoning scheme and set of regulations that may support a better management of environmental conflicts in a context of socio-ecological changing conditions.

Este libro es la segunda obra de la Red de Estudios sobre Sociedad y Medio Ambiente (RESMA), la cual congrega a más de una docena de investigadores pertenecientes a diferentes instituciones académicas del país y del extranjero. En los once textos que la componen, los trece autores asentimos la orientación crítica que nos sugiere la ecología política. Nuestro referente común nos ha permitido esclarecer el carácter relacional, contextual y disputado del conocimiento, el poder y el ambiente.

The urgent need to revert the ecological and social equity crises of the current development model and realize the potential of sustainable development has led several disciplines to converge on the socioecosystem concept as the most appropriate theoretical framework for research and public policy. The socioecosystem approach recognizes that social systems are integrated with natural systems and seeks to adaptively comanage socioecosystem coevolution for the sustainable development of both systems. We hypothesize that incorporation of this approach into environmental policy in Mexico could help resolve many of the problems that currently undermine policy effectiveness. To find out to what extent policy professionals might concur with this hypothesis, and what the opportunities and obstacles to implementing socioecosystem-based policy might be, research was conducted to elicit the expert opinion of officials responsible for formulating and implementing environmental policy in Mexico. The principle opportunities consist in the fact that experts intuitively understand the socioecosystem approach, and that most perceive advantages in adopting it because its policy attributes can potentially help to resolve many of the factors they identify as limiting the success of current environmental policies. Obstacles to its adoption include institutional barriers and the vested interests that benefit from the status quo.

"Las políticas públicas formuladas para enfrentar las crisis ecológica y de equidad social del desarrollo han tenido poco efecto. Recientemente, diversas disciplinas han convergido en el concepto del socioecosistema (SES) como un marco teórico idóneo para gestionar sistemas socia-les y naturales integrados para su desarrollo sustentable, y se busca su pronta incorporación a la política pública ambiental. Se realizó una consulta para conocer la opinión experta de los funcionarios federales ambientales de México acerca del enfoque de SES y su potencial como una nueva base para las políticas públicas. Los resultados demuestran que aunque los expertos desconocen el enfoque de SES, valoran aquellas facetas de gestión que lo caracterizan, al indicar que de incorporarse plenamente éstas a las políticas actuales, contribuirían a subsanar sus deficiencias. La mayoría opina que la integralidad del enfoque ofrece ventajas, y se concluye que estos actores clave son receptivos al enfoque y su posible adopción."

Stakeholder groups are not homogeneous across individuals and through time, especially in relation to the importance of ecosystem services. However, the approaches commonly used to characterize the average importance and values of stakeholder groups overlook the heterogeneity in the individual priorities. This heterogeneity is particularly relevant for smallholders, who play a key role in ecosystem management but are more vulnerable to globalization than owners of large plots. We analyzed the priorities differentially assigned to ecosystem services and the reasons associated with the importance attributed to those services by individual cattle ranchers on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. We interviewed 27 cattle ranchers from neighboring rural communities. The services perceived by each rancher were identified from selected regional photographs. These services were then arranged in order of importance by interviewees, who were asked to provide the reasons for their choices. We used multivariate methods to examine the relationship between priorities for services and the livelihood of the individual. Interpretative qualitative methods elicited the reasons Associated with the relative importance of the prioritized services. We identified 54 different services. Overall, individuals prioritized provisioning services directly related to their ranching activity. Individuals with the highest level of education and greatest diversity of productive activities (e.g., farmer, mason, merchant) also prioritized cultural services associated with ecotourism potential. The reasons Associated with the importance attributed to the prioritized services varied widely among individuals. The list of ecosystem services perceived was context-specific, strongly influenced by the salient characteristics of the ecosystem and of the ranching way of life. A generational change in livelihoods has affected priorities. The reasons behind the importance of the prioritized services were diverse among individuals. By revealing the heterogeneity among individuals, we emphasize the need to make flexible policies that integrate diverse values and contexts to accomplish smallholder inclusivity. cattle ranchers; family farm; Mexico; photo interviewing; tropical dry forest; well-being

"Este artículo aborda las particularidades del ejercicio del poder público en México y el panorama de contradicciones que dificulta la implementación de políticas ambientales integrales e incluyentes en la Costa Sur de Jalisco. Aunque allí se han dado recientemente esfuerzos por dejar de ver la planeación y la gestión del territorio como un asunto meramente gubernamental, las tendencias sectoriales, centralistas, jerárquicas e informales del ejercicio del poder público hacen difícil que las iniciativas de algunos actores sociales e institucionales logren traducirse en una real participación y en una efectiva descentralización administrativa en materia ambiental."

This study analyses the perceptions of Zoque indigenous men and women of changes in climate variability, indicated by rainfall and temperature records from the region. Peasant farmers perceive decreases in rainfall and increases in temperature as these factors are related to modifications in the corn planting season and the introduction of crops which were usually only found in hot regions. The climate changes in the zone are attributed to vegetation loss and the eruption of the Chichon volcano in 1982. The Zoque perception is structured according to cultural and individual experience, tied to agriculture and the annual weather calendar. The volcanic eruption offers a significant chronological reference point in order to explain different environmental transformations, such as climate, within Zoque territory. Perception is the mental picture of local climate variability changes and the responses in seasonal agriculture modifications, utilizing individual and cultural experiences which are vulnerable to economic and environmental change.

"Los agricultores cultivan maíces nativos e híbridos en tierras ejidales, privadas o renta - das para lograr el autoconsumo y surtir al mercado regional. Los híbridos están impul - sados por Modernización Sustentable de la Agricultura Tradicional, el Centro Interna - cional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, la Secretaría de Fomento Agropecuario y por la industria de la tortilla. Las plagas y las malezas no afectan la producción; herbicidas e insecticidas representan los menores costos. Los maíces transgénicos no resuelven los problemas productivos centrales: fertilidad, sequías, heladas. Por el contrario, afec - tarían la riqueza de maíces nativos que los agricultores valoran. Pocos productores conocen la “Ley de fomento y protección al maíz” y casi nadie la Ley de Bioseguridad."

La preocupación mundial sobre la agricultura de roza, tumba y quema (RTQ) se refleja en la gran cantidad de estudios efectuados en las ultimas cuatro décadas. Una gama de aspectos se ha abordado: por una parte, la configuración topológica y la diversidad de cultivos, las practicas agrícolas, las limitantes y la productividad del sistema y, por otra parte, las condiciones socioeconómicas y las instituciones socioculturales de las comunidades que practican este sistema. Hasta hace pocos años, la mayor parte de los estudios consideraban a la agricultura de RTQ como una adaptación "armónica" al medio, marcando su tendencia a mantener la diversidad y la estructura vegetal de una selva tropical.

In a densely populated region, Bamileke peasants have developed agri-forestry systems that associate ligneous species with farm crops on the same plot of land. These associations are heterogeneous. Vertically, the structure consists of distinct layers while the horizontal layout depends on their position on the slope. Their components are organized around furrow ridges. Their specific diversity is considerably higher than those of farming systems observed along the wooded border of the hignlands. The study of these productives structures, which integrate trees into food-growing systems, raise questions about how they were probably built. This study is backed up by an analysis of the ligneous materials used and by interviews with well informed persons. The logic of the peasant productive systems is looked at from the ecological and social background of the Bamileke. These agri-forestry systems have lost some of their heterogeneity through specialization, and production is not as complementary as before. An analysis of the dynamics of these systems raises the question of how to reproduce them over the long term and attain sustainable growth. The key question is whether such agri-forestry systems are viable in today's socioeconomic environment., Au cours des quatre dernières décennies, le gouvernement mexicain a cherché à développer la production agricole dans l'Etat du Yucatan, mouvement dans lequel a été entraîné le "municipe" d'Oxkutzkab, autrefois axé sur l'agriculture vivrière. Ce "municipe", peuplé par des indiens mayas, comprend plusieurs villages (ou communautés), sous divers régimes fonciers, regroupés en trois sous-régions en fonction de leur principale activité agricole. La première se consacre principalement à la culture fruitière et maraîchère, la seconde à la culture traditionnelle du maïs, la troisième à la culture mécanisée du maïs, mais dans chaque sous-régions, plusieurs systèmes agricoles sont pratiqués. Nous analysons ici les transformations agraires et leurs conséquences sur l'alimentation des paysans mayas. Les "communautés du maïs" cultivent des plantes locales (50 espèces et 57 variétés). Leur système alimentaire a été modifié à cause de la crise économique, l'influence protestante et la consommation de produits industrialisés. Les communautés fruitières et maraîchères ont accès à de nouvelles plantes et cultivent au total 105 espèces et 287 variétés. Elles utilisent moins de variétés locales. Cependant leur situation économique leur permet aussi bien de consommer des produits industrialisés (qui donnent du prestige) que de continuer à préparer des plats festifs traditionnels. Contrairement aux idées reçues, ce sont les familles cultivatrices de maïs qui remettent le plus en cause leur identité culturelle à travers l'alimentation. Les "familles fruitières", elles, la réaffirment, mais la remettent en cause en même temps, le tout dans une dynamique continue et contradictoire., En las ultimas cuatro décadas, el gobierno de Yucatan impulsé varios planes de desarrollo en el sur del Estado que transformaron la region : la production milpera tradicional de autosubsistencia pasô a una producciôn fruticola y borticola comercial. El municipio de Oxkutzcab, localizado a 100 km al sur de la capital del Estado, puede dividirse en très subregiones de acuerdo a su orientation agricola : la fruticola-horticola, la milpera tradicional y la maicera mecanizada. Aunque en cada sub-regiôn domine un sistema agricola, esta no excluye que los campecinos cultiven une combination de diversos sistemas. Analizo aqui el impacto de esta transformaciôn agricola en el sistema alimentario de los Mayas del sur. Las comunidades milperas cultivan plantas locales (50 especies y 57 variedades). Su sistema alimentario ha sido modificado por la crisis economica, la influencia de religiones protestantes y de la ideologia de consumo de productos industriales. Las comunidades fruticolas y borticolas tienen acceso a nuevas plantas, cultivando en total 105 especies y 287 variedades. Elias han disminuido el consumo de variedades locales. Su situaciôn econômica les permite tanto consumir productos industriales (que les dan prestigio social) como continuar con la preparaciôn de platillos festivos y rituales tradicionales. Contrariamente a las ideas generalizadas, las familias milperas tradicionales cuestionan mas su identidad cultural a través de su alimentaciôn. Las familias fruticolas la reafirman, al mismo tiempo que la cuestionan, todo en une dinâmica continua y contradictoria., Lazos Chavero Elena. La diversification des stratégies agricoles des paysans mayas du sud du Mexique et ses conséquences sur le système alimentaire. In: Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, 36ᵉ année, bulletin n°2,1994. Phytogéographie tropicale : réalités et perspectives. Propos d'ethnobiologie, sous la direction de Jacques Barrau et Bernadette Lizet. pp. 179-209.

Credit subsistence : The Bank's Hold over Mayo Peasants in Yucatan (Mexico) The analysis of various local situations shows that, although agricultural development programs based on the systematic distribution of credit usually fail as production policies, they have effects, unsought for and unforeseen by programmers, on consumption. In ecological and social conditions where a massive application of capital cannot significantly increase yields, credit seems more attractive because of accompanying services (social security, for example) or because of the disposable revenue it procures rather than because of its nature as a productive resource. Given bank's discriminatory powers, the granting of credit leads to competition and alliances between families, work groups and communities., L'analyse de différentes situations locales fait apparaître que les programmes de développement agricole fondés sur la distribution systématique de crédit échouent généralement en tant que politique de production, mais ont des effets, non recherchés et non prévus par le programmateur, sur la consommation. Dans des conditions écologiques et sociales qui ne permettent pas qu'une application massive de capital se traduise en une augmentation sensible du produit agricole, le crédit apparaît vite plus attractif du fait des services qui l'accompagnent — la sécurité sociale, par exemple - ou du revenu monétaire consommable qu'il procure, qu'en sa qualité de ressource productive. Son attribution donne lieu à compétitions et alliances entre familles, collectifs de travail et communautés, face au pouvoir discriminatoire de la banque., Lazos Chavero Elena, Villers Ruiz Lourdes. Crédit et subsistance. L'emprise de la banque sur les paysans mayas du Yucatan (Mexique). In: Études rurales, n°113-114, 1989. Célibats, sous la direction de Marie-Elisabeth Handman . pp. 141-155.

"En este trabajo, realizado en las comunidades chiapanecas de San Pablo Huacanó y Copoya, se buscó conocer el sentir de mujeres y hombres respecto a lo que para ellos significa ser zoque. Se trata de dos comunidades consideradas como zoques por su origen pero alejadas en sus historias y por sus territorios tan distintos. El idioma y los antepasados vinculados al territorio vivido forman parte de los elementos expresados en las representaciones de las personas para identificarse como zoques. En las comunidades, el idioma orienta el sentido del "ser zoque", mientras que el territorio tiene un importante papel de cohesión entre sus habitantes."

xi, 266 páginas : fotografíasTesis Doctorado (Doctorado en Antropología)-UNAM, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras

Fuente TESIUNAM

Fuente TESIUNAM

Fuente TESIUNAM

Fuente TESIUNAM

Fuente TESIUNAM