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Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 This paper is based on an evaluation of the industrialization levels and main production systems of Brazilian timber housing producers. Two methods were used to investigate this understudied topic. Literature-based projection was carried out to identify the production system of each sampled company, from the construction technique(s) produced by the same. The second method consisted of face-to-face interviews to identify the current production system of each producer. For both methodologies, the timber housing sector presented a considerable level of industrial development in view of the greater popularity of prefabrication systems. Due to admissions to enable the system identification from the literature-based projections, a result contrast in artisanal production was verified between both methodologies. Despite the sampling difference, the two methods showed typical results for the industrial processes. Thus, few artisanal developers and the visible amount of industrial-based producers could regard this sector as industrial-featured. Research Group on Development of Lignocellulosic Products (LIGNO) São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519, Geraldo Alckmin Department of Timber Industrial Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519 Geraldo Alckmin Department of Forest Science University of São Paulo (USP) Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, 11, Pádua Dias Avenue Research Group on Development of Lignocellulosic Products (LIGNO) São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519, Geraldo Alckmin Department of Timber Industrial Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519 Geraldo Alckmin

To identify the time spent with the different construction techniques of timber houses, this study evaluates the execution time of different models available in Brazil. Using face-to-face interviews, semi-structured questionnaires were randomly applied to collect average time according to distinct production methods. The most efficient techniques were: ‘clapboard and wainscot’, ‘post-and-beam’, and ‘log-home’ using artisanal production; ‘clapboard and wainscot’, ‘stick framing with masonry’, and ‘post-and-beam’ in semi-industrial process; and, ‘modular for building sites’, ‘modular in cross-laminated timber’ and ‘modular woodframe’ in industrial production. Different industrial developers were not as agile as artisanal competitors due to production obstacles in customized projects. Timber construction offers lower execution time than masonry, representing an agile form to build a versatile sustainable dwelling. RESUMO Para identificar o tempo gasto com as diferentes técnicas de construção de casas de madeira, este estudo avalia o tempo de execução de diferentes modelos disponíveis no Brasil. Utilizando entrevistas face-a-face, formulários semiestruturados foram randomicamente aplicados para coletar o tempo médio de acordo com distintos métodos de produção. As técnicas mais eficientes foram: ‘tábua e mata-junta’, ‘pilar-viga’ e ‘casa de toras ’ utilizando produção artesanal; ‘tábua e mata-junta’, ‘paliteiro com alvenaria’ e ‘pilar-viga’ em processo semi-industrial; e, ‘modular para canteiros de obras ’, ‘modular em madeira laminada colada-cruzada’ e ‘entramado leve modular’ em produção industrial. Diferentes produtores industriais não foram tão ágeis como seus concorrentes artesanais devido aos obstáculos produtivos em projetos customizados. A construção em madeira oferece um tempo produtivo mais baixo que a alvenaria, representando uma forma ágil para construir uma moradia sustentável e versátil.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T17:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-11-01 Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) is a technique used to characterize the pore size distribution and resin penetration in lignocellulosic materials, such as oriented strand board specimens (OSB), a multilayer panel utilized in structural applications. The method is based on the isostatic injection, under very high pressure, of a non-wetting fluid (mercury) into the porous material to determine parameters such as pore size distribution and percentage of porosity of the specimens. In this study, five different OSB were analyzed; they contained different wood species, resin type, and resin content. The panels manufactured with castor oil polyurethane resin showed porosity values in the range of 54.7 and 27.8%. This was a promising result compared with those obtained for panels made with phenolic resins, which are currently commercialized in Brazil. Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Civil Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Fed Univ South & Southeast Para, Dept Civil Engn, Santana Do Araguaia, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Itapeva, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos Sch Engn, Dept Struct Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Itapeva, Brazil

Reforestation wood is interesting for construction, due to its potential as material source for manufacturing. For this purpose, the Eucalyptus genus has resulted in a better characterization of the material properties. During the production process, wood is machined at some stage, which influences the wood gluing quality. This study considered the performance of Eucalyptus saligna wood joints bonded with four commercial polyvinyl-acetate-based resins with different physical characteristics and chemical compositions. The surfaces of samples were prepared and machined by an up-milling process, using a planer, with wood feed rates of 6 m/min, 11 m/min, 16 m/min, and 21 m/min, which had advances per tooth of 0.25 mm, 0.45 mm, 0.66 mm, and 0.87 mm, respectively. The samples were prepared for shear strength testing of the glue line. During the preparation, all pieces were randomly bonded with regards to the formation plans of wood growth rings. Shear strength values were statistically compared to analysis of variance and Tukey test. Only C4 adhesive reached good results at all feed rates as well as having the best shear strength compared to other resins. Commercial adhesives had distinct interactions on the adhesive-wood interface, which resulted in different adhesion strengths.

Brazilian timber housing producers were evaluated through a survey, which was based on face-to-face interviewing supported by a semi-structured questionnaire. Derived from expansive research, this paper aimed to identify labor size and to characterize economic size from this production sector. The sampling process evaluated 50.95% (n = 107) of all producers (n = 210) whose performance was considered close to ideal. This sector is mostly concentrated in micro and small-scale companies, though a small portion of medium-sized companies owned by sole proprietors, families, or small groups of entrepreneurs does exist. Due to compact sizing, no producer was classified as an industry or a large corporation. The main contrast was indicated by the number of direct jobs, whose estimation was about 3,700 workers for the whole studied sector, representing 1% of the overall Brazilian timber industry. Around 95% of timber housing producers are considered micro or small from a labor perspective. Unprecedented information could support discussions for the creation of assertive public policies.

Corporate representativeness is an important issue for engineering and its industrial sectors, considering that producer associations can defend represent the rights and ambitions of their members. This study aims to investigate timber housing producer participation in generalist organizations, as well as to identify which examples of class entities could be created to consolidate this industry in the Brazilian scenario. A short survey was personally applied to entrepreneurs from the timber house production sector in Brazil. This survey was based in four qualitative queries, whose responses were converted into percentage. The studied producers revealed that the sector does not have an official organization to represent them, forcing them to search for different representation mechanisms from other sectors related to this industry. The lack of corporate and/or labor representation is visible to the point where several interviewed entrepreneurs declared the need to create unions for workers, as well as class associations for producers. Thus, suggestions for a new organization were described to establish a direction for organizing this sector in Brazil. RESUMEN La representatividad corporativa es un tema importante para la Ingeniería y sus sectores industriales, teniendo en cuenta que la asociación de productores puede defender los derechos y ambiciones de sus miembros. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la participación de los productores de viviendas de madera en organizaciones generalistas, así como identificar qué ejemplos de entidades de clase podrían ser creadas para consolidar esta industria en el escenario brasileño. Se aplicó personalmente una breve encuesta a los empresarios del sector de producción de casas de madera en Brasil. Esta encuesta se basó en dos consultas cualitativas, cuyas respuestas se convirtieron en porcentajes. Los productores estudiados revelaron que el sector no tiene una organización oficial que los represente, lo que tiene obligado en buscar diferentes mecanismos de representación de otros sectores relacionados con esta industria. La falta de representación corporativa y/o laboral es visible al punto en que muchos empresarios entrevistados declararon la necesidad de crear sindicatos para los trabajadores y asociaciones de clase para los productores. Así, se describieron sugerencias de nuevas organizaciones para establecer una dirección en la organización de este sector en Brasil.

A indústria alimentícia tem procurado alternativas para adicionar fibras e outras propriedades nutricionais em produtos. O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar o potencial de produtos formulados a partir de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu para a alimentação humana. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão integrativa, construída a partir do estudo de artigos científicos disponíveis nas bases de dados do Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, empregando os seguintes descritores ‘bamboo shoot’ (broto de bambu), ‘young bamboo culm’ (colmo jovem de bambu), ‘food industry’ (indústria alimentícia), ‘flour’ (farinha), ‘biscuits’ (biscoitos), ‘cookies’ (bolachas) e ‘nuggets’ (empanados), ambos utilizados em combinações, no período compreendido entre 2015 e 2022. Foram selecionados oito artigos científicos, um estudo para cada ano do período de interesse, que descrevem o uso de broto e colmo jovem de bambu em produtos alimentícios à base de fibras, farinhas e amido. Percebe-se que nos últimos anos o uso de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu tem despertado interesse do meio científico, principalmente devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, capacidade antioxidante, boa aceitação sensorial, reduzido teor de gordura e açúcar, estimulando o surgimento de mercado consumidor. Para o presente momento, a utilização de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu em preparações culinárias está suficientemente testada e agrega valor nutricional às formulações de panificação e pastelaria e aos produtos de origem animal, como os produtos lácteos e cárnicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:31:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-01 A high-density particleboard composed of peanut shells (Arachis hypogaea L.), an agro-industrial residue, and bamboo wastes of the species Dendrocalamus giganteus (branches and apical part), bonded with a two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) in the proportion of 12% of the particleboard mass, was produced. Four types of specimens were prepared according to the percentage of peanut shells: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Mechanical characteristics were evaluated through the flexural strength tests for modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, perpendicular traction, and screw pull resistance. The particleboard reached an average density of 917.2 kg/m3, meaning that it could be classified as high-density particleboard. The results of the mechanical tests indicated that the specimens containing a mixture in the proportion of 90% bamboo and 10% peanut hull presented the best mechanical strength. The experiment produced particleboards with a satisfactory mechanical physical performance that met the standards ABNT NBR 14.810-2 and ANSI A208-1, supporting the use of the peanut shell residue in the manufacture of particleboards to be used in internal environments and allowing the applicability of this residue through additional value. Mechanical Engineering Department UNESP Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Avenida Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube Wood Industrial Engineering Department UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Geraldo Alckmin Federal Institute of Paraná, Avenida Dr. Tito Mechanical Engineering Department UNESP Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Avenida Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube Wood Industrial Engineering Department UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Geraldo Alckmin

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-03 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) This research identified the central hindrances found in Brazilian wooden housing scenario in the fields of finished product, producer, and sector. Thus, a questionnaire with three qualitative questions based on multiple-choice answers allowed investigating the difficulties faced by these producers in Brazil. This sector still faces obstacles in the three observed fields, especially for the negative aspects of house financing, housing technique certification, skilled hand labour, general costs incurred in local production, tax exemptions, public policies, utilization of wooden houses in public works, and other factors. These obstacles in wooden housing sector have created limitations of production potential and restrictions of its market. A current panorama from these obstacles was formed, which could contribute with sectoral development. Actions such as creation and institution of incentives and specific policies should consolidate as the main direction to reduce these difficulties faced by the wooden housing producers. Res Grp LIGNO, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Wood Ind Engn Course, Itapeva, Brazil Virginia Tech, Dept Sustainable Mat, Blacksburg, VA USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Architecture, College Stn, TX USA Univ Coimbra, Dept Civil Engn, Coimbra, Portugal Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Civil Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Struct Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Forest Sci, Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Wood Ind Engn Course, Itapeva, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:58:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-01 This paper evaluated lignocellulosic biomass volume, in net and gross forms, consumed by Brazilian wood-based housing producers by building technique, as well as net volumes of fixed carbon and carbon dioxide by built area. Net volumetric values of consumed wood per available technique were obtained for single-story house with 100 m(2) of built area, whose data collection was supported by face-to-face interviews with Brazilian producers. Gross volumes were obtained according to wood machining yield described in literature. Determinations of fixed carbon and carbon dioxide were verified by means of net volumes per built area, being calculated from data collected in the interviews. In wood consumption for this standard 100 m(2) house, most of construction techniques revealed average net volumes from 8 to 15 m(3) and gross volumes from 15 to 24 m(3) and from 13 to 21 m(3), respectively, for 30% and 55% yields. In net volumes for 100 m(2) house, the lowest wood consumption was 2 m(3) (or 0.02 m(3) per m(2) of built area) obtained by two versions of nailed clapboard technique, while the highest amount of wood consumed was 34 m(3) (0.34 m(3)/m(2)) for modular technique in cross-laminated timber. As regards carbon fixation, contemporary techniques mostly based on eucalypt and pine species ranged from 30 to 40 kg(C)/m(2), while this range was from 35 to 55 kg(C)/m(2) for traditional techniques largely made with natives. For native woods, the lowest carbon fixation was obtained by stick with masonry technique with parica(12 kg(C)/m(2)), and the highest value was observed in log-home technique using sapucaia (92 kg(C)/m(2)). In exotics, modular for construction site with loblolly pine presented the lowest fixation (19 kg(C)/m(2)), and the possibility of modular technique in cross-laminated timber with blue spotted gum had the highest level (107 kg(C)/m(2)). High wood consumptions were influenced by obsolete production technologies and robust techniques, evincing expressive fixations. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Ligno Res Grp, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 3780 Univ, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, 400 Trabalhador Saocarlense, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, 11 Padua Dias, Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 3780 Univ, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil

As primeiras escolas florestais foram criadas na Europa Ocidental em meados do Século XVIII. Ao final do Século XIX, a Educação Florestal foi estruturada para intervir nos ecossistemas florestais e garantir a gestão sustentável de seus recursos. Assim, a cadeia florestal avançou na busca por soluções de maior valor e qualidade, incluindo os produtos florestais nos currículos educacionais. No Século XX, a Educação em Madeira foi concebida para abordar a madeira e seu processamento. Então, este artigo teve como objetivo examinar, nos cenários global e brasileiro, a Educação Florestal e a Educação em Madeira para compreender suas características, cronologias e perspectivas. Extensivas consultas em websites de universidades e literaturas científicas foram conduzidas para assegurar a informação necessária para suportar as discussões. Os cursos de graduação em Educação Florestal e em Madeira têm sido intitulados por diferentes designações, onde as nomenclaturas generalistas são frequentes nas áreas de silvicultura e os nomes mais específicos são comuns nos campos da madeira. A Educação Florestal se iniciou na Europa e se espalhou pelo mundo durante dois séculos, surgindo no Brasil em meados do Século XX. A partir de modernas tecnologias industriais, a Educação em Madeira foi desenvolvida no Hemisfério Norte e se espalhou globalmente ao longo de um século até a sua inserção no Brasil ao final do Século XX. Um declínio estudantil tem sido observado globalmente nessas carreiras, razões pelas quais novos estímulos e políticas são requeridos por uma sociedade ávida pelos bioprodutos sustentáveis e genuinamente preocupada com as questões ambientais.

En las dos ultimas decadas del siglo XX y en la primera de este, se ha venido reflexionando alrededor de los ninos como cientificos. Algunos autores proponen pensar la actividad cientifica como una actividad cognitiva que se parezca a lo que los ninos hacen en el mundo que los rodea. Dentro de este planteamiento, el desarrollo de las habilidades cientificas se puede asimilar a ciertas habilidades de pensamiento, especificas de los procesos de investigacion. Objetivo. Mostrar el desarrollo de una propuesta didactica en el area de matematicas para el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas, a partir de procesos de investigacion sobre el estado nutricional de los ninos, manejando conceptos como indice de masa corporal y talla para la edad. Materiales y metodos. El trabajo se realizo con estudiantes de sexto grado de Educacion Basica de la Institucion Educativa Felix Henao Botero de la ciudad de Medellin, en Colombia. El area de matematicas fue la base para el desarrollo de este proyecto que, ademas, buscaba que el estudiante adquiera las competencias basicas del curso en los pensamientos matematicos requeridos para el grado. Resultados. Se presentan los planteamientos teoricos basicos en que se soporta el proyecto, la estructura de la intervencion realizada, asi como los resultados obtenidos frente a las habilidades que se pueden desarrollar. Conclusion. La implementacion de la propuesta permite la articulacion de los diferentes pensamientos matematicos y el desarrollo de habilidades investigativas en un solo proyecto, sin tener que separar de manera explicita cada uno de ellos; esto amplia la vision de los estudiantes sobre las formas en que las matematicas hacen parte de su vida cotidiana.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:49:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-03. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:39:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1678-86212019000400183.pdf: 295458 bytes, checksum: ff17d1cd1e365751899e29d9307611a6 (MD5) O presente trabalho objetivou produzir e avaliar painéis aglomerados empregando-se partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum) e de pínus (Pinus taeda, Pinus elliottii), comparando-se a eficiência de dois adesivos, ureia-formaldeído e poliuretano derivado do óleo de mamona. Os painéis foram preparados com 60% de partículas de pínus e com 40% de partículas de bagaço de cana. Foram avaliadas propriedades físicas (densidade, teor de umidade e inchamento em espessura após 24 h de imersão em água) e mecânicas (módulo de elasticidade, módulo de resistência à flexão estática e tração perpendicular às faces) dos painéis de acordo com os requisitos de uso das normas NBR 14810-1 (ABNT, 2013a), NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2013b) e EN-312. Os painéis confeccionados com poliuretano de mamona apresentaram maior eficiência, sendo compatíveis com os requisitos físicos e mecânicos das normas brasileiras e europeia para painéis do tipo P6 (painéis estruturais para uso em condições severas de carga, em condições secas). Os painéis produzidos com ureia-formaldeído são compatíveis com painéis classificados como P2 (painéis não estruturais para uso em condições secas). Dessa forma, os resultados alcançados comprovaram a eficácia dos painéis produzidos, que podem ser empregados nas indústrias moveleira e da construção civil. This research project aimed to produce and evaluate particleboard using sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) and pínus (Pinus taeda; Pinus elliotti) particles by comparing the efficiency of the two adhesives: urea-formaldehyde and polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil. The panels were made with 60% of pine wood particles, and 40% of sugarcane bagasse particles. The physical properties (density, moisture content and thickness swelling after 24h in water immersion), and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, modulus in static bending, and perpendicular traction to faces) of the panels were evaluated according to the use requirements set by the standards NBR 14810-1 (ABNT, 2013a), NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2013b) and EN-312. Panels produced with PU-Castor presents higher efficiency and compatibility with the physical and mechanical requirements of Brazilian and European standards for panels of type P6 (structural panels for use under severe load conditions in dry conditions). Panels produced with urea-formaldehyde are compatible with panels classified as P2 (non-structural panels for use in dry conditions). The results achieved proved the effectiveness of the panels produced, which can be used in the furniture and construction industries. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio Universidade Estadual Paulista

Las cañas de bambú son un material de construcción único para diversos tipos de estructuras y cada vez hay una mayor aceptación de los bambúes para usos estructurales. Sin embargo, tienen como inconveniente su propensión al ataque por insectos. En este trabajo se hizo un estudio de la eficacia de tres diferentes tipos de preservadores: 1) químicos tradicionales, 2) naturales de bajo riesgo para el ser humano y 3) térmicos a diferentes temperaturas, para prevenir el ataque del insecto escarabajo Dinoderus minutus al bambú de la especie Bambusa vulgaris vittata. Los dos primeros tratamientos se realizaron por inmersión y el tipo térmico fue hecho por el proceso de secado. Cada dos semanas, se evaluó el ataque a tres especímenes de cada tratamiento, incluyendo los correspondientes a un testigo sin elemento preservador alguno. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los tratamientos por inmersión fueron eficaces, reduciendo considerablemente el ataque de los insectos en comparación con el testigo.En cuanto al tratamiento térmico, las temperaturas menores o iguales a 130 °C no mostraron ser eficaces; las temperaturas de 190 °C y 210 °C revelaron eficacias aceptables.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o desempenho de juntas coladas de madeiras da espécie Pinus elliottii com a utilização de dois adesivos comerciais à base de poliacetato de vinila (PVAc), com diferentes características físicas e composição química, ambos testados nas formas diluída em água e não diluída. As superfícies dos corpos de prova de madeira foram usinadas em processo de fresamento discordante. Uma plaina desengrossadeira de madeira com cabeçote de quatro facas afiadas de aço carbono semi-rápido à base de Cr-Ni-V foi utilizada. Essa máquina foi preparada para atuar com velocidade de corte (Vc) de 30,18 m.s-1 e velocidade de avanço da madeira (Vf) de 11,75 m.min-1, resultando num avanço por dente (fz) de 0,56 mm. Os corpos de prova foram confeccionados para ensaios de resistência a ruptura na linha de cola por esforços solicitantes ao cisalhamento de acordo com a ABNT NBR 7190:1997. Para a confecção dos corpos de prova, as peças foram coladas de maneira aleatória em relação aos planos de formação dos anéis de crescimento da madeira. Os seguintes valores médios de resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola (fv0), na forma diluída e não diluída foram, respectivamente, PVAc-M: 6,52 e 6,49 MPa; PVAc-H: 5,86 e 5,15 MPa. Em relação à resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola, concluiu-se que ambos adesivos na forma diluída com 33,33 % de água resultaram em maior adesão em relação à formulação original, sendo que o adesivo diluído do tipo M proporcionou um aumento de 21,01% na resistência à ruptura em relação ao adesivo não diluido do tipo “H”. ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the performance of bonded joints of the Pinus elliottii wood species with the use of two commercial adhesives based on vinyl polyacetate (PVAc) with different physical characteristics and chemical composition, both tested on water diluted and undiluted modes. The surfaces of wood specimens were machined in discordant milling process. A wood thickness planer with headstock of four semi-fast carbon steel sharpened knives based on Cr-Ni-V was used. This machine was prepared to operate with cutting speed (Vc) of 30.18 ms-1 and feed rate of wood (Vf) of 11.75 m.min-1, resulting in an feed rate per tooth (fz) of 0.56 mm. The specimens were prepared for tests of resistance to rupture in the glue line by the shear stress efforts according to the ABNT NBR 7190:1997 standard. In order to specimen preparation, the parts were randomly glued in relation to the formation plans of the wood growth rings. The following average values of shear strength in the glue line (fv0) obtained in diluted and undiluted forms were, respectively, PVAc -M: 6.52 and 6.49 MPa; PVAc -H: 5.86 and 5.15 MPa. In relation to the shear stress at the glue line, it was concluded that both adhesives in diluted form with 33.33% of water resulted in higher adhesion strength in comparison to the original formulation, whereas the diluted adhesive type M provided an increasing of 21.01% regarding the undiluted adhesive of type H.

Particleboards were made using particles from sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus residues of the pulp industry. The particleboard properties were evaluated according to ABNT NBR 14810-1 (2013), ABNT NBR 14810-2 (2013), and ANSI A208.1 (1999) standards, which compared the efficiency of castor oil-based polyurethane resin (PU-Castor) and urea-formaldehyde resin (UF). The particleboards were composed of 60% wood particles and 40% bagasse, with a 10% adhesive dose based on the dry mass of particles. The following parameters were evaluated: apparent density, moisture content (MC), thickness swelling after 24 h, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity to static bending (MOE), and internal bond strength of panels (IB). The results obtained demonstrated the potential use of eucalyptus and sugarcane bagasse residues in the production of high-density particleboards. The panels produced with PU-Castor showed greater efficiency, and their physical and mechanical properties were compatible with the requirements of the Brazilian standard for P4 panels (structural panels for use in dry conditions) and the American standard for H-3 panels (high industrial density).

In the current competitive market, production efficiency and product quality are prioritized by the whole industry. Machinery characterization is an understudied topic, particularly in those sectors focused on basic raw material production, processing, and/or heavy industrialization. For this reason, the wooden housing sector requires evaluation to identify its mechanical potential and support future policies dealing with industrial development. This study aimed to identify the equipment and machinery from Brazilian timber housing producers. Such a sectoral study involved individual personal data collection by way of face-to-face interviews. Sampled producers were asked about equipment/machinery size, drying process availability, and the range of overall obsolescence from these devices. Thus, tools, portable machines, and medium-sized machinery exhibited the highest popularities, revealing a lower industrial level. Most of these producers do not have machined drying processes because of the demand for static infrastructures. The low obsolescence was a result of the greater utilization of compact equipment, which is easier to replace because of its low cost. Lower-cost machinery could also stimulate in the creation of new businesses for this sector.

Wood is a natural material with great variability in its mechanical properties. This study analyzed the effectiveness of the impulse excitation technique (IET) to characterize the stiffness of 10-year-old Eucalyptus grandis wood at three different heights of 3 m, 6 m, and 9 m from the bottom (height A, B, and C, respectively). A nondestructive testing method—excitation impulse, using Sonelastic® PC-based technology—and a destructive static bending test were used. The mean value for the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending was 16.4 GPa and in IET the value was 16.6 GPa. The average values for MOE in static bending were 14.8 GPa at height A, 17.9 GPa at height B, and 17.0 GPa at height C, demonstrating that the greater the height in the trunk of the tree the greater its modulus of elasticity. The correlation equation between static MOE and dynamic MOE was MOESTAT = 0.743.MOEDYN + 4.0983, with the coefficient of determination of R² = 0.85.

This research aimed to produce and determine physical and mechanical properties of three-layered particleboard produced with Pinussp. wood particlesand three different times of press, i.e., 3, 5 and 7 minutes. Recommendations of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14810 [1] were adopted to fundament physical and mechanical tests. The properties evaluated were the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in static bending; internal bond; thickness swelling; water absorption; moisture content and apparent density.The mean values showed, for the physical properties, that all the panels manufactured achievedthe requirements of theBrazilian standard, and for mechanical properties, only the panelsmanufacturedwith 7minutesofpressing timemet therequirements. From the Tukey test results, timesof the pressingcycleinfluencedsignificantlyin allinvestigatedphysical and mechanicalproperties, showed better results the panels madewithseven minutesof the pressingcycle, implyingthat the time ofseven minutesof the pressingcycle is thebest among theinvestigatedperiodsin the manufactureofparticleboard.

The objective of the present work was to study the use of bamboo foils as structural reinforcement for MDP wooden panels. Four wooden panels of homogeneous layer were produced using particles of GT1 and RRIM 600 clones ofHevea brasiliensis(rubber tree), and glued with urea-formaldehyde resin (UF). These panels were also overlaid with foils ofPhyllostachys edulis(mossô bamboo). The tests were realized to evaluate the physical-mechanical characterization according to European standards (EN). The production of the particleboards with reinforcement of bamboo improves the physical-mechanical characteristics of these commercial wooden panels.

These research objectives the development and evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of a hybrid composite manufactured epoxy resin reinforced by Eucalipto sp. wood sawdust and treated piassava fibers. The evaluated properties were modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending, water absorption after 24 hours, porosity and apparent density. Three factors with two levels was evaluated: thickness (3 mm and 4 mm), volumetric resin fraction (45% and 50%) and the use or not of laminate piassava fibers reinforcement, leading to a factorial design of 23 type. Were manufactured four panels, two with 50% and two with 55% of resin, using casting method. For the physical and mechanical properties obtained, the better conditions were the one that uses 50% of epoxy resin, 55% sawdust mass fraction and with the use of laminated piassava fibers reinforcement. The thickness was not statistically significant in obtaining the properties evaluated.

This research aimed to evaluate the influence of storage time (0, 96 hours) ofPinus elliottiipieces and the tests to obtaining modulus of elasticity (static bending and transversal vibration) in glued laminated timber beams, produced with resorcinol based adhesive and 0.8 MPa compaction pressure. After pieces were properly prepared, part of them was used in immediate three manufacturing glulam beams, tested after adhesive cure, and part stored for 96 hours under a roof with a temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 60% for subsequent manufacturing and testing three other glulam beams. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the storage period was significant influence in modulus of elasticity obtained in static bending test (8% reduction from 0 to 96 hours). This not occurred with modulus of elasticity obtained by transversal vibration test (no significant influence). ANOVA results showed equivalence of means in both test procedures.

Os produtos manufaturados em madeira são fundamentais para a sociedade moderna, visto que os mesmos são fabricados a partir de matéria-prima renovável e reciclável, caracterizando um insumo sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em elucidar a importância da madeira de florestas plantadas na manufatura de produtos florestais com maior valor agregado, abordando os contextos florestais e madeireiros de tópicos relacionados à educação, recursos, produtos, indústrias, incentivos estatais, políticas públicas e mercado. Verificou-se que o Brasil, diferente da Europa, não estimula favoravelmente esse importante setor industrial, que ainda assim apresenta potencial de crescimento em função da diversidade de produtos à base de madeira. Desse modo, a madeira poderá alcançar um lugar de destaque na economia do País, se estratégias e incentivos forem definidos por meio de normas e políticas públicas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of bamboo laminas of the species Dendrocalamus giganteus to three-layer medium density particleboard (MDP). These laminas were glued onto both the top and the bottom of each panel. With the manufactured panels laminated with bamboo, mechanical tests based on the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 14810 were carried out to determine the modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending and the tensile strength parallel-to-surface. These mechanical tests were realized in particleboards of eucalyptus and in reinforced particleboard, both produced in the laboratory. The modulus of rupture and tensile strength parallel-to-surface of the laminated MDP had values close to those that have been reported. The reinforcements increased the values of these studied properties. Nevertheless, this fact indicated the possibility to produce a stronger MDP using bamboo lamina as surface layers. These results show the possibility of using coated-bamboo MDP for utilization in large spans, for example, in flooring for mezzanines with finish on both sides, and for robust furniture as bookshelves, beds, tables, etc.

The aim of this research was to produce three-layer Medium Density Particleboard (MDP), with the addition of impregnated paper, in the inner layer, in proportions of 1; 5 and 20%. In this study, MDP was composed with particles of small size in outer layers, and larger particles in internal layer. After panel manufacturing, physical and mechanical tests based on Brazilian Code ABNT NBR 14.810 were carried out to determine moisture content; density; thickness swelling; water absorption; modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in static bending and internal adhesion. Test results were compared to commercial panels, produced with 100% Eucalyptus, considering the requirements specified by Brazilian Code. Properties presented values close to normative specifications, indicating positively the possibility of production of MDP using addition of waste paper impregnated.

The study aimed to analyze the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (Em), based on static bending tests, in different spans and confirm that it’s necessary adopt as 21 the ratio between span and height of the cross section of the specimen to turn no significant the influence of shear stress on vertical deflection. So, simplified equation to determine Emcan be employed. Specimens ofPinus elliottiivar.elliottiiandPinus elliottiivar. elliottii×Pinus cariabeaehondurensis(hybrid), came from Itapeva region, São Paulo State, Brazil, were considered. Bending tests were conducted in Labs of Experimental Campus Itapeva, UNESP, adapting recommendations of Brazilian Code ABNT NBR 7190. Twelve specimens of each species were tested. The trend lines for the plotted graphics showed clearly a nonlinear behavior until the neighborhood of ratio 21 and no expressive variations after this point, confirming that normative recommendations are correct.

Wooden housing is one of the most sustainable building alternatives. In many European and North American countries, wooden houses provide the most common, economical, and practical solution for construction. The timber buildings present adequate levels of durability, acoustics, and thermal comforts. Despite their popularity, wood houses do not have a standardized classification to define and organize their main aspects. In literature dealing with timber construction, most authors emphasize structural systems for large spans (bridges, hangars, roofs, etc.). The presence of some classifications of timber construction results in unclear issues, and few studies have covered and regarded wooden buildings as residential construction typologies. Accordingly, this paper proposes a classification that connects the aspects and details of wooden housing materials in relation to the industrialization level and chronological origin. We expect this classification to assist in a better understanding of distinct wooden housing techniques commercially produced worldwide, diffusing their concepts and possibilities as forestry-timber products.

Currently, the standard NBR 7190:1997 (Design of Wood Structures) makes no reference to any test aimed to determine the stiffness and strength of structural-sized lumber components, restricting this analysis to small and clear specimens. Methodologies proposed by international standard do not include optimum criteria in their calculation models. This study presents an alternative methodology to determine the longitudinal modulus of elasticity in Eucalyptus grandis timber beams, based on a combination between the Finite Element and the Least Square Methods. Besides the use of nu- merical methods, the modulus of elasticity was also analytically obtained by the equation presented in NBR 7190:1997, concerning the static three-point bending test, adapted to a non-destructive testing condition. Results found for the elastic modulus for the Eucalyptus grandis species showed statistical equivalence between the methodologies, which implies the reliability of using Brazilian standard for the characterization of structural components subjected to bending. However, these results cannot be extended for other woods from the same species or different species, justifying the use of the numerical calculation approach discussed in this paper.

Round timber shows great potential for use as a building material, having the advantage of not being proc- essed, such as the sawn wood. In Brazil, the normative standards that deal with the existing round timber elements are mainly headed for the pole market, being in force for at least twenty years without technical review, recommending char- acterization of this material by destructive methods, using small specimens with no defects and a cantilever beam structural model(2). This paper aims to determine the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of Pinus caribaea structural round timber beams using static three-point bending test under physical and geometrical linearity conditions (non-destructive methodol- ogy) which evaluates the effect of the L/200 and L/300 displacement measurements for this purpose(6). The results achieved by the confidence interval show the statistical equivalence between the values of the modulus of elasticity, being possible in this case, the use of both limits in displacement measurements.

O texto normativo NBR 7190/1997, da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), adota três ciclos de carregamento nos ensaios para a determinação de propriedades de rigidez e resistência da madeira. A partir das recomendações de tal documento foram realizados ensaios de compressão normal às fibras, compressão paralela às fibras, flexão estática e tração paralela às fibras com corpos-de-prova de Cambará Rosa (Erisma sp), Eucalipto Grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), Envira (Xylopia sp), Champanhe (Dipteryx odorata), Pinus Caribaea (Pinus caribaea var. caribaea), Pinus Elliottii (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) e Pinus Hondurensis (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis). Os valores dos módulos de elasticidade (E) obtidos mostraram-se estatisticamente equivalentes no segundo e terceiro ciclos de carregamento. Esta análise sugere, então, que o terceiro ciclo de carregamento é desnecessário. Foram comparados, também, os valores dos módulos de elasticidade de trinta e quatro espécies de madeiras tropicais brasileiras, obtidos nos ensaios de compressão paralela às fibras, tração paralela às fibras e flexão estática. Concluiu-se que estes são estatisticamente equivalentes. The NBR 7190/1997, adopted by of Brazilian Technical Standard Association (ABNT), indicates three loading cycles for tests to determine wood stiffness and strength. Based on recommendations of ABNT methods tests were carried out in compression perpendicular to grain, compression parallel to grain, static bending and tension parallel to grain, with Cambará Rosa (Erisma sp), Eucalipto Grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), Envira (Xylopia sp), Champanhe (Dipteryx odorata), Pinus Caribaea (Pinus caribaea var. caribaea), Pinus Elliottii (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) and Pinus Hondurensis (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis) species. Modulus of elasticity values (E) obtained were statistically equivalent in second and third loading cycles. This analysis suggests that the third loading cycle is not necessary. Modulus of elasticity values of thirty four Brazilian tropical wood species were compared in compression parallel to grain, tension parallel to grain and static bending. The analysis showed that these values are statistically equivalent.

The waste generated by industries has been an environmental problem to be solved, even in timber chain, whereas the wood has a high potential of reuse. This paper aimed to collect and disseminate the data obtained on lignocellulosic waste generation produced by manufacturers of wood houses located at Brazilian state of Paraná. This information could help the companies with new discussions on the reuse of this waste. A simple survey composed by three questions was applied in the companies in order to verify the current situation of the theme. After the examination, it was checked that many industries do not have the habit to reuse their residual raw materials, and also all these companies do not have any type of periodic evaluation about waste generation, nor they have any kind of waste separation and quantification.

This study aimed to produce and determine physical and mechanical properties of three layers particleboards produced with Eucalyptus sp. particles, in outer layers, and Eucalyptus urograndis e Eucalyptus saligna bark, in internal layer. Recommendations of the Brazilian Code ABNT NBR 14810-3:2006 were adopted to fundament physical and mechanical tests. Properties considered were modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in static bending; internal adhesion; thickness swelling; water absorption; moisture content and density of the panels. Four different panel compositions were studied, with 5, 10, 15 and 20% of bark (related to particle mass) the internal layer. Results were compared with the requirements of: Brazilian Code ABNT NBR 14810-2; European Code EN 312 and related literature. The produced panels were adequate to all the values stipulated the cited codes and also superior to similar studies found in the literature, for all compositions of bark in internal layer, except for the moisture content test, in which only the composition of 5 % hull met the normative specifications.

Um dos painéis derivados de madeira que tem se destacado é o OSB (Oriented Strand Board). Cada vez mais se evidencia a necessidade de novas tecnologias relacionadas à avaliação das propriedades mecânicas desse tipo de derivado de madeira, atualmente realizada através de ensaios destrutivos, efetuados horas ou dias após a respectiva produção. A utilização de métodos não-destrutivos tem se mostrado eficiente na caracterização mecânica e na avaliação da qualidade da madeira, e promissora em relação aos derivados de madeira. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi investigar a eficiência de técnicas não-destrutivas de ensaio, de ultra-som e de stress wave, na estimativa de parâmetros físicos e mecânicos de painéis OSB fabricados no país. Foram considerados dois grupos, com 10 painéis de espessuras nominais de 15mm cada, que possuíam valores de resistência e de módulos de elasticidade na flexão estática, na direção longitudinal, distintos entre si. Primeiramente foram conduzidos os ensaios não-destrutivos, de ultra-som e de stress wave, nos painéis OSB e, em seguida, os ensaios destrutivos para a caracterização físico-mecânica e subseqüentes comparações. Os painéis estudados apresentaram valores de velocidades e constantes dinâmicas diferenciados na espessura e nas direções longitudinal e transversal. Os coeficientes de correlação obtidos entre os valores de velocidades e de constantes dinâmicas e os das propriedades físico-mecânicas, dos dois grupos de painéis, na espessura e direção transversal, não atingiram 0,70 e, na direção longitudinal superaram 0,90. Mostrou-se que é equivalente a estimativa de parâmetros mecânicos na flexão estática, ou até mesmo o estudo de painéis OSB, com a utilização dos métodos não-destrutivos de ultra-som e de stress wave. Com os resultados obtidos são gerados importantes subsídios para possibilitar a avaliação da produção de painéis OSB, viabilizando eventuais correções e ajustes até no decorrer do próprio processo produtivo. Wood based materials production has grown in the national market, as it is the current international trend. Such products have been an interesting alternative to the sawn wood. Among them, OSB (Oriented Strand Board) has been of an outstanding importance. Its potential of production in the national context is expressive when supplying civil construction, furniture industry, and others. However, this fact also makes clear the need of innovative technologies for mechanical properties evaluation of this wood based material, since until the present day it has been conducted with destructive tests which are only made hours or days after production. Nondestructive methods utilization has been proven to be efficient for mechanical characterization and quality evaluation of sawn wood, and quite promising for wood based materials. The main goal of this research has been to investigate the efficiency of nondestructive testing (ultrasound and stress wave) when estimating physical and mechanical parameters of OSB panels made in Brazil. Two groups of ten 15mm thick panels have been used, having each one of them strength and modulus of elasticity in static bending values distinct from each other in longitudinal direction. First the two types of nondestructive testing have been conducted on all OSB panels and then destructive tests have also been conducted for physical-mechanical characterization and following comparisons. Values of velocities and dynamic constants both in thickness and longitudinal and transversal directions have been different in the two groups of studied panels. Correlation coefficients between values of velocity and dynamic constants and values of physical-mechanical properties of the two groups of panels have not reached 0,70 in thickness and transversal direction, but they have exceeded 0,90 in longitudinal direction. It has been shown that ultrasound is analogous to stress wave either when estimating static bending mechanical parameters or studying OSB panels by nondestructive testing. Such results generate some important subsidies to the evaluation of OSB production, making feasible eventual corrections and adjustments even in the course of its process.

O Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) é uma espécie nativa do Brasil com ampla distribuição geográfica. Sua plantação e utilização estão em constante crescimento, devido às características apresentadas pela espécie. A principal utilização da madeira de Paricá tem sido a fabricação de lâminas de compensados. Entretanto, esses painéis experimentam redução de oferta, devido sua substituição por OSB. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a viabilidade técnica de produção de painéis OSB fabricados com partículas de madeira da espécie Schizolobium amazonicum e resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona. Com a finalidade de proporcionar maior durabilidade e qualidade a estes painéis, também foi avaliada a influência do tratamento das partículas com preservante CCA e CCB e a variação de três teores de adesivo (8, 10 e 12%). O desempenho dos painéis para as propriedades de inchamento em espessura e absorção de água após períodos de 2 e 24 horas de imersão, módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e módulo de ruptura (MOR) para as direções paralela e perpendicular à orientação das partículas e adesão interna, foram avaliados segundo o documento normativo europeu EN 300 (2006). A resistência ao arrancamento de parafuso de face e de topo foi investigada de acordo com a norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14810-2 (2006). Os resultados apontaram excelentes propriedades físico-mecânicas para os painéis OSB produzidos neste estudo, quando comparados com os valores mínimos recomendados pelas normas citadas e com os valores encontrados na literatura, para painéis desta natureza com finalidades comerciais. Desta maneira ficou comprovada a viabilidade da utilização da espécie Paricá, quando tratada com preservantes CCA e CCB, e quando utilizada \"in natura\", juntamente com a resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona na fabricação de painéis OSB. Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) is a Brazilian native wood specie, with wide geographic distribution. Their plantation and utilization are constantly growing due to the features presented by the specie. Primary use of wood has been in manufacture of plywood sheets. However, these panels present a gradual offer reduction, being replaced by OSB. This study aimed to assess the technical feasibility of producing OSB, using Paricá particles and castor oil based polyurethane resin. With the purpose of improve durability and quality of these panels, effect of treating the particles with preservative CCA and CCB and the variation of three levels of adhesive (8%, 10% and 12%) were also evaluated. OSB performance in thickness swelling and water absorption after periods of 2 to 24 hours of immersion, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), directions parallel and perpendicular to the particles orientation and internal bonding were evaluated according to the European normative document EN 300 (2006). Pullout strength of the screw (face and top) was investigated according to norm ABNT NBR 14810 (2006). The results showed excellent physical and mechanical properties for the OSB produced in this study, when compared with the minimum recommended by the standards and the values cited in the literature, such panels for commercial purposes. Thus it was proved the feasibility of using Paricá specie when treated with preservatives CCA and CCB, and when used \"in natura\" with castor-oil based polyurethane resin in OSB production.