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Введение. Статья посвящена исследованию отношения студентов к самостоятельной работе, поскольку результативная самостоятельная работа невозможна без положительного отношения к ней самих обучаемых. Серьезное отношение к этому виду деятельности в студенческие годы является не только условием успешной учебы, но и определяющим фактором профессионального становления в будущем. Цель исследования определил вынужденный переход в марте 2020 года на дистанционное обучение. Авторы ставят целью сопоставить мнение студентов о самостоятельной работе до и во время удаленного режима учебы. Методы. Основу исследования составили следующие методы: анализ, анкетирование, сравнение, обобщение. Данные, полученные в результате анкетирования, обрабатывались методами математической статистики в MS Excel. Результаты. Анкетирование показало, что студенты, независимо от курса обучения понимают важность и необходимость самостоятельной работы для успешного обучения в вузе, но при этом значительная часть студентов чувствует себя не готовыми к самостоятельному выполнению заданий и нуждаются в обучении рациональным приемам самостоятельной работы. Студенты первого года обучения полагают, что внеаудиторная самостоятельная работа, как и аудиторная, должна проходить под жестким управлением со стороны преподавателей. Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при организации самостоятельной работ студентов в вузе. Заключение. Проанализировав результаты исследования, авторы считают, что простое увеличение времени, отводимое на самостоятельную работу, не может гарантировать ее эффективность. Успешность самостоятельной работы определяется множеством факторов, среди которых не последнее место занимают желание и умение работать самостоятельно. Анализ результатов анкетирования позволяет сделать вывод о том, что первокурсники часто не готовы к самостоятельной работе, потому что у них мало опыта, недостаточно сформированы умения к этому виду деятельности и нет потребности к регулярной самостоятельной работе. Для исправления сложившейся ситуации необходимо на первом курсе организовывать внеаудиторную самостоятельную работу студентов с учетом их фактического уровня подготовки и индивидуального стиля учебной деятельности.

Pontin and Reptin are essential eukaryotic AAA+ ATPases that work together in several multiprotein complexes, contributing to chromatin remodeling and TARGET OF RAPAMCYIN (TOR) kinase complex assembly, among other functions. Null alleles of pontin or reptin are gametophyte lethal in plants, which has hindered studies of their crucial roles in plant biology. Here, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to interrogate the functions of Pontin and Reptin in plant growth and physiology, focusing on Nicotiana benthamiana, a model species for the agriculturally significant Solanaceae family. Silencing either Pontin or Reptin caused pleiotropic developmental and physiological reprogramming, including aberrant leaf shape, reduced apical growth, delayed flowering, increased branching, chlorosis, and decreased spread of the RNA viruses Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Potato virus X (PVX). To dissect these pleiotropic phenotypes, we took a comparative approach and silenced expression of key genes that encode subunits of each of the major Pontin/Reptin-associated chromatin remodeling or TOR complexes (INO80, SWR-C/PIE1, TIP60, TOR, and TELO2). We found that many of the pontin/reptin phenotypes could be attributed specifically to disruption of one of these complexes, with tip60 and tor knockdown plants each phenocopying a large subset of pontin/reptin phenotypes. We conclude that Pontin/Reptin complexes are crucial for proper plant development, physiology, and stress responses, highlighting the multifaceted roles these conserved enzymes have evolved in eukaryotic cells.

This article describes the experience of supplementing conventional Learning Management Systems (LMS) with Social Networking Service (SNS) aiming at analysis of historical memory of the Soviet past using the method of Oral History by Paul Thompson (1935). Opportunities of the Russian social network, VKontakte, were used for execution of research and education project: Family Memory of the Soviet Past (2014-2020) for students specializing in Culturology at Russian State Social University on the basis of Memory Studies and Oral History theories. This article presents the main educational and scientific results of the project. Using the SNS, the practical component of humanitarian education was implemented; the VKontakte project activity allowed involving student groups in researching; transcripts and photos were collected in digital archive, analysis and discussion were performed. The VKontakte network group demonstrated opportunities of international student research in post-Soviet countries, allowed students to master practical skills of acquisition and analysis of empirical data, as well as became an identification factor of a student group as a part of scientific community.

The coordinated redistribution of sugars from mature “source” leaves to developing “sink” leaves requires tight regulation of sugar transport between cells via plasmodesmata (PD). Although fundamental to plant physiology, the mechanisms that control PD transport and thereby support development of new leaves have remained elusive. From a forward genetic screen for altered PD transport, we discovered that the conserved eukaryotic glucose-TOR (TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN) metabolic signaling network restricts PD transport in leaves. Genetic approaches and chemical or physiological treatments to either promote or disrupt TOR activity demonstrate that glucose-activated TOR decreases PD transport in leaves. We further found that TOR is significantly more active in mature leaves photosynthesizing excess sugars than in young, growing leaves, and that this increase in TOR activity correlates with decreased rates of PD transport. We conclude that leaf cells regulate PD trafficking in response to changing carbohydrate availability monitored by the TOR pathway.

Organ formation relies upon precise patterns of gene expression that are under tight spatial and temporal regulation. Transcription patterns are specified by several cellular processes during development, including chromatin remodeling, but little is known about how chromatin-remodeling factors contribute to plant organogenesis. We demonstrate that the trithorax group (trxG) gene ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) and the GARP transcription factor gene KANADI1 (KAN1) organize the Arabidopsis thaliana gynoecium along two distinct polarity axes. We show that ULT1 activity is required for the kan1 adaxialized polarity defect, indicating that ULT1 and KAN1 act oppositely to regulate the adaxial-abaxial axis. Conversely, ULT1 and KAN1 together establish apical-basal polarity by promoting basal cell fate in the gynoecium, restricting the expression domain of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene SPATULA. Finally, we show that ult alleles display dose-dependent genetic interactions with kan alleles and that ULT and KAN proteins can associate physically. Our findings identify a dual role for plant trxG factors in organ patterning, with ULT1 and KAN1 acting antagonistically to pattern the adaxial-abaxial polarity axis but jointly to pattern the apical-basal axis. Our data indicate that the ULT proteins function to link chromatin-remodeling factors with DNA binding transcription factors to regulate target gene expression.

Cell-to-cell movement of Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) is mediated by three virus-encoded ‘triple gene block’ (TGB) proteins termed TGBp1, TGBp2 and TGBp3. TGBp1 binds virus RNAs to form viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs), the transport form of viral genome. TGBp2 and TGBp3 are necessary for intracellular delivery of TGBp1-containing vRNPs to plasmodesmata. To analyze subcellular localization and transport of TGBp1 we used a single binary vector for agrobacterium-mediated co-expression of PMTV TGBp1 fused to green fluorescent protein and TGBp2/TGBp3. At two days post infiltration (dpi) TGBp1 was found in the nucleus and in association with microtubules (MTs). Similar localization pattern was revealed in cells expressing GFP-TGBp1 alone after particle bombardment. At 3 dpi, in addition to the nucleus and MTs, TGBp1 was detected in numerous granular bodies located both along the MTs and at the cell wall. The latter structures co-localized with plasmodesmata-associated callose depositions. At 4 dpi, GFP-TGBp1 was detected in cell wall-associated bodies and also in residual MTs, the nucleoplasm and large perinuclear inclusions resembling aggresomes. Therefore GFP-TGBp1 association with MTs preceded to its localization to plasmodesmata. Disassembly of cell MTs by colchicine prevented GFP-TGBp1 targeting to plasmodesmata and the MT-dependent aggresome formation. Deletion analysis also revealed a correlation between TGBp1 microtubule association and plasmodesmata targeting. We propose that TGBp1 interaction with MTs may be important for the formation of vRNP bodies destined for the transport to plasmodesmata as well as degradation of the excessive TGBp1.

The SAND domain protein ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) functions as a trithorax group factor that regulates a variety of developmental processes in Arabidopsis. We have recently shown that ULT1 regulates developmental patterning in the gynoecia and leaves. ULT1 acts together with the KANADI1 (KAN1) transcription factor to pattern the apical-basal axis during gynoecium formation, whereas the 2 genes act antagonistically to pattern the adaxial-abaxial axis during both gynoecium and leaf formation. In particular, our data showed that ULT1 is necessary for the kan1 adaxialized organ phenotype. Here, we observe the internal structure of ult1, kan1 and ult1 kan1 rosette leaves to better understand the suppression of the kan1 adaxialized leaf polarity defect by ult1 mutations. Our results indicate that ULT1 and KAN1 act antagonistically to pattern the adaxial-abaxial axis in leaves by establishing the asymmetry of the internal cell layers.