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The present article discusses the issue of automation of the CICO (Check-In/Check-Out) process for public transport fare collection systems, using modern tools forming part of the Internet of Things, such as Beacon and Smartphone. It describes the concept of an integrated passenger identification model applying machine learning technology in order to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the incorrect classification of a smartphone user as a vehicle passenger. This will allow for the construction of an intelligent fare collection system, operating in the BIBO (Be-In/Be-Out) model, implementing the "hands-free" and "pay-as-you-go" approach. The article describes the architecture of the research environment, and the implementation of the elaborated model in the Bad.App4 proprietary solution. We also presented the complete process of concept verification under real-life conditions. Research results were described and supplemented with commentary.

The recent development of information and communication technologies brings new changes to automobile traffic systems. The most typical example is the advancement of dedicated short range communication(DSRC). DSRC mainly consists of an intelligent transportation system(ITS), an electronic toll collection system(ETCS) and an advanced traveler information system(ATIS). These wireless communications often cause unnecessary electromagnetic waves, and these electromagnetic waves, in turn, cause frequent system malfunction. To solve this problem, an absorber of electromagnetic waves is suggested. In this research, various materials, such as powdered metal and iron oxides, are used to test the possibility for an effective absorption of the unnecessary electromagnetic waves. The various metal powders are made into a thin sheet form by compositing through processing. The electromagnetic characteristics(complex permittivity, complex permeability) of the fabricated sheet are measured. As a result, we achieve –6.5 dB at 940 MHz(77.6 % absorption rate) with a 1.0 mm-thickness electromagnet wave absorber, and –9.5 dB at 940 MHz(88.8 % absorption rate) with a 2.0 mm-thickness absorber.

Typical methods for collecting tolls are manual collection, automatic toll collection via coin machines and Electronic Toll collection System. The existing toll collection system all over India is operated manually. A toll system is the place where toll is paid for passage of a vehicle from the toll plaza. In the existing toll collection system there are limitations like mismanagement of time, long queue for the payment. The aim of the project is to implement toll collection system using RFID technology to overcome demerits of existing toll system. This paper mainly focused on how the electronic toll collection system reduces manual work load using RFID technology. Ultimately, this system reduces environment pollution due to the burning of fuel as well as reduces the waiting time of users in toll queue. User can access the toll collection system webpage and may perform their money transaction from any location. Their transaction will reflect in the centralized database. Due to the use of online transaction, users do not need to carry cash with them and this leads to reduction of human error occurring at the toll booths. Also the police admin can add the theft car details and this tollgate system will block the vehicles which are added by police admin. The cloud data will gets encrypted and decrypted using AES algorithm.

The widening and deepening of the Suez Canal were completed in 2016, and this enabled most large-sized ships to cross the canal. Because the demand for the canal has continued to increase, the queuing problem at the entrance of the canal would be anticipated to be more serious. In the existing literature, an optimal time-varying toll scheme has been established for the Suez Canal to eliminate the queuing phenomenon that many ships wait in line for entry into the canal. However, this toll scheme might be difficult to implement because the toll rate continuously changes according to the arrival time of the ship. To find an alternative, we calculate all possible combinations of the area ratios of the optimal time-varying toll triangle to its inscribed step toll rectangles to develop an adjustable step toll scheme. The developed toll scheme could achieve all expected effects of queuing reduction that could not be accomplished by other toll schemes in the existing literature. Moreover, the regularities in values of toll amounts and the start and end charging times that we have presented under the adjustable n-step toll scheme (n = 1,2,3, …) could be conducive to the implementation of the electronic toll collection system. Finally, we simulate the implementation of the adjustable step toll scheme for the Suez Canal and provide practical suggestions for the canal authorities.

In the Traditional method which we were using from the past 10 years the toll mode in the national highway, defects in these systems still exist, and defects in security of the electronic toll collection system, at every point required manpower and high cost. So, in the current scenario Radio-frequency chip were adapted into the traditional way of toll collecting system, and these systems were used in all the car parking areas in the movie theatres and in the shopping malls. To monitor vehicles, RFID technology was used with an effective utilization. Authentication of vehicles was also done using RFID. RFID was also used in the automated toll collection system in the national highways (NH) and also in the shopping mall and movie theaters. In this research paper, we are exploring the concepts of radio-frequency identification, which enhances the authentication of vehicles in a unique way.

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system using radio frequency identification (RFID) is a digital technology that allows vehicles to pass through the toll plaza without stopping for toll payment. The most notable advantage of this technology is that it eliminates congestion near the toll booths. Toll operators could also be benefitted from the implementation of ETC. In this study, problems and prospects of introducing ETC in Bangladesh have been assessed with the help of the Questionnaire Survey and Key Informant Interview. A total of nine samples were surveyed. It was revealed from the study that there are both problems and prospects of introducing ETC in Bangladesh. Seventy percent of respondents know about the launching of ETC in Bangladesh. The respondents stalwartly perceive that ETC would help ease traffic jams created by long queues in the manual payment of toll. There are many challenges in introducing ETC in Bangladesh. As this is a new technology, it would take time to overcome the difficulties. Efforts from all corners can move the ETC forward and make excellent use of the modern and digital technology in the payment of toll in line with the viewpoint of Digital Bangladesh. Keywords: Electronic toll collection (ETC), radio frequency identification (RFID), toll plaza, questionnaire survey, key informant interview

This paper proposes a novel way to calculate the toll price for vehicles based on their weight at the time of toll collection. The proposal is based on the research that the road damage caused by a fully loaded vehicle is significantly higher than the road damage caused by an empty loaded vehicle. The implementation of this approach using Weigh in Motion (WIM) sensors to calculate the weight of the vehicle dynamically is discussed. In addition, this model also uses computer vision principles and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to extract the registration number from an image of the vehicle captured using a camera. This registration number is then used to query the vehicles database for vehicle registration and insurance details using Structured Query Language (SQL). These details are used to make the toll decision and determine the toll price for the vehicle. This model ensures that only vehicles which are registered, insured and loaded within maximum capacity are allowed to travel on the highway. The model can be integrated with the existing FASTag infrastructure used for electronic toll collection and the impact of this model on the toll price for different vehicle classes is evaluated.

Since the 2000s, the city of Santiago, Chile has experienced severe congestion problems in its urban area. To face them, the government decided to promote the first full network of electron...

The electronic toll collection system(ETCS), is globally used in about 40 countries. In Korea, the Korea Expressway Corporation led the nationwide introduction of the ETC system in 2007 under the brand name of the Hi-pass. Since then, Hi-pass, with its rate of average daily use reaching about 70%, has become an essential facility in Korean expressways. To identify users` perception on Hi-pass (satisfaction, preference, etc.), this study conducted a Modified Importance-Performance Analysis (M-IPA). With this, this study attempted to identify the kind of efforts necessary to enhance current Hi-pass users` convenience and satisfaction. According to the result of M-IPA, the items including "non-stop payment" and "toll discount" are identified as key items that require further improvement. For improvement in the "non-stop payment" item, operations of Hi-pass toll booths appropriate for the demand for Hi-pass use and the selection of Hi-pass booths` locations in consideration of entry and exit lanes need to be improved. In addition, with regard to the "toll discount" item, although toll discount is currently provided to Hi-pass users, thus, PR thereof will have to be strengthened. It is expected that this study will be used as basic data to devise methods of enhancing Hi-pass usage through improvement of Hi-pass users` satisfaction.

This paper emphasizes the barcode technology for automatic Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems, in order to avoid the ever-increasing stream of traffic and the long queues at the tollbooths of the highways. The proposed techniques make use of digital image processing techniques to scan the barcode and to match it with the existing database, by utilizing the decoded data. The implemented hardware setup has been illustrated and discussed in detail. The proposed technique for barcode detection significantly improves the speed, efficiency and lowers the cost of implementation. The method has been implemented by using Python and OpenCV.

Electronic toll collection system (ETC) is usually used in Open road tolling (ORT) or free-flow tolling. In this project, ETC system is designed both in software and hareware. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is used to further improve performance of this system. This ETC system can be installed without tearing up the road, also this system can collect the data from the passing vehicles, identify the license plate and vehicle model and RFID electronic tag, retrieve the related registration informatiom from database, match registration information with the data ETC system collected, prevent switching license plates, collect the tolls automatically without having vehicles to slow down to pay.

Traditional mainline toll plaza (TMTP) is considered the most high-risk location on the toll roads. Conversion from TMTP or hybrid mainline toll plaza (HMTP) to an all-electronic toll collection (AETC) system has demonstrated measured improvement in traffic operations and environmental issues. However, there is a lack of research that quantifies the safety impacts of these new tolling systems. This study evaluated the safety effectiveness of the conversion from TMTP or HMTP to AETC system. An extensive data collection was conducted that included hundred mainline toll plazas located on more than 750 miles of toll roads in Florida. Various observational before-after studies including the empirical Bayes method were applied. The results indicated that the conversion from the TMTP to an AETC system resulted in an average crash reduction of 76, 75, and 68% for total, fatal-and-injury and property damage only (PDO) crashes, respectively; for rear end and lane change related (LCR) crashes the average reductions were 80 and 74%, respectively. The conversion from HMTP to AETC system enhanced traffic safety by reducing crashes by 24, 28 and 20% of total, fatal-and-injury, and PDO crashes respectively; also, for rear end and LCR crashes, the average reductions were 15 and 22%, respectively. Overall, this paper provided an up-to-date safety impact of using different toll collection systems. The results proved that the AETC system significantly improved traffic safety for all crash categories; and changed toll plazas from the highest risk on Expressways to be similar to regular segments.

The high-pass(brand name of Electronic Toll Collection System) utilization trend on the highway continues to grow as 59.4% (by the end of 2013). In this study, we applied the carbon balance method using a fuel chassis dynamometer with the four passenger car classes in order to measure the fuel consumption of the car using the expressway tollgate. We experimented 18 driving mode at general tollgate and high-pass tollgate. As a r esult, in case of entry/exit toll there were 21.0~56.4 ㎖ /veh fuel consumption savings, in case of open toll fuel consumption savi ngs was analyzed as 10.5~28.1 ㎖ /veh . In addition, the annual fuel cost savings by virtue of high-pass was 28.2~57.3 billion won at 70% utilization rate, 32.2~65.5 billion won at 80%, 36.2~73.7 billion won at 90% and 40.3~81.9 billion won at 100%.Key words : Hi-Pass, Fuel Consumption, Fuel Cost, Fuel Chassis Dynamometer , Carbon Balance Method * 주저자 : 교통안전공단 자동차안전연구원 책임연구원 ** 공저자 및 교신저자 : 단국대학교 토목환경공학과 교수*** 공저자 : 교통안전공단 자동차안전연구원 선임연구원† Received 3 December 2014; reviewed 11 December 2014; Accepted 26 January 2015

The main objective was to reduce the retention time at the bus stops, time for drivers’ administrative actions, fuel consumption, air pollution emissions of SO2 and to increase the solvency of the company.For the realization of the set objectives it was needed: to introduce electronic billing system with the use of contactless - chip card as a monthly ticket, all vehicles will be equipped with electronic conditions for the sale of individual tickets and recording contactless - chip card and receive training for direct partcipants. All vehicles are equipped with electronic conditions for the sale of individual tickets and recording contactless - chip card. All the participants involved in the use of electronic ticketing systems are trained and equipped with the necessary means.The result of the introduction of electronic toll collection system is to reduce: the retention time at the bus stops and to ensure good performance of administrative driver. The importance of introducing electronic toll collection system is the reduction of fuel consumption, air pollution emissions of SO2, faster handover and discharge of collected cards and increase the solvency of the company.

The Radio Frequency Identification System (RFID) has become a widespread system and its applications have extended in most of the arenas like toll bridge, supply chain management and defense sector. The RFID technology plays a significant role in the arenas of Transport. In now a day's transportation is one of the main disputes in our country. RFID tags began to be extensively used in vehicles to automate toll processes. The spontaneous electronic toll collection system depends on RFID. In Toll Plaza collection requires an amount of actions like prohibiting the vehicle, reducing the casement, presiding the accurate coinage prior than travelers can carry on their journey. RFID technology uses tags that are fixed on the motor vehicles, through which data entrenched on the tags are read by RFID readers. The main study of this article is to explore the various existing approach while addressing the prevention of motorists and toll authorities manually perform ticket payments and also check driving without proper document, overloaded vehicle, respectively.

Present study deals with the adoption of newer technologies for developing nations. Most of the developing countries due to lack of resources perform techno-socio-economic analyses on the already existing models of the developed ones. Such adopted technologies may not perform effectively because of unlike socio-economic factors. Hence, it becomes important to select new technologies based on appropriate and suitable criteria with respect to a particular country. In this paper, we have demonstrated selection of optimal electronic toll collection (ETC) system for India. In this context, we have considered thirteen crucial parameters for selection of appropriate ETC system. Cost is found to be the pivotal selection criterion in India. Further, fuzzy logic based MADM (multiple attribute decision making) approach is employed for selection of optimal ETC system for India. RFID-based (radio frequency identification) ETC is found to be the most suitable alternative among all considered ETC technologies. Our results are in strong agreement with the report of apex committee, appointed by “Government of India (Ministry of Road Transport & Highways)” for implementation of ETC in India.

A long queue can occur at tollgates due to the amount of transaction time required to perform ticket payment and toll fee collection. This problem can be addressed by the use of an electronic toll collection (ETC) system. A case study conducted on the Jakarta Intra Urban, Cikupa-Merak, and Cawang Pluit Toll Roads suggests that the queueing at the tollgates when modelled followed a Poisson distribution. The average cash transaction time was approximately 5 to 6 seconds, while the ETC transaction time was only 4 seconds. Furthermore, the capacity of the cash system gate was 550 to 620 vehicles/hour (which is above the minimum service standard of 450 vehicles/hour),whereas the electronic gate capacity was 770 to 870 vehicles/hour. This study demonstrates that the ETC system is more effective than the cash system in terms of reducing the number of queueing vehicles.

According to the actual needs of national expressway networking tolling, this paper designed a electronic toll collection system based on ZigBee and MCU technology. The communication module of the system was designed based on the Z-Stack1.4.3 of TI company, vehicles automatic identification and electronic toll collection function were implemented. The 89C54 of STC was the core of the control module, information query and voice prompt function were implemented by use of keys, LCD and ISD1700. The reliability and feasibility of system were proved by the test of onboard unit and the ZigBee communication module.

Electronic toll collection (ETC) systems have been put into practice in one or two channels at toll plazas on Taiwan’s freeways since 2006. The utilisation of the ETC system has been flat due to the extra cost of installing the on board unit (OBU) that is used in the system. To increase the utilisation rate of the ETC system, it is crucial to understand the real price that drivers are willing to pay. Therefore, this study investigates freeway drivers’ willingness to pay a value for an OBU. A stated preference experiment is designed to obtain the willingness to pay at three different levels of use. To avoid the estimation bias due to a large percentage with a zero willingness to pay, a spike model is used. Different markets are segmented to examine their willingness to pay for an OBU. The estimation results show that the willingness to pay for an OBU is NT$727/unit 1 for short distance drivers, NT$830 for medium distance drivers, and NT$1308/unit for long distance drivers.

In order to speed up the vehicles through the expressway toll station and reduce traffic congestion, we analysed of the No-waiting ETC(Electronic Toll Collection System) of expressway unifying the ETC theory and the RFID(Radio Frequency Identification Devices) technology. Firstly, we analysed system's hierarchy architecture, then detailed analysed the basic component of system, and designed the workflow and composing of functional modules, finally, established the model of ETC system of expressway based on RFID, it provides more practical guidance scheme for expressway ETC system.

In order for the support of the ETCS (Electronic Toll Collection System) model, which have been operated successfully till now, with multi-lane service, the wireless communication system of the multi-lane-supported ETCS based on RF-DSRC (Radio Frequency - Dedicated Short Range Communication) was used. In this paper, the SME algorithm attaching data flow and form into RFID communication technology was newly suggested to overcome technical problems on RF-DSRC communication system. In addition, in order to verify the SME algorithm, experiments based on ETCS and 900Mhz RFID were carried out. From the result of realization experiment of RFID dependent on the velocity and precision experiment of information inside of RFID, we can see that RFID is detected below 70Km/h and the precision of estimation is more than 90%.

In the design of the proposed ETC scheme, all three major intelligent systems, such as AVC, AVI, and AVE have been included, where in each case some advanced technological features have been introduced. Moreover, inclusion of two stage security protocols with a robust encryption algorithm for data communication and the SMS based notification make the proposed system unique among all other existing methods. A prototype has been developed based on the proposed design and found to meet the desired performance specifications.

This papaer entitled electronic toll collection system based on Radio Frequncy Identification System explained in detail based on current issue at toll collection system. There are some obstacles faced every day where the users spent their valuable time in queue at tollgate due to traffic congestion as well as using traditional manual method in most existing toll ETC system to collect toll from road users. Besides that, the barrier design where each vehicle stop waiting until barrier lift which consider source of time delay. To tackle stated problems, an electronic toll collection system is proposed which based on RFID technology. The integrated system consists of two main sections, electronic sides where all input data received from while database management office is where all necessary information stored. To compare the current ETC system, in this research elaborated internet of things where all data transmit through cloud and then to the main office in real time. Not only that, there is some enhancement based on barrier design where, gate is remained open for all vehicles with sufficient tags without requiring to stop to eliminate time delay.By check system throughput compare to existing toll systems, various tests have been carried out in different method where proposed system throughput much higher percentage the current system.

Currently, most electronic toll collection (ETC) systems around the world are implemented by DSRC (dedicated short range communication) technology. However, area wide integrated MLFF (multilane free flow) road charging system is now currently on its development to replace DSRC-based ETC systems. VPS (vehicle positioning system) based ETC system is a category of location based service which tolls vehilces by determining if they move into the charging zone. It is an evolutional technology for area wide integrated road charging solution, which achieves the goal of electronic payment or electronic toll collection by a totally different scheme comparing to traditional DSRC-based technology. In this paper, the design and implementation of VPS-based ETC system is detailedly discussed, and a debit transaction VPS system field test had been practiced in the freeway of Taiwan.

Despite continuing population and economic growth in the Bay Area, the rate of adoption of FasTrak, the electronic toll collection system employed in California, has been significantly lower than similar systems in comparable urban areas of the United States. Prior economic research suggests drivers in California's urban areas have a revealed willingness to pay for the convenience of FasTrak that exceeds their current cost of FasTrak. Using survey results and other research, we find the slower progress of FasTrak is partially related to consumers' value of perceived privacy overweighing the implicit value of convenience. Similarly, our research suggests that either a change in consumers' perception of privacy in the FasTrak system, or a fiduciary compensation must be offered to Bay Area drivers' in exchange for their perceived reduction of privacy, if any significant increase of FasTrak usage is to be achieved.

This study proposes a process simulation-based approach using a general simulator to offer solutions for Electronic Toll Collection System (ETC) traffic expressway problems at toll plazas. First, the paper describes an overview of the ETC system in general around the world as well as in Japan, and clarifies the ETC traffic problems that occur on Japanese expressways and hinder the diffusion of the ETC system in Japan. Then the paper describes our approach of process simulation to this issue, using a general simulator to show how the basic model in this study has been built and how its internal procedures are defined. The basic model has been reviewed by a mathematical approach with results shown in the following section. Into this basic model, we applied some actual traffic data obtained from one of the ETC I.C. sites. By using ETC traffic simulations, this study verifies the feasibility of the model. This paper proposes two kinds of solutions to the ETC traffic issue. One solution is gate management, which coordinates ETC/general switching to make the best use of the gates. The key issue here is how to find the best time for gate switching. Another solution is layout redesign, which employs an appropriate new layout for toll plazas. The issue here is to design an effective layout to reduce traffic jams. On-site reviews of either solution represent an unrealistic approach. Therefore, this research utilizes a simulation-based approach to identify these solutions. Using the results of simulation, feasibility of this approach is discussed.

With practical utilization of Electronic Toll Collection System (ETCS) and smart card system, Korea Highway Cooperation (KHC) has operated toll plazas from 2000 and made plans for expansion of these systems to all Freeways (National Highways). Nevertheless, the previous developed toll plaza design method using queuing model according to vehicle's arrival rate and service time at a toll has limitations because of various payment type and dynamic change of inflow traffic volume. In this paper we developed IT integrated toll plaza simulation system sponsored by Korean government. In this advanced simulation system driver's stochastic lane selection behavior patterns are added. The important functions of toll plaza system in terms of three-phase operation flow and the driver's behavior model are incorporated. We evaluated the system for current capacity analysis of Guri toll plaza in Seoul beltway.

ETC (Electronic Toll Collection System) is a new technology and has the propertythat the rise of the number of drivers purchasing ETC device in the start-up period reduces its future price. In this paper, a real option model is formulated to investigate drivers' purchasing behavior in the presence of the diachronic pecuniary externalities and decision-making costs. Furthermore, alternative policies, 1) temporary financial support program and 2) information disclosure, are introduced.It is shown that for the prevalence of ETC, it is required to implement a combination of policies which have each different effect for different types of drivers.

A specific MCU design of On board Unit (OBU) in Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is proposed in this paper. According to the ETC applications,this MCU is designed to have the minimum application system. Results show that this MCU design scheme is feasible and fulfills the requirements of the central control chip used for OBU in ETC system. The MCU has about 113,000 gates, and its area is 642.74 µm × 494.20 µm under SMIC 65nm technology. The average power consumption is 98µW. Compared with the general MCU, the MCU has a larger advantage in ETC application.

The electronic toll collection system is an important part of the intelligent transportation system. The microstrip antenna is the bridge between the OBU and RSU when they exchange information. This paper introduces the microstrip antenna’s theory and simulation. The microstrip antenna’s structure is simple and its operation band is in the 5.8GHz. Its VSWR is less than 1.5 and the gain can reach 3.4dB. It makes the information exchanging between the OBU and RSU more accurate and morerapid Keywords-ETC ; Intelligent transportation ; Microstrip antenna ;OBU

Although electronic toll collection (ETC) technologies are fairly mature and many ETC systems have been implemented, there is a dearth of comprehensive and systematic assessment of their benefits and costs. Most previous studies have focused only on one or two short-term benefits or costs and have not translated the benefits into dollar values. A comprehensive framework is proposed, incorporating various benefit and cost components, and decomposing the benefits and costs by affected groups. The framework also is tested using data for the ETC system at the Carquinez Bridge in the San Francisco Bay Area. The results of the analyssis show that while the Carquinez ETC project would generate a benefit-cost ratio of 40 over the entire evaluation period, the distribution of costs and benefits would be uneven. Time saving is a major direct benefit of ETC. Other benefits include energy saving, emission reduction, and service improvement. Toll patrons would be the primary beneficiaries. However, cost savings to the agency would depend largely on the demand for use of the ETC system and the cost of transponders. Implications of the findings are discussed.